Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (2258)
- Sociology (1340)
- Education (896)
- Arts and Humanities (884)
- Family, Life Course, and Society (649)
-
- Psychology (367)
- Religion (218)
- Communication (205)
- Mormon Studies (193)
- History (188)
- Higher Education (186)
- Business (176)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (164)
- Criminology (135)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (135)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (126)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (124)
- Educational Leadership (121)
- Anthropology (101)
- Art and Design (100)
- Engineering (98)
- Curriculum and Instruction (89)
- English Language and Literature (86)
- Political Science (79)
- Life Sciences (77)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (77)
- History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology (71)
- Educational Psychology (70)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (70)
- Legal Studies (70)
- Institution
-
- Brigham Young University (1195)
- University of North Dakota (1148)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (519)
- American University in Cairo (476)
- University of South Carolina (472)
-
- Mississippi State University (326)
- Illinois State University (315)
- Pepperdine University (302)
- Rowan University (288)
- University of Arkansas Little Rock (195)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (149)
- Air Force Institute of Technology (130)
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (130)
- St. John's University (123)
- Nova Southeastern University (90)
- Florida Institute of Technology (64)
- Columbus State University (48)
- Texas A&M International University (27)
- University for Business and Technology in Kosovo (22)
- SASTRA Deemed to be University (12)
- Seattle Pacific University (2)
- Keyword
-
- Education (125)
- Gender (94)
- North Dakota (87)
- United States (84)
- Dissertations (EdD) -- Organizational leadership (72)
-
- Egypt (65)
- Leadership (62)
- History (58)
- Religion (57)
- Women (54)
- Identity (53)
- Race (52)
- Marriage (51)
- Mormons (48)
- Mental health (47)
- Depression (46)
- Utah (46)
- Culture (45)
- Higher education (43)
- Family (40)
- Mormon Church (38)
- Dissertations (PsyD) -- Psychology (35)
- Social capital (35)
- Communication (34)
- Community (34)
- Feminism (32)
- Social networks (31)
- Adolescence (30)
- Motivation (30)
- Trauma (30)
- Publication Year
- File Type
Articles 3811 - 3840 of 6033
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Estimation Of The Effects Of Parental Measures On Child Aggression Using Structural Equation Modeling, Jordan Daniel Pyper
Estimation Of The Effects Of Parental Measures On Child Aggression Using Structural Equation Modeling, Jordan Daniel Pyper
Theses and Dissertations
A child's parents are the primary source of knowledge and learned behaviors for developing children, and the benefits or repercussions of certain parental practices can be long lasting. Although parenting practices affect behavioral outcomes for children, families tend to be diverse in their circumstances and needs. Research attempting to ascertain cause and effect relationships between parental influences and child behavior can be difficult due to the complex nature of family dynamics and the intricacies of real life. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is an appropriate method for this research as it is able to account for the complicated nature of child-parent …
Open (Adoption) For Business: Opposing Movements And Environmental Opportunity Structures In The Adoption Organizational Field, 1972-2000, Krista Marie Frederico
Open (Adoption) For Business: Opposing Movements And Environmental Opportunity Structures In The Adoption Organizational Field, 1972-2000, Krista Marie Frederico
Theses and Dissertations
Recent directions in organizational studies have demonstrated progressive social movements' ability to generate rewarding enterprises or environmental opportunity structures (EOS) in receptive markets. However, more nuanced opposing movements (Meyer and Staggenborg 1996), such as the pro-choice and pro-life movements, receive far less attention, leaving scholars to postulate that there is much yet to know about the impact of movements other than those with strict progressive orientations (Zald, Morrill, and Rao 2005). To better understand how opposing movements contribute to environmental opportunity structures, this thesis examines dramatic growth in the number of adoption agencies advertising services in the Yellow Pages during …
The Personal Characteristics And Pedgagogical Styles Of Effective Abstinence Education Instructors, Karen D. Hill
The Personal Characteristics And Pedgagogical Styles Of Effective Abstinence Education Instructors, Karen D. Hill
