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A Graphical User Interface Application For Querying The Unmanned Aerial System Integration Safety And Security Technology Ontology, Matthew Richard Beach
A Graphical User Interface Application For Querying The Unmanned Aerial System Integration Safety And Security Technology Ontology, Matthew Richard Beach
Theses and Dissertations
Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become wildly popular over the past decade. With the increased demand of these systems, it is imperative for agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to integrate rules and regulations of UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS). In 2023, a UAS Integration Safety and Security Technology Ontology (ISSTO) was developed in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to aid in this integration. To further aid UAS integration into the NAS, it becomes necessary to develop methods for training new pilots, air traffic control operators, drone operators, etc. This paper proposes a query application that …
Detection And Analysis Of Low-Rate Attacks Using Network Traffic Analysis, Nagasai Deepak Matta
Detection And Analysis Of Low-Rate Attacks Using Network Traffic Analysis, Nagasai Deepak Matta
Theses and Dissertations
In this study, I used a dataset that contains low-rate and SYN flood traffic which was generated by a test bed to simulate a Slow DoS attack, stressing a local server by initiating several HTTP POST connections and causing the request payloads to be transmitted slowly. The attack causes problems including interrupted access and noticeably decreased network performance by sending a large number of little packets slowly, which keeps connections open and overloads server resources. I filtered traffic using Wireshark based on factors including tiny payloads, a lot of SYN packets without ACKs, high initial RTTs, small window sizes, and …
The Impact Of Economic And Social Factors On New Venture Creation In Saudi Arabia, Nawaf Alharbi
The Impact Of Economic And Social Factors On New Venture Creation In Saudi Arabia, Nawaf Alharbi
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the factors influencing entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia, focusing on economic, social, and cultural aspects. Three hypotheses guide the study: 1) Economic factors. 2) The social environment. 3) There is a positive relationship between prior and subsequent venture creation. Using panel data from 13 regions between 2008 and 2022, findings show that positive economic changes, higher income per capita, lower unemployment, and higher business density significantly boost new venture creation. Access to finance and prior venture creation also positively influence subsequent entrepreneurial activities. However, a higher proportion of foreign workers and marriage rates negatively correlate with new venture …
Incorporating Cover Crops Into Successful Corn Production Systems In The Mid-South, Nolan Mullican
Incorporating Cover Crops Into Successful Corn Production Systems In The Mid-South, Nolan Mullican
Theses and Dissertations
Cover crops are known to produce many conservation benefits. However, grower adoption remains low due to various issues and poor economic returns. This study was conducted to identify factors and management practices needed to integrate cover crops into Midsouth corn production systems. The effects of cover crop species, herbicide termination timing, and mechanical termination methods on the growth, grain yields, and economic returns of corn [Zea Mays (L.)] were investigated in Mississippi. The presence of living cover crops at planting stunted corn growth when they were not terminated by herbicides at least four weeks preplant. A legume cover crop reduced …
Foodways And Socioeconomic Complexities In Early Iron Age Of Bara, Old Oyo, Nigeria (Ca. 490 B.C. To A.D. 40), Racheal Bolakale Oyundoyin
Foodways And Socioeconomic Complexities In Early Iron Age Of Bara, Old Oyo, Nigeria (Ca. 490 B.C. To A.D. 40), Racheal Bolakale Oyundoyin
Theses and Dissertations
The Early Iron Age period has been underexplored in the archaeology of West Africa, particularly Nigeria. Also, there is a lack of research and knowledge on organic residue analysis in Nigeria, particularly in the southwestern region of the country, despite the fact that other studies on archaeobotany and paleoenvironmental studies are well established. To address this gap, lipid analysis was conducted on 10 vessels from the Early Iron Age (490 B.C. to A.D. 40) site BSM6 in Bara, Old Oyo, Nigeria. The analysis revealed the plant and animal materials consumed by the Early Iron Age community. These findings provide vital …
Sexual Attitudes And Knowledge Of Southern United States College Students On Risky Sexual Behavior: Moderation By Conservative Religiosity, Sex, And Sexual Double Standards, Andreana Durham
