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Articles 3151 - 3180 of 5148
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Importance Of Placement Depth In Evaluating Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Sulfur Using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules In Semi-Arid, Low Fertility Soils, Rachel Lynn Buck
Importance Of Placement Depth In Evaluating Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, And Sulfur Using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules In Semi-Arid, Low Fertility Soils, Rachel Lynn Buck
Theses and Dissertations
Ion exchange resin capsules provide a possible alternative to conventional soil testing procedures. Previous studies with semi-arid, low fertility soils observed poor relationships with poorly mobile nutrients such as phosphorus (P). We propose that placement depth may improve those relationships. Our objective was to (1) determine if placement depth could improve resin capsule estimation of the bioavailability of nitrogen (N), P, and sulfur (S) and (2) to determine if resin capsules can effectively estimate S availability in semi-arid, low fertility soils. Field sites were established in Rush and Skull Valleys, Utah on loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Fertilizer was …
Utah Red Raspberry Jam: The Effects Of Formulation, Heating, And Time On Color, Flavor, Texture, And Antioxidant Capacity, Jennifer Leigh Chase
Utah Red Raspberry Jam: The Effects Of Formulation, Heating, And Time On Color, Flavor, Texture, And Antioxidant Capacity, Jennifer Leigh Chase
Theses and Dissertations
The amount and type of antioxidants present in raspberries is dependent upon cultivar, ripeness, and growing conditions. Previous research on raspberry jam has reported some color, antioxidant, and flavor loss after processing and storage, though it is unknown to what extent similar changes will occur in raspberries grown in Utah. Sugar concentration and heating temperature as well as storage time were evaluated in an effort to maximize color retention, flavor, antioxidant content, shelf life, and consumer acceptance of Utah-grown raspberry jam. Four types of jams were processed in two batches each: low-sugar (40-42 Brix) and typical sugar (65-68 Brix) at …
Responding To A Community Tuberculosis Outbreak: Public Health Nursing Interventions, Deborah J. Swanson
Responding To A Community Tuberculosis Outbreak: Public Health Nursing Interventions, Deborah J. Swanson
Theses and Dissertations
The role of the public health nurse in responding to a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak is instrumental in controlling the disease and preventing further spread in a community. This paper focuses on the interventions carried out by public health nurses in Grand Forks, ND where a TB outbreak occurred from 20 IO until 2013 with a peak in cases identified in late 2012. The population affected had unstable housing, low socioeconomic status, and other risk factors for TB. A total of 26 adult and pediatric cases of TB were identified among a closely connected social network with multiple and prolonged exposures …
Reading And Listening To Music Increase Resting Energy Expenditure During Indirect Calorimetry In Healthy Adults , Blaire Snell
Reading And Listening To Music Increase Resting Energy Expenditure During Indirect Calorimetry In Healthy Adults , Blaire Snell
Theses and Dissertations
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed an evidence analysis library (EAL) for Nutrition and Dietetics professionals. The EAL is updated by members through workgroups consisting of experts in their fields, most often in response to unanswered questions. One such question is: what kinds of activities can be done during the rest period of an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population? The objective of our study was to determine if listening to self-selected relaxing music or reading on an electronic device or a magazine effects resting energy expenditure (REE) as measured by an indirect calorimetry test in a …
Seasonal Changes In Body Composition, Block Jump, Attack Jump And Lower Body Power Index In Male Collegiate Volleyball Players, Geoffrey W. Loomis
Seasonal Changes In Body Composition, Block Jump, Attack Jump And Lower Body Power Index In Male Collegiate Volleyball Players, Geoffrey W. Loomis
Theses and Dissertations
Jumping ability in volleyball players is crucial to a team's success. There are both muscular and neural components in jumping. Coaches often test jumping ability and body composition prior to the start of the competitive season, but many fail to monitor these important variables during the course of the season. Jumping ability can decrease over the course of the season as the focus moves from strength training in the weight room to skill development on the court. It is imperative that players maintain their jumping ability and body composition over the course of the season. Seasonal changes in elite-male volleyball …