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to explore the personal characteristics and pedagogical styles of effective abstinence instructors. Abstinence instructors receive regular training and evaluation and tend to remain in the abstinence education field for multiple years. Abstinence education programs are offered throughout the United States and present a pool of participants in which to sociologically examine the dynamics of the relationship of adolescents and instructors in a youth prevention program. This qualitative study is based on in-depth personal interviews of eight abstinence instructors who shared insights into their own teaching experiences, expressed their thoughts about who they are as …
The Effect Of Furigana On Lexical Inferencing Of Unknown Kanji Words, Joy A. Palmer
The Effect Of Furigana On Lexical Inferencing Of Unknown Kanji Words, Joy A. Palmer
Theses and Dissertations
The present study investigates the effect of furigana on lexical inferencing. After completing a pretest to determine their knowledge of the target words, participants read a passage and completed a think-aloud protocol and questionnaire. The experimental group read a passage with furigana over all kanji words while the control group read a passage without furigana. The protocols were evaluated to determine the rate and quality of lexical inferences of 16 target kanji words. The results of the questionnaire were evaluated to determine participant perception of passage and kanji difficulty, self-assessed percentage of the story that was understood, and the degree …
A Comparison Of The Effects Of Negative Communication And Spirituality On Relationship Quality Among Different Groups Of Latino And Anglo Couples, Sergio Benjamin Pereyra
A Comparison Of The Effects Of Negative Communication And Spirituality On Relationship Quality Among Different Groups Of Latino And Anglo Couples, Sergio Benjamin Pereyra
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the direct relationship between actor/ partner effects of negative communication, spirituality and relationship quality and also examined negative communication when mediated by spirituality among four types of couples. The sample included 300 heterosexual Anglo couples (AC), 319 heterosexual female Anglo/ male Latino couples (FAML), 292 heterosexual female Latina/ male Anglo couples (FLMA), and 177 heterosexual Latino couples (LC) who completed a survey questionnaire known as the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE). Variables from this questionnaire that were used in the study included measures of negative communication, spirituality, and relationship quality. Results from Structural Equation Modeling indicated that negative communication …
Relational And Social Contexts As Predictors Of Satisfaction And Stability Among Asian-White Couples, Jerevie Malig Canlas
Relational And Social Contexts As Predictors Of Satisfaction And Stability Among Asian-White Couples, Jerevie Malig Canlas
Theses and Dissertations
Research suggests that interracial couples are more distressed and have lower stability compared to their endogamous counterparts. Interracial relationships involving Whites and Asians, however, seem to be an exception. To explore this exception, the pathways to relationship stability among endogamous and exogamous Asian-White couples were compared. Using Analysis of Covariance, partner empathy, social approval, relationship satisfaction, and relationship stability for endogamous and exogamous Asian-White couples were compared, while holding length of relationship constant. Actor and partner effects of partner empathy and social approval on relationship satisfaction and relationship stability, as well as that of relationship satisfaction on relationship stability, were …
Education In The Syrian Golan Heights Under International Human Rights Law And International Humanitarian Law, Michelle Strucke
Education In The Syrian Golan Heights Under International Human Rights Law And International Humanitarian Law, Michelle Strucke
Theses and Dissertations
Compulsory education, in particular history and religious education, is often used by states as a critical tool of nation building, as states attempt to socialize and shape the attitudes and beliefs of citizens in line with their strategic aims. As a state that defines itself as "Jewish and democratic" and that has instituted special compulsory education curricula for students on the basis of ethnicity and religion, the state of Israel is no exception. The Syrian Golan despite being under occupation by Israel for the last forty-five years has been written about only sparingly compared to the overwhelming amount of research …
Building Nations, Dividing Peoples: Israel, Syria And The Struggle For The Druze, Daniel W. Stoker
Building Nations, Dividing Peoples: Israel, Syria And The Struggle For The Druze, Daniel W. Stoker