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relation of sexual attitudes and knowledge on risky sexual behavior (RSB), while including sex, sexual double standards (SDS), and conservative religiosity as moderators. Findings suggested that sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and conservative religiosity associated negatively with RSB for female participants. SDS positively associated with RSB for male participants. The interaction of sexual knowledge and SDS on RSB was significant in male participants and indicated that higher sexual knowledge is associated with higher RSB when SDS is higher. The interaction of sexual knowledge and conservative religiosity on RSB was significant in …
Deep Learning-Based Radio Frequency Interference Detection And Mitigation For Microwave Radiometers With 2-D Spectral Features, Ahmed Manavi Alam
Deep Learning-Based Radio Frequency Interference Detection And Mitigation For Microwave Radiometers With 2-D Spectral Features, Ahmed Manavi Alam
Theses and Dissertations
Radio frequency interference (RFI) poses significant challenges for passive microwave radiometry used in climate studies and Earth science. Despite operating in protected frequency bands, microwave radiometers often encounter RFI from sources like air surveillance radars, 5G communications, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Traditional RFI detection methods rely on handcrafted algorithms designed for specific RFI types. This study proposes a deep learning (DL) approach, leveraging convolutional neural networks to detect various RFI types on a global scale. By learning directly from radiometer data, this data-driven method enhances detection accuracy and generalization. The DL framework processes raw moment data and Stokes parameters, dynamically …
Special Educators’ Attrition And Retention In The Post-Covid-19 Era: A Systematic Literature Review, Brandi J. Young Sumrall
Special Educators’ Attrition And Retention In The Post-Covid-19 Era: A Systematic Literature Review, Brandi J. Young Sumrall
Theses and Dissertations
Special education faces persistent challenges with teacher attrition and retention in the ever-changing landscape of education post COVID-19. Using empirical research and scholarly insights, this systematic review investigates the factors that influence whether special educators choose to continue or leave their jobs following the pandemic. Central to this investigation are the aspects that influence educators' career decisions pre pandemic, such as job satisfaction, working conditions, support systems and opportunities for professional growth. Through this exploration, we gain insights into the reasons why special education teachers choose to stay or leave their roles. The study emphasizes the pressing need to address …
Efficacy Of Recycled Glass Cullet As A Soil Substrate For U.S. Gulf Coast Salt Marsh Restoration, Ansley Levine
Efficacy Of Recycled Glass Cullet As A Soil Substrate For U.S. Gulf Coast Salt Marsh Restoration, Ansley Levine
Theses and Dissertations
Recycled glass cullet is a potential alternative to fill substrate in salt marsh restoration projects, given its similarity to natural silica sands. However, the ability for common salt marsh plants to grow in glass cullet has not yet been tested. An outdoor mesocosm experiment assessed the ability of the dominant mid-marsh plant Juncus roemerianus and the upland marsh plant Spartina patens to grow in various mixtures of glass cullet versus fill soil. Results showed that J. roemerianus can survive in glass cullet, but growth declined as the proportion of cullet increased. However, S. patens grew comparably, if not better, in …
Factors Associated With Undergraduate Students Pursuing Health And Dietetic Careers, Claire Bolen Hardin
Factors Associated With Undergraduate Students Pursuing Health And Dietetic Careers, Claire Bolen Hardin
Theses and Dissertations
This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated factors that influenced undergraduate students’ career paths within health care and the dietetics field. A 34-item Qualtrics survey was emailed to undergraduate students. Most of the participants (N=355) were females (72.2%), 72.9% were white students and 21.6% were black or African Americans. Results indicated the main reason students chose their major was personal interest. Other reasons included lifestyle, family, potential financial success, and friends. More than 50% of students indicated they personally knew someone who has the job they desire after college. Diversity within majors and health-related professions could be influenced by gender and ethnicity. …
Evaluating The Use Of Soil Amendments For Shortleaf Pine (Pinus Echinata) Restoration On Post-Mined Landscapes, Casey Iwamoto
Evaluating The Use Of Soil Amendments For Shortleaf Pine (Pinus Echinata) Restoration On Post-Mined Landscapes, Casey Iwamoto
Theses and Dissertations