Spectral Analysis Of Nonstationary Heart Rate Of Neonates Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia Treatment, Tareq Al-Shargabi
Spectral Analysis Of Nonstationary Heart Rate Of Neonates Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia Treatment, Tareq Al-Shargabi
Theses and Dissertations
We studied Heart Rate Variability (HRV) evolution during therapeutic hypothermia in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using spectral analysis. We hypothesized that HRV measures are predictive of neurological outcome in babies with HIE. Non-stationarity in the data causes inaccurate quantification of the spectral power. A modification was proposed to power spectral analysis approach to mitigate the effect of non-stationarity. The modified and the standard approaches were applied to cardiac beat-to-beat intervals of newborns receiving hypothermia treatment. The performance of the approaches in distinguishing the RRi dynamics of two groups of newborns was assessed using area under the receiver operating …
The Prioritization Of Student Mental Health In The School Setting: Secondary Administrators' And Educators' Knowledge Of Adolescent Suicidal Risk Factors And Warning Signs, Chiquita Elliott
Theses and Dissertations
This study investigated the knowledge level of secondary building-level administrators and secondary teachers regarding adolescent suicidal risk factors and warning signs. Additionally, this study contributed a social mediation component, to explore whether educators believe that they have the potential to be change agents for youth in their school communities. Three hundred forty-three participants (318 teachers, 18 assistant principals and 7 principals) from the middle and high schools in a local public school district in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States completed a survey pertaining to information on adolescent suicide. Data analyses were conducted through detailed cross-tabulations and analysis of …
Differential Effects Of Short-Chain Fatty Acids On Motility Of Guinea Pig Proximal And Distal Colon, Norman Hurst
Differential Effects Of Short-Chain Fatty Acids On Motility Of Guinea Pig Proximal And Distal Colon, Norman Hurst
Theses and Dissertations
NTRODUCTION: Colonic bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and fiber. The production of SCFAs is greatest in proximal colon where propulsion is likely to be highly dependent on chemical/nutrient stimuli. Unabsorbed SCFAs entering the distal colon are likely to modify peristalsis initiated by fecal pellet-induced distension. AIM: To determine the effect of individual SCFAs on propulsive contractions in guinea pig proximal colon and on pellet propulsion in distal colon. METHODS: Proximal colon was excised, cannulated and placed in Krebs buffer in an organ bath. After equilibration, the colon was distended with 1ml of Krebs buffer …
Alcohol And Medication Use In Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Understanding The Effect Of Alcohol And Central Nervous System-Acting Medications On The Risk For Falls, Maitreyee Mohanty
Alcohol And Medication Use In Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Understanding The Effect Of Alcohol And Central Nervous System-Acting Medications On The Risk For Falls, Maitreyee Mohanty
Theses and Dissertations
Introduction: Aging, comorbid conditions, and use of medications render older adults more susceptible to alcohol-disease or alcohol-drug interactions that may lead to harmful outcomes. In this dissertation project the risk profile of alcohol and medications use among older adults was investigated. Considering the rise in CNS-acting medication use and the adverse effect profile linked to CNS-acting medications, it was also of interest to find if older adults were at risk of falling due to interactions between alcohol and CNS-acting medication. Objectives: The objectives were as follows: 1) to determine the prevalence, pattern and factors associated with at-risk drinking, 2) to …
The Effect Of Media Selection On The Membrane Characteristics And Fatty Acid Composition Of Staphylococcus Aureus, Seth Russell Johnson
The Effect Of Media Selection On The Membrane Characteristics And Fatty Acid Composition Of Staphylococcus Aureus, Seth Russell Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
The cellular membrane is a vital structure to a microorganism and impacts important aspects of environmental regulation and growth. The physical structure of cellular membranes plays a key role in bacterial growth at low temperatures, membrane permeability and susceptibility to membrane active molecules as well as broader aspects of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. Mueller Hinton medium is the required medium for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in the US, but there are many other types of media used in staphylococcal research. Different media vary in their nutrient compositions, and the effect of media composition on bacterial physiology is incompletely understood. The aim …