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines how the development of nationalism and foundation of nation-states in the Levant have contributed to the development of new national identities among the Druze communities in the Golan Heights and Israel and how it has impacted each community. This study builds on the ideas of Benedict Anderson and Eric Hobsbawm regarding nationalism and the development of the nation as both invented and imagined. This thesis then analyzes the policies of Israel and Syria regarding the Druze communities in the Golan Heights and the question of Druze feelings toward these policies. It also examines how Druze history has …
The Role Of The American Corporate Media In U.S. Policy: Framing Hezbollah, Benjamin Long
The Role Of The American Corporate Media In U.S. Policy: Framing Hezbollah, Benjamin Long
Theses and Dissertations
The American corporate media has proven to play a significant role in U.S. policy formation. Operating as a member of the power elite, as defined by C. Wright Mills, the corporate media serve the crucial functions of creating, implementing, and maintaining politically motivated policies sought to serve the parochial interests of the power elite. Disrupting a critical element of democracy â providing the public with the information needed for intelligent discharge of ones political responsibilities â the corporate media, filtered by a â guided-market system,â operate to â inculcate and defend the economic, social, and political agenda of privileged groups …
Between Family And Market: The Decline Of Professional Employment Among Egyptian Female University Graduates, Magda Aboul Ela
Between Family And Market: The Decline Of Professional Employment Among Egyptian Female University Graduates, Magda Aboul Ela
Theses and Dissertations
It is noticeable that the female professional employment is declining among graduate students in Egypt. The patriarchal gendered attitudes permeate family, labor market and state to form a powerful obstacle to women's equal participation in the labor market. The young women struggle to position themselves in the labor market without institutional or structural coverage. On one hand the patriarchal family reinforces the gender norms that dictate the secondary status of women whether at the household or in the labor market and moreover, preaches the male dominance ideology. On the other hand the state's legislation deepens this secondary status of women …
A Socio-Ecological Assessment Of Unemployment Interventions In Cairo, Egypt, Hana Emad Eldin Fahmy
A Socio-Ecological Assessment Of Unemployment Interventions In Cairo, Egypt, Hana Emad Eldin Fahmy
Theses and Dissertations
An assessment of interventions working on solving the problem of unemployment in Cairo, Egypt was conducted in order to identify strengths, and to map out where interventions fell on a socio-ecological model. A one-day Appreciative Inquiry (AI) workshop was conducted for 16 participants who represented NGOs, social businesses, donors, training centers, recruitment agencies, technical institutes, educational institutions, and governmental organizations. Inductive content data analysis was used to analyze the themes that arose from the AI. Results show that 24% of the interventions work on multiple levels of the socio-ecological system. Strengths identified are having comprehensive interventions that tackle different aspects …
Visualizing The Unfamiliar: Ethnography Of An Emerging Moment In Cairo, Alexandra Schindler
Visualizing The Unfamiliar: Ethnography Of An Emerging Moment In Cairo, Alexandra Schindler
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the artwork and practices of visual artists as they negotiate the current political and historical moment in Cairo. This project tries to disrupt the binary of state versus market that has often been used as an analytical lens through which to understand Egyptian contemporary art. Instead, this thesis argues that, through a politics of the everyday, artists are exploring and challenging categories of revolution and the political. Nonetheless, regulatory frameworks, such as the language of neoliberal governance, continue to be reproduced within these subversive spaces and moments. This project considers what sorts of questions can be asked …
Strategies For Change: Exploring The Impact Of The 2004 Nationality Law Reform Campaign On Gender Equality In Egypt, Catherine Mackay
Strategies For Change: Exploring The Impact Of The 2004 Nationality Law Reform Campaign On Gender Equality In Egypt, Catherine Mackay
Theses and Dissertations