Coal strip mining leaves widespread degraded soil throughout the southeastern US. These soils tend to have low pH, high bulk density, impacted hydrologic processes, and an accumulation of heavy metals that limit revegetation and reforestation efforts. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) can tolerate these poor conditions on post-mined sites and has the largest native pine range in the southeastern US, making it an ideal species for restoration efforts. Additionally, the use of soil amendments to improve soil physical and chemical parameters is expected to lead to improved plant establishment and growth. To address the challenges associated with degraded post-mined landscapes, two …
Examining The Impact Of De-Escalation Training For Rural Mississippi Leos: Using Simulation To Assess Behavioral Outcomes, Deepali Manoj Dhruve
Examining The Impact Of De-Escalation Training For Rural Mississippi Leos: Using Simulation To Assess Behavioral Outcomes, Deepali Manoj Dhruve
Theses and Dissertations
People with mental illness (PMI) are at a 67% greater risk of arrest and 16 times greater risk of being killed during a police incident than other civilians. Indeed, law enforcement officers (LEOs) report lacking expertise when addressing mental health calls, and existing trainings aimed at reducing violence in LEO encounters with PMI do not account for challenges specific to rural LEOs. Additionally, many trainings are severely lacking in assessing outcome changes pre- and post-training with more than half of trainings relying on survey-based knowledge subject to social desirability bias and inaccurate self-assessment. This study aimed to address limitations in …
Time After Time: Deciphering Structural Violence And Vulnerability Using Postmortem Recovery Time Data And Demographics Throughout The Southeast Region Of The United States, Elise J. Adams
Theses and Dissertations
Over the last few decades, forensic anthropological research has made significant strides in developing better methods for decedent identification and increasing the accuracy of time since death/postmortem interval (PMI) estimations within medicolegal contexts. Until recently however, there has been little emphasis placed on how socioeconomic considerations might be connected, especially regarding recovery times for individuals from various demographic backgrounds. Using intersectional and biocultural frameworks and data collected from forensic anthropologists and medicolegal labs throughout the Southeastern US, this research aims to decipher the role that inequality, through instances of social vulnerability and structural violence, plays in recovery time data throughout …
Expanding The Emotional Cascade Model Of Borderline Personality Disorder With Negative Thoughts, Thought Control Strategies, Suicide Attempts, And Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Courtney K. Mason
Expanding The Emotional Cascade Model Of Borderline Personality Disorder With Negative Thoughts, Thought Control Strategies, Suicide Attempts, And Non-Suicidal Self-Injury, Courtney K. Mason
Theses and Dissertations
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is an impairing mental illness and has a core component of emotional dysregulation. Evidence suggests the emotional cascade model describes how this emotional dysregulation leads to engaging in risky and life-threatening behaviors, such as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Specifically, this model describes rumination as a cognitive component that links the emotional and behavioral dysregulation. The current study aimed to expand the model by investigating how individuals with heightened BPD traits engage in NSSI and in cognitive strategies to cope with their negative affect. Specifically, it was investigated whether behaviors like suicide attempts and cognitions differentiated between those …
Diffusion Of Water Conserving Irrigation Practices In The Mississippi Delta, Eugene Oku
Diffusion Of Water Conserving Irrigation Practices In The Mississippi Delta, Eugene Oku
Theses and Dissertations
The expanding irrigated acreage in the Mississippi Delta has resulted in increased withdrawals that exceed the recharge rate of the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (MRVAA), leading to a decline in water levels. This trend poses a threat of rapid depletion, potentially resulting in deteriorating water quality and increased pumping costs in the region. Water-conserving irrigation practices are a key component to any potential solution, promising enhanced water use efficiency and sustainable agricultural practices. Nonetheless, farmers adopt these practices at different times. This study used a duration model to identify the factors that influence the timing of adoption of computerized …
Robust Longitudinal Velocity Control For Advanced Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach, Fahmida Islam
Robust Longitudinal Velocity Control For Advanced Vehicles: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach, Fahmida Islam
Theses and Dissertations