Older Msm And Hiv/Aids: A Grounded Theory Study To Inform Prevention, Johnnie O'Neal
Older Msm And Hiv/Aids: A Grounded Theory Study To Inform Prevention, Johnnie O'Neal
Theses and Dissertations
This study sought to increase knowledge as it relates to HIV-prevention for older adults, especially for MSM who are HIV-negative. In participating in this study, participants shared their experiences, stories and feelings related to their exposure to HIV and HIV-prevention initiatives. Using a Traditional Grounded Theory method, 22 interviews with older MSM were conducted with the aim of producing a theory that explained how these men lived prior to HIV, the different ways they responded to the onset of the virus, how they have lived their lives over the last three decades, and the extent to which the virus continues …
Improving The Efficiency Of Fall Applied N With Cover Crops, Corey Lacey
Improving The Efficiency Of Fall Applied N With Cover Crops, Corey Lacey
Theses and Dissertations
Nitrate loss studies in Midwestern tile-drained fields have found that fall applied nitrogen (N) resulted in elevated nitrate concentrations in tile water during both the corn and soybean year of a 2 year rotation. The effectiveness of cover crops to reduce nitrate leaching when N is spring applied has been well demonstrated, however there is a dearth of knowledge on the ability of cover crops to reduce nitrate leaching in a system where N is fall applied. Thus, the objectives of this research were to (i) investigate the efficacy of winter cover crops to reduce nitrate leaching from fall applied …
The Relationship Between Television Viewing Time And Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Adult Women, Peter Jacob Arens
The Relationship Between Television Viewing Time And Cardiorespiratory Fitness In Adult Women, Peter Jacob Arens
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The present investigation was conducted to assess the relationship between television viewing time and cardiorespiratory fitness. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Intermountain West. Participants: 302 middle-aged women. Method: TV viewing was assessed using a questionnaire. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a maximal graded treadmill test. Physical activity (PA) was evaluated using Actigraph accelerometers worn over seven consecutive days, while body fat percentage (BF%) was measured using air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod). Results: (Mean ± SD) age: 40.2 ± 3.0 years. VO2max of the frequent (≥ 3hrs/day) TV group (32.6 ± 6.4) was significantly lower than both the moderate (1-2 hrs/day) (36.2 …
The Association Between Dairy Consumption And Insulin Resistance, Andrea Rose Erickson
The Association Between Dairy Consumption And Insulin Resistance, Andrea Rose Erickson
Theses and Dissertations
Background: A cross-sectional design was employed to ascertain the relationship between dairy consumption and insulin resistance (IR) in 272 middle-aged, nondiabetic women. Methods: Participants kept a seven-day weighed food record to report their diets, including consumption of dairy foods. IR was assessed using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), using the following formula: fasting plasma insulin (µU/ml) x fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)/405. The Bod Pod was used to examine body fat percentage, and accelerometry over a seven-day period was used to assess physical activity. HOMA values were log-transformed and regression analysis and the General Linear Model procedure were used to determine …
The Development Of A Discipline: Examination Of The Profession Of Gerontology And Gerontological Professionals, Tracey Gendron
The Development Of A Discipline: Examination Of The Profession Of Gerontology And Gerontological Professionals, Tracey Gendron
Theses and Dissertations
The growth of the aging population has warranted increased training and education to prepare professionals with the specific knowledge needed to best serve older adults. Gerontology, as an academic discipline, provides professionals with the conceptual knowledge and the skills necessary to address the complexities of working with a diverse aging population. Little research has been done of the characteristics of professionals both with and without formal education in gerontology that are working with the aging population. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of career motivation, job satisfaction, attitudes about aging, career commitment, and professional identity among …