Prior to 2004 Egyptian law allowed for conferral of nationality by paternal descent only, with few exceptions. By barring Egyptian women from passing their nationality to their children, such legislation reflected a belief that women were in fact not full members of the national political community on an equal footing with men. Facing pressure from both internal and external sources, the Egyptian government reformed the law in 2004, thereby allowing women to confer their nationality on their children. Yet nearly eight years later many children eligible for Egyptian nationality have yet to acquire it, and Egyptian women are arguably no …
Musical Protest And Revolutionary Media: Capital Transformation Among Artists, Activists, And Journalists During The 14 January Revolution, Nathanael Mannone
Musical Protest And Revolutionary Media: Capital Transformation Among Artists, Activists, And Journalists During The 14 January Revolution, Nathanael Mannone
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis examines the transformations of cultural, symbolic and material capital (and power) both within and among the fields of music, activist, and journalism during the recent uprising in Tunisia. Analyzing a selection of Tunisian music juxtaposed to several ubiquitous conjectures in the news media, I also challenge the role music is purported to have played in these revolutions. In recent months, many in the international press and music industry have credited hip-hop artists in Tunisia as being a driving force in the 14 January Revolution. Many cite substantially increased levels of outspokenness among the artist community against the regime …
The Influence Of The Public Opinion On The American Foreign Policy Towards Iraq 1990-2011, Ayman Nada
The Influence Of The Public Opinion On The American Foreign Policy Towards Iraq 1990-2011, Ayman Nada
Theses and Dissertations
This study examines the relationship between public opinion and American foreign policy towards Iraq since August 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait and the subsequent US and coalition war to force an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, until December 2011, when the American troops left Iraq. Specifically, this study attempts to provide answers to how much congruence there was between public opinion and American foreign policy in Iraq, and what factors and variables affected this relationship. To answer these questions this study uses secondary analysis as a major method and trend analysis as a minor method. This study analyzed a sample, obtained …
Muslim Brothers In Egypt: Politics Of Generational Gaps, Doha Samir Mostafa Abdelgawad
Muslim Brothers In Egypt: Politics Of Generational Gaps, Doha Samir Mostafa Abdelgawad
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis is an attempt to address the politics of generational gaps within Muslim Brotherhood Movement in Egypt since mid 1980s till 2011. It sheds light on patterns of generational interactions, issues of concern, and their impact on the future trajectory of the Movement. It conceptually employs the Generational Unit Model, drawn largely from the work of Karl Mannheim. In doing so, the study applies focused semi-structured interviews with the movement's affiliated members from antagonistic generational units. The study addresses the socioeconomic and political context that shape the consciousness of two generational waves within the movement. It descriptively addresses the …
Reform Program In Developing Countries: Higher Education Reform And Accountability In Mozambique, Bernardete Sebastiao Gomana
Reform Program In Developing Countries: Higher Education Reform And Accountability In Mozambique, Bernardete Sebastiao Gomana
Theses and Dissertations
The present research deals with the question of education in Mozambique. It is an analysis on the tertiary education or higher education sub-sector. Considering the importance of this sub-sector to the economic and social development, the reform undertaken to address the deficiencies in education sector is one of the main tools of analysis. In fact, in the wave of African reforms, Mozambique introduced reforms at different levels of society, and higher education is considered as one of the government's priority. Therefore, to analyze and assess the reforms in higher education, the research uses the expansion of education physically and quality, …
The Church In The Square: Negotiations Of Religion And Revolution At An Evangelical Church In Cairo, Egypt, Anna Dowell
The Church In The Square: Negotiations Of Religion And Revolution At An Evangelical Church In Cairo, Egypt, Anna Dowell
Theses and Dissertations
In the wake of the Egyptian January 25, 2011 popular uprisings that deposed Hosni Mubarak from the presidency, youth and leaders from Kanisset Kasr el Dobara (KDEC) in Tahrir Square embarked on new and unpredictable political projects and activisms. This ethnographic study is an engagement with these new revolutionary negotiations on the part of the largest Protestant congregation in the Middle East. Using participant observation, focus groups, and interviews this research seeks to elucidate the ways that youth and leaders utilized institutionalized discourse, religious imagery, and relational networks in order to carve out a place in the Egyptian public sphere …