Longitudinal velocity control, or adaptive cruise control (ACC), is a common advanced driving feature aimed at assisting the driver and reducing fatigue. It maintains the velocity of a vehicle and ensures a safe distance from the preceding vehicle. Many models for ACC are available, such as Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) and Model Predictive Control (MPC). However, conventional models have some limitations as they are designed for simplified driving scenarios. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have made robust navigation and decision-making possible in complex environments. Recent approaches, such as reinforcement learning (RL), have demonstrated remarkable performance in terms …
Synthesis Of Hexafluoroisopropylidene (6f) Polyarylenes Via Interfacial Polymerization Of Aromatic Monomers With Hexafluoroacetone Trihydrate, Gustavo Adolfo Muñoz Ruiz
Synthesis Of Hexafluoroisopropylidene (6f) Polyarylenes Via Interfacial Polymerization Of Aromatic Monomers With Hexafluoroacetone Trihydrate, Gustavo Adolfo Muñoz Ruiz
Theses and Dissertations
Fluoropolymers are well-known for their exceptional thermo-oxidative stability, chemical resistance, UV-light resistance, and low surface energy properties, making them essential for high-performance applications across clean energy, medical device, automotive, aerospace, electronics, and telecommunication industries. Since the discovery of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), numerous fluorinated thermoplastics and fluoroelastomers have entered the market. The global fluoropolymer industry is projected to reach $18 billion by 2033. Recent advancements have focused on integrating mainchain fluorocarbon moieties, such as perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB), perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA), fluoroarylene vinylene ether (FAVE), and the hexafluoroisopropylidene (6F) group, into semi-fluorinated polymers. These modifications enhance properties like thermal stability, processability, and optical transparency, while …
Third-Grade Choctaw Students’ Perceptions Of An In-School Choctaw Language And Culture Program, Amy L. Pauls
Third-Grade Choctaw Students’ Perceptions Of An In-School Choctaw Language And Culture Program, Amy L. Pauls
Theses and Dissertations
In the United States, Indigenous language loss is the result of colonization and deliberate eradication by government policies. Many tribal communities engage in activities to curb language shift, including language reclamation or revitalization to restore the vitality of Indigenous languages. Schools for Indigenous children, once the setting for the destruction of their Indigenous identity and language, have increasingly become the medium for language reclamation. Numerous school-based programs have effectively renewed language use, including those in the Hawaiian, Yup’ik, and Navajo language communities (Holm & Holm, 1995; Wilson & Kamanā, 2011; Wyman et al., 2010). Though school-based programs may increase students’ …
Unseeing The Seen: Jugha, Larra Myron Diboyan
Unseeing The Seen: Jugha, Larra Myron Diboyan
Theses and Dissertations
The annihilation of the Armenian Medieval Cemetery of Jugha, located in the exclave Nakhijevan Autonomous Republic, in the current-day Republic of Azerbaijan, took place between 1998-2006. The systematic structural violence used by the Azerbaijani state, sponsored destruction of Indigenous Armenian cultural heritage, usurpation of sacred spaces, attempted rewriting of history, and reshaped the landscape, therefore distorting reality and memory. This research aims to scrutinize the tactics used by the Republic of Azerbaijan in their erasure of the Old Jugha cemetery and present how not only is this a case of structural violence but also one of landscape structural violence against …
Buffering The Strained Relation Between Masculinity And Social Support With Self-Compassion, Nathan Barclay
Buffering The Strained Relation Between Masculinity And Social Support With Self-Compassion, Nathan Barclay
Theses and Dissertations
Men experience high rates of negative health outcomes and often have difficulty identifying and seeking support for their issues. Traditional masculine socialization has been identified as a potential determinant of this effect, as masculine ideals often conflict with prosocial help-seeking behaviors. Men who experience this sort of socialization need better support for their mental health and are less likely to seek it out in a professional setting. Therefore, other models of support, like social support, should be investigated. Additionally, factors that impact the way that men perceive social support should be explored, one of which may be self-compassion. The current …
Examining Barriers In Building Multicultural Competency Within School Psychology Faculty, Orlandria D. Beamon
Examining Barriers In Building Multicultural Competency Within School Psychology Faculty, Orlandria D. Beamon
Theses and Dissertations