The Effects Of Long-Term Physical Activity On Food Attention Allocation In College Freshmen Women, Sharla Elizabeth Compton
The Effects Of Long-Term Physical Activity On Food Attention Allocation In College Freshmen Women, Sharla Elizabeth Compton
Theses and Dissertations
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term (24 weeks) physical activity on attention allocated toward food in college freshmen women. Methods: Seventy-nine freshmen college women wore a multi-function pedometer for 24 weeks after being randomly assigned to a daily step level: 10,000; 12,500; or 15,000. After at least 16 weeks of intervention, participants were given a cognitive viewing task (pictures of food and flowers) with the neural response measured using electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs). P300s and LPPs are components of the ERP indicating increased attention to stimuli. Results: There was a significant …
Synthetic Polymeric Carbohydrates Recognized Toxoplasma Gondii Tachyzoites And Induced Early Phagocytosis By Macrophages, Souzan Hussain Eassa
Synthetic Polymeric Carbohydrates Recognized Toxoplasma Gondii Tachyzoites And Induced Early Phagocytosis By Macrophages, Souzan Hussain Eassa
Theses and Dissertations
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii your words (T. gondii your words) that affects most types of warm-blooded vertebrate cells. Up to one third of the humans population in the world is chronically infected by this parasite. Human and animals at risk for toxoplasmosis include fetuses, newborns, and immunologically impaired patients. To date, there is no vaccine available and no drug has a successful effective against chronic form of toxoplasmosis. Recent Toxoplasma your words diagnostic methods showed high false positive results and cannot detect the parasite in the early infection stage. Early diagnosis of …
Validity Of Four Activity Monitors During Controlled And Free-Living Conditions, Joey Lee
Validity Of Four Activity Monitors During Controlled And Free-Living Conditions, Joey Lee
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study was to examine the step count validity of the pendulum-based Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 pedometer (YX), piezoelectric Omron HJ-720-T pedometer (OP), uni-axial Polar Active accelerometer (PAC), and micro electro-mechanical system Actigraph gt3x accelerometer (AG) during controlled and free-living conditions. A convenience sample of college-aged students participated in Study 1 (treadmill walking, n = 43; 21 females) and Study 2 (free-living, n = 37; 18 females). During study 1, subjects walked on a treadmill at five speeds for 3-minutes per stage wearing all four devices while a researcher manually counted steps which provided a criterion measure. During …
Breastfeeding: An Analysis And Community-Based Curriculum For The Contemporary Central Arkansas Audience, Jennifer Susan Atkins-Gordeeva
Breastfeeding: An Analysis And Community-Based Curriculum For The Contemporary Central Arkansas Audience, Jennifer Susan Atkins-Gordeeva
Theses and Dissertations
Contemporary society includes many features that impede women's decision-making about infant feeding. The Central Arkansas community is particularly affected by those features. Because informed decision-making involves an acknowledgment of the risks of formula use, breastfeeding advocates must talk about risk. This curriculum offers one way to discuss risks of formula and challenges and supports within the community, to create a supportive environment for making informed decisions, and to commit to a lactation plan, inside a supportive, community-based setting.
Using Behavioral Incentives To Promote Exercise Compliance In Women With Cocaine Dependence, Leila Islam
Using Behavioral Incentives To Promote Exercise Compliance In Women With Cocaine Dependence, Leila Islam
Theses and Dissertations
To date, low rates of patient compliance have made it impractical to study whether regular exercise can contribute to positive outcomes in women with substance use disorders (SUD). One robust strategy for promoting and maintaining behavior change is contingency management (CM). CM has been used successfully to reinforce drug abstinence, treatment attendance, and other pro-social behaviors. CM delivers incentives (prizes) contingent upon target behaviors, though can be expensive. To reduce costs, CM is often delivered with an escalating variable-ratio schedule, first tested by Petry and colleagues (2005). As a Stage Ib behavioral therapies development project (Rounsaville et al., 2001), the …
How I Saved My Horses' Hooves: An "Old School" Cowboy Goes Natural, James Karl Dawson
How I Saved My Horses' Hooves: An "Old School" Cowboy Goes Natural, James Karl Dawson
Theses and Dissertations