Trickle Down This Effect: Negotiations Of Culture, Care, And Freedom In Contemporary Cairo International Schools, Anne Caldwell
Trickle Down This Effect: Negotiations Of Culture, Care, And Freedom In Contemporary Cairo International Schools, Anne Caldwell
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis attempts to analyze the contradictions and practices of a neoliberal ethical project among a privileged class in contemporary Cairo. The growing presence and availability of international schools in Cairo has reconfigured particular aspects of culture, care, and freedom for elite subjects over the past forty years. The main research question is: how are globalized notions of well being, self-realization, and personal fulfillment transmitted through the work of neoliberal discourse and staff at international schools in Cairo. It has been identified in this thesis that certain forms of care and responsibility are tightly bound and shaped by a neoliberal …
Jewish Ethnic Identity And The Dissolution Of The Black-Jewish Alliance, Nathan G. Caplin
Jewish Ethnic Identity And The Dissolution Of The Black-Jewish Alliance, Nathan G. Caplin
Theses and Dissertations
Since the early 20th century, Jews promoted civil rights for Black Americans in law, society, and employment. The Jewish hand of friendship developed into a natural alliance of African-American and Jewish leaders committed to racial equality that blossomed in the 1950s and 1960s and culminated with the passage of the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. Despite their long term mutual efforts towards racial equality, the Black-Jewish Alliance faltered after Jews and Blacks cooperated to achieve these victories, and their alliance lay in ruins by the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Black-Jewish Alliance began to wane as …
I Just Can't Do It! The Effects Of Social Withdrawal On Prosocial Behavior, Ashley Michelle Fraser
I Just Can't Do It! The Effects Of Social Withdrawal On Prosocial Behavior, Ashley Michelle Fraser
Theses and Dissertations
While there has been research published on social withdrawal during childhood, little work has been done on the effects of social withdrawal during emerging adulthood. Since emerging adulthood is a time of transition and initiation to new environments and social contexts, it would be expected to be a time of great anxiety for individuals predisposed to social withdrawal (shyness). Shyer emerging adults are at risk for internalizing behaviors, lowered self-concept, and delayed entry into romantic relationships, therefore, they may also be more challenged when it comes to enacting prosocial behaviors. In addition, the inability to self-regulate emotions may mediate this …
Civil Society Engagement And Education For Sustainable Development (Esd) In Egypt: A Case Study Of El-Warraq Area, Heba Shaheen
Civil Society Engagement And Education For Sustainable Development (Esd) In Egypt: A Case Study Of El-Warraq Area, Heba Shaheen
Theses and Dissertations
This study examined the level of civil society engagement in an initiative implemented in an area in Egypt called El-Warraq. The main objective of the initiative was to promote ESD through a summer educational and recreational program using hands-on activities that bring key sustainable development concepts to school students. The main objective of this research was to examine a framework for implementing ESD in schools in Egypt. The target population in this study was EL-Warraq community. The sample used for investigation was one of the public schools chosen for the EduCamp II pilot implementation, El-Saddat School. This research was based …
Relationship Between Observed Parental Optimism And Adolescent Optimism With Parental Involvement As A Mediating Variable: Two Wave Panel Study, Allison Ellsworth
Relationship Between Observed Parental Optimism And Adolescent Optimism With Parental Involvement As A Mediating Variable: Two Wave Panel Study, Allison Ellsworth
Theses and Dissertations
Using coded data from parent-child interaction tasks and questionnaires, this longitudinal study examined the relationship between observed mother and father optimism and self-reported and observed optimism of their adolescent child one year later with mother and father involvement as mediators. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that while there was not a direct association between maternal optimism and child optimism, that father involvement mediated that relationship, and that father involvement further mediated the relationship between father involvement and child optimism.