The need for multicultural competency in school psychology is crucial for creating inclusive and culturally responsive learning environments. While research has often focused on graduate student perspectives, there's a notable gap regarding faculty members in school psychology programs. Ensuring that faculty are multiculturally competent is essential, and examining factors that influence their competency is imperative. This study explores multicultural competency from the perspectives of school psychology faculty, involving 75 participants who reflected on their interactions with diverse individuals and assessed their program climate regarding multicultural issues. Using the SPCMS-R and the MEI-R measures, the study analyzed the impact of program …
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Behavioral Problems, And The Role Of Positive Childhood Experiences, Scout Savoy
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Behavioral Problems, And The Role Of Positive Childhood Experiences, Scout Savoy
Theses and Dissertations
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events that individuals experience in childhood that have been linked to problems with physical and mental health in adulthood (Felitti et al., 1998). Previous research suggests that ACEs are prevalent in almost two-thirds of youth regardless of location across the world and that when an individual experiences three or more ACEs, their quality-adjusted life expectancy is found to decrease (Carlson et al., 2019; Jia & Lubetkin, 2020). Although ACEs have been associated with negative outcomes, not all individuals who experience trauma exhibit problematic behavior and are considered to have high levels of resilience (Agaiba …
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat Suitability Index Validation And Workflow Modernization For Habitat Monitoring And Coastal Management Best Practices, Brooke Marlo Walker
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting Habitat Suitability Index Validation And Workflow Modernization For Habitat Monitoring And Coastal Management Best Practices, Brooke Marlo Walker
Theses and Dissertations
The Caretta caretta, or Loggerhead sea turtle, is a protected species found across all temperate and subtropical oceans. Previous research has identified that the Caretta caretta has preferences for nesting sites based on beach width, beach slope, and vegetation coverage, which facilitated the development of a nesting site suitability index. In this thesis, these indices were integrated with standard coastal geomorphology metrics in the ESRI Suitability Modeler to pinpoint potential nesting locations for the C. caretta on various beach reaches. The results were then validated against observed nesting site data. The results of this study can inform critical decisions regarding …
Optimal Navigation, Control And Simulation Of Electrified And Unmanned Ground Vehicles With Bio-Inspired And Optimization Approaches, Amine Taoudi
Theses and Dissertations
In recent years, significant progress has been made in autonomous robotics and the electrification of transportation, highlighting the growing importance of automation in daily life. Ensuring the safety and sustainability of automated systems necessitates the integration of intelligent algorithms capable of making astute decisions in uncertain circumstances. Autonomous robots possess considerable potential for efficiently performing intricate tasks, but this potential can only be unlocked through intelligent algorithms. Moreover, enhancing the energy efficiency of transportation systems yields extensive benefits for the environment, economy, and society at large. Addressing the urgent challenges of climate change and resource depletion necessitates prioritizing energy efficiency …
Investigating Differences In Perceived Value And Opportunities For Student Professional Development In Chemistry Graduate Programs, Contessa L. Maggard
Investigating Differences In Perceived Value And Opportunities For Student Professional Development In Chemistry Graduate Programs, Contessa L. Maggard
Theses and Dissertations
The primary focus of chemistry graduate programs in R1 universities in the United States (US) is training students to become research scientists. However, additional skills, such as effective presentations, writing practical proposals, teaching, mentoring, and networking, are essential for successful careers. This study evaluates the emphasis on professional development skills in R1 chemistry graduate programs in the US, as perceived by graduate students and professors, and their perceived adequacy in preparing graduate students for academic careers. A questionnaire survey of current graduate students and faculty members was conducted. Results indicated that current graduate students perceived a lack of development opportunities …
Source Contributions To Nekton Diet In An Oligohaline Ecosystem, Keith Antoine Chenier
Source Contributions To Nekton Diet In An Oligohaline Ecosystem, Keith Antoine Chenier
Theses and Dissertations