How I Saved My Horses' Hooves: An "Old School" Cowboy Goes Natural is an essay written to persuade horse owners to choose natural hoof care over traditional shoeing. It is an argument against nailing iron shoes on the hooves of horses. My intent is to persuade horse owners to provide their horses with every means possible to allow them to shape their hooves naturally. Doing so will strengthen their hooves to the point where they will no longer need shoes. Domestic horses cannot live normal lives, therefore, they cannot grow and naturally shape their hooves unless we offer what nature …
Effect Of Chopping Or Cubing Hay On Apparent Digestibility Of Nutrients When Fed To Angus, Hereford, And Charolais Steers, Rebecca Ann Willcutt
Effect Of Chopping Or Cubing Hay On Apparent Digestibility Of Nutrients When Fed To Angus, Hereford, And Charolais Steers, Rebecca Ann Willcutt
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this study was to evaluate digestibility of cubed hay as a feedstuff for ruminants. Angus (n=6), Hereford (n=3), and Charolais (n=3; total n=12; 226 ± 21.8kg) steers, stratified by breed, were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) hay; 2) chopped; 3) cubed. There was no difference (P > 0.05) of DMI or digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, and energy among treatments. Steers consuming hay digested more CP than those consuming chopped. Steers consuming cubed digested less CP than those consuming hay or chopped. More fat was digested by steers consuming hay or chopped than by …
Bamboo Nutritional Composition, Biomass Production, And Palatability To Giant Pandas: Disturbance And Temporal Effects, Jennifer L. Parsons
Bamboo Nutritional Composition, Biomass Production, And Palatability To Giant Pandas: Disturbance And Temporal Effects, Jennifer L. Parsons
Theses and Dissertations
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) subsists on bamboo, but lacks gastrointestinal modifications for fiber digestion. Pandas display dietary selectivity for certain plant parts; however, cues for selection are unknown, and few have examined panda feeding behavior and bamboo nutrient composition simultaneously. Bamboos are clonal plants, with seasonal cycles of nutrient accumulation related to peak photosynthesis and recruitment. These cycles can be destabilized by aboveground disturbance; however, effects of disturbance on nutritional quality and sustainability of bamboo for primary consumers have not been studied. I examined 4 factors that may contribute to bamboo nutritional quality or sustainable harvest: season, ramet maturity …
Cattle Grazing Preferences, Animal Performance, And Harvest Management Effects Among Diploid And Tetraploid Cultivars Of Annual Ryegrass, Juan Kevin Quamina Solomon
Cattle Grazing Preferences, Animal Performance, And Harvest Management Effects Among Diploid And Tetraploid Cultivars Of Annual Ryegrass, Juan Kevin Quamina Solomon
Theses and Dissertations
Incremental gains in productivity from new forages are likely to be very small in developed countries like the USA where forage research is highly advanced, thus animals must be used in determining their value. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment I evaluated grazing preference of cattle and its relationship with morphological and chemical characteristics. Treatments were two diploid cultivars ‘Marshall’ and ‘Gulf’ and two tetraploid cultivars ‘Maximus’ and ‘Nelson’ arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment. Animal preference was based on herbage disappearance, the Chesson-Manly index, and animal grazing time. Both herbage disappearance (1400 vs. 890 kg ha-1) …
The Impact Of Childhood Obesity On Levels Of Self-Esteem, Anxiety, Social Stress, Interpersonal Relationship Satisfaction, And Academic Performance Among Students In The 5th, 6th, And 7th Grades, Robika Modak Mylroie
The Impact Of Childhood Obesity On Levels Of Self-Esteem, Anxiety, Social Stress, Interpersonal Relationship Satisfaction, And Academic Performance Among Students In The 5th, 6th, And 7th Grades, Robika Modak Mylroie
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this dissertation study was to examine the impact of childhood obesity on levels of self-esteem, anxiety, social stress, interpersonal relationship satisfaction, and academic achievement on students in Grades 5, 6, and 7. Professional school counselors need to be aware of how childhood obesity impacts students and how they can help their students personally, socially, and academically. The present research study uses a comparative research design to determine the levels of self-esteem, anxiety, social stress, interpersonal relationship satisfaction, and academic performance among students in Grades in 5, 6, and 7 between two groups: (a) obese children and (b) …
Response Of Oxidation-Reduction Potential To Changes In Hydrology And Vegetation In An Agricultural Drainage Ditch With Weirs, Cory Shoemaker