A Theory Of Music As Political Resistance, Ian D. Walker
A Theory Of Music As Political Resistance, Ian D. Walker
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis began as a curiosity about the correlation between politics and music. Closer inspection revealed that there is an absence of literature discussing the relationship between the two. The vacuum in the literature allows this adaptation of John Kingdon’s Streams Theory to serve as a theoretical framework through which the relationship between music and politics can be viewed. Upon applying this theoretical framework, the case study genres identified paint a picture of resistant music arising as a function of government action, social climate, and large-scale events that affect the streams identified. In short, government action, social climate, and large-scale …
Family Structure And Its Effect On Children's Prescription Stimulant Abuse, Andrew David Cannatella
Family Structure And Its Effect On Children's Prescription Stimulant Abuse, Andrew David Cannatella
Theses and Dissertations
Prescription stimulant abuse is a recent drug abuse trend that is becoming a major problem across the United States. Previous research has mainly examined the amount of individuals that are abusing prescription stimulants and has ignored using sociological theory to explain why individuals are abusing these drugs. To address this gap in the literature, this thesis applies the theory of social capital to explain how an adolescents’ family structure can affect the likelihood they will abuse prescription stimulants. Examining survey data from the 2008 The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, it was found that adolescents from single parent …
The Influence Of The Physical Environment And Culture On Family Member Involvement And Succession Intentions In The Family Business: An Application Of Historical, Cultural And Political Ecology, Gregory Paul Tapis
Theses and Dissertations
Family businesses comprise 80 to 90 percent of all businesses in North America (Shanker & Astrachan, 1996) and account for 60 percent of total U.S. employment (Hutcheson, 1999). Furthermore, 34 percent of the businesses listed on the S&P’s 500 Index are family businesses (Anderson & Reeb, 2003). There are three primary purposes of this dissertation. First, based on a review of the kinship, anthropology, and family business literatures, a definition of family for use in family business research is proposed. Second, specific patterns of family member involvement in a sample of 1,000 family businesses associated with the Small Business Development …
Students' Perceptions Of Entrepreneurship At A Historically Black University In Central Mississippi, Mercidee Curry
Students' Perceptions Of Entrepreneurship At A Historically Black University In Central Mississippi, Mercidee Curry
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship at a historically black university in central Mississippi. The study examined five areas of students’ perceptions: entrepreneurship, an entrepreneur, entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurship education, and entrepreneurship and technology, and demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, academic unit, work status, first generation to attend college, and first in immediate family to attend college). The research design for this study was cross-sectional and descriptive. A 50-item survey was used to collect the data. The research used descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages to describe the data. An independent t-test and the ANOVA were …
Oil Related Environmental Degradation And Human Displacement: Case Study Of Niger Delta Nigeria, Joshua Onyemachi
Oil Related Environmental Degradation And Human Displacement: Case Study Of Niger Delta Nigeria, Joshua Onyemachi
Theses and Dissertations
Oil wealth enriches Nigeria, but it has not improved the lives of the majority of the masses living in the oil-bearing areas of the Niger Delta. Niger Delta region has been exposed to environmental risks that have caused many to lose their means of livelihood, triggering high level of poverty in the region. This study examines the impact of oil-related environmental problems and how it has induced human displacement in the Niger Delta. Furthermore, it examined the efficacy of the Nigerian environmental policies as it related to the oil-bearing areas. The research found that oil activities have caused more harm …
Why Can't A Woman Fly?: Nasa And The Cult Of Masculinity, 1958-1972, Erinn Catherine Mccomb
Why Can't A Woman Fly?: Nasa And The Cult Of Masculinity, 1958-1972, Erinn Catherine Mccomb
Theses and Dissertations
This is an investigation into the history of masculinity in spaceflight during some of the tensest years of the Cold War era. This dissertation asks why the U.S. did not counter the Soviet launch of the first woman into space. Scholars have pieced together the story of American women’s fight for spaceflight. The dissertation adds another layer to this narrative by analyzing the construction of the astronaut image from 1958 to 1972, a period characterized by a widespread masculinity crisis. Scholars of Cold War America suggest that Americans saw communism, conformity, feminism, homosexuality, bureaucracy, corporations, male consumerism, leisure, automation, and …
Work To Live Or Live To Work?: The Impact Of Gender, Personal Resources, And National Policy On The Importance Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Work Rewards In Post-Industrial Nations, Christy Haines Flatt
Work To Live Or Live To Work?: The Impact Of Gender, Personal Resources, And National Policy On The Importance Of Intrinsic And Extrinsic Work Rewards In Post-Industrial Nations, Christy Haines Flatt
Theses and Dissertations
This study focuses on the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic work rewards among women and men in 12 post-industrial nations in the Global North. Guiding my analyses was Esping-Andersen’s theoretical framework and the following three main research questions: (1) how individual attributes and national policies influence the salience individuals assign to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards; (2) how individual attributes and national policies differ from each other in relative magnitude as predictors of the value individuals assign to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards; and (3) how individual attributes and national policies impact the importance individuals assign to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards differs …