West Back Bay in Biloxi, Mississippi is an oligohaline estuary. Salt-tolerant submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and saltmarsh grasses are found ubiquitously throughout this estuary with Vallisneria americana and Juncus roemerianus being the dominant SAV and saltmarsh vegetation. No studies have directly evaluated the role of these vegetation species in the food web. Carbon and sulfur stable isotope analyses were used to identify primary source contributions to fishes Menidia beryllina, Fundulus grandis, and Lepomis macrochirus. Isotopic niche overlap was compared between fishes and basal carbon sources bimonthly from May 2021 through May 2022. Fishes had greater than 50% isotopic niche overlap …
Evaluating Depictions Of Representation: An Analysis Of Female Law Enforcement Officers In Prime-Time Fictional Entertainment Television, Linda Christine Williams
Evaluating Depictions Of Representation: An Analysis Of Female Law Enforcement Officers In Prime-Time Fictional Entertainment Television, Linda Christine Williams
Theses and Dissertations
This study looked at uniformed female municipal police officers in fictional entertainment television shows that were centered around law enforcement. Building on previous research by Evans and Davies, this replication study uses a content analysis model to look at city level police, as opposed to the female federal agents from Booker’s 2018 study. This project builds on earlier work that looked at portrayals of female law enforcement officers in entertainment television and applies a framework of Representative Bureaucracy, Cultivation Theory, and Social Construction of Reality to find at their intersection, answers about the construction of the street-level bureaucrats who are …
Hardwood Seedling Establishment And Survival For Restoring And Enriching Bottomland Hardwoods In The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Timothy Jaycob Gatlin
Hardwood Seedling Establishment And Survival For Restoring And Enriching Bottomland Hardwoods In The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Timothy Jaycob Gatlin
Theses and Dissertations
Degradation and deforestation have taken their toll on bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). To combat this, many managers, both public and private, have sought silvicultural techniques to ensure future generations have the benefits bottomland hardwoods provide. In the first study of this thesis, artificial regeneration and chemical thinning were implemented to evaluate the effects of these treatments on restoration and enrichment of bottomland hardwoods. Very high mortality rates were seen across all species and sites likely due to improper handling and planting, drought, and competition. The second study explored the feasibility of transplanting bottomland oaks …
Understanding The Relationship Between Neonatal Dairy Calves’ Gut Microbiota And Incidence Of Diarrhea Using Full-Length 16s Rrna Gene Amplicon Sequencing And Machine Learning, Jalyn Grace Hawkins
Understanding The Relationship Between Neonatal Dairy Calves’ Gut Microbiota And Incidence Of Diarrhea Using Full-Length 16s Rrna Gene Amplicon Sequencing And Machine Learning, Jalyn Grace Hawkins
Theses and Dissertations
A healthy gut microbiome is crucial for the development, growth, and health of dairy calves; however, diarrhea in pre-weaned calves is highly prevalent, difficult to treat, and causes detrimental effects to the dairy industry. This study characterized early gut microbiota using longread-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing and investigated its associations with calf diarrhea and colostrum microbiota. The full-length 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on a Nanopore sequencer. We identified shared bacterial species in colostrum and calf feces, whose abundance in calf feces reduced with age. Diarrheic calves exhibited differing gut diversity before, during, and after diarrhea, and harbored …
Longitudinal Influences Of Parental Relationships On Positive Adolescent Functioning, Rebekah Buckley Sparks
Longitudinal Influences Of Parental Relationships On Positive Adolescent Functioning, Rebekah Buckley Sparks
Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation examines the longitudinal influences of parental relationships – romantic, co-parenting, and parent-child – on positive adolescent functioning. Utilizing data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study investigates how various dimensions of parental relationships impact adolescent well-being at age 15, as measured by the EPOCH scale. Grounded in Attachment Theory and the Life Course Perspective, this research highlights the interconnectedness of early parental interactions and their long-term effects on adolescents’ emotional and social development. Key findings indicate that supportive and stable parental relationships significantly enhance adolescents’ engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, and happiness. The study emphasizes …