Response Of Oxidation-Reduction Potential To Changes In Hydrology And Vegetation In An Agricultural Drainage Ditch With Weirs, Cory Shoemaker
Theses and Dissertations
Excess nutrients entering aquatic systems cause negative effects downstream. Oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) is an inexpensive proxy which can be used to define the potential nutrient reducing capacity of a system, in particular denitrification. My thesis attempts to determine effects of hydrology and vegetation manipulations on Eh in an agricultural drainage ditch with weirs using continuous automated data loggers to monitor the system. Accuracy and precision of the continuous automated data loggers was confirmed through laboratory and field testing. Effects of hydrology and vegetation on Eh were quantified during testing from May-September 2012 in east-central Mississippi. Vegetation affected Eh (t=-1.75, P=0.08, …
Serenbe, A Case Study In Agricultural Urbanism, Charles Alexander Gotherman
Serenbe, A Case Study In Agricultural Urbanism, Charles Alexander Gotherman
Theses and Dissertations
Despite the overwhelming role food plays in our everyday lives, the both new and old phenomenon of incorporating food systems into master planned communities has largely been overlooked. The in-progress community of Serenbe located just outside of Atlanta, Georgia is breaking this trend. The mixed use 1,000 acre community has already included many food and agriculture elements such as an organic farm, farmers’ market, grocery store, farm-to-table restaurants and edible landscaping - making it an exemplar case of an emerging planning strategy called Agricultural Urbanism. While many are heralding Serenbe for its strides as a community that incorporates agriculture into …
Diversity And Characteristics Of Heat-Stress Adaptation In Listeria Monocytogenes Strains, Priyanka Mahesh Jangam
Diversity And Characteristics Of Heat-Stress Adaptation In Listeria Monocytogenes Strains, Priyanka Mahesh Jangam
Theses and Dissertations
A set of 37 strains including 13 serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) were analyzed for heat tolerance at 60°C for 10 min and further categorized into three groups; low (strains with <2 log survival), medium (2-4 log survival), and high (4-6 log survival) heat tolerant. When Lm strains representing each group were subjected to sub-lethal heatstress at 48°C prior to 60°C, the survivals of all strains were increased by at least 5 log CFU/ml when compared to controls. Sub-lethal heat-stress at 48°C for 30-60 min increased the heat-stress resistance of Lm strains by doubling D60°C values from 1.9-4.3 to 5.0-10.4 min. When Lm cells were cooled after sublethal heat-stress at 48°C prior to 60°C treatment, such acquired heat-stress adaptation was unstable at 22°C but was found to be highly stable for up to 24 h at 4°C. These results will have potential implications in food safety risk analysis for Lm.
Career Trajectories, Gender Differences And Accumulated Health Disparities Over The Life Course, Li Zheng
Career Trajectories, Gender Differences And Accumulated Health Disparities Over The Life Course, Li Zheng
Theses and Dissertations
Using longitudinal data from Panel Study of Income and Dynamic (PSID) and multivariate analyses, this dissertation examines the dynamic and longitudinal relationship between gender, occupational career and health among people of working age under the new economy. The major concern is whether there are gender differences in the health returns to occupation/employment resources across life course, whether the gendered health gap diverges with age, and whether health affect men' and women's employment transitions and occupational mobility differently. Results show that women experience significantly poorer health than men, but this health gap reduces with aging. The health disadvantages experienced by women …
Comparison Of Student Achievement Among Two Science Laboratory Types: Traditional And Virtual, Mary Celeste Reese
Comparison Of Student Achievement Among Two Science Laboratory Types: Traditional And Virtual, Mary Celeste Reese
Theses and Dissertations
Technology has changed almost every aspect of our daily lives. It is not surprising then that technology has made its way into the classroom. More and more educators are utilizing technological resources in creative ways with the intent to enhance learning, including using virtual laboratories in the sciences in place of the “traditional” science laboratories. This has generated much discussion as to the influence on student achievement when online learning replaces the face-toace contact between instructor and student. The purpose of this study was to discern differences in achievement of two laboratory instruction types: virtual laboratory and a traditional laboratory. …