Digital Commons Network^™

Ceramic Murals, Candeger Furtun

Theses

In my Thesis I propose to study the Ceramic Murals at its beginning and at the present Age. Since it is a very wide and long topic to be handled by one person within a limited time, I shall confine myself to the first attempts of Mankind in the making of Murals in clay in Prehistoric times, in Mesopotamia and murals that are done very recently , mainly in the United States.

Hiding Power Of White Pigments : Theory And Measurement, Parker Bovaird Mitton, Lawrence Vejnoska

Theses

Optical properties of pigmented films such as hiding power, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were measured at three bands of wavelength of light (blue, green, red) for ten white pigments at seven pigment concentrations in a paint. These pigments range from the highest index of refraction (rutile) to the very low index of an extender pigment (CaC031); they range from a fine particle size (average 0.2 microns) to a relatively coarse size (average 2.2 microns).

Among the findings presented below the first two confirm the general observations of pigment behavior found by others; the rest of the findings are new. …

Prediction Of Binary-Liquid System Viscosity From Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data, Eugene Henry Okrent

Theses

This paper reviews the proposed methods for prediction of binary mixture viscosity. A calculation method is developed which predicts the binary liquid mixture viscosity of non-ideal systems of organic materials. The calculation method is an extension of the statistical mechanically derived equation:

η_m = Nh/V exp[χ₁Δ_G1⁺⁺ + χ₂ΔG₂⁺⁺ -ΔG^?/κ vap]/RT

A method has been developed for establishing the value of (ΔG^E/RT)vap from the constants of the Margules equation, which is an improvement over previous methods. The proposed equation is:

Log η_m = χ₁ log η …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In Nucleate Boiling, Gerald Burt Fefferman

Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate some new approaches to the problem of correlating heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling, A survey of previous work done in this field reveals much inconsistency in recorded data relating the heat transfer coefficient to other properties of the observed system, but general agreement has been reached, however, concerning the important influence of the temperature difference between the heating element surface and the boiling liquid. As this temperature difference is increased, the surface coefficient of heat transfer rises until a critical point is reached, marking the end of nucleate boiling and the …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria System : Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Methyl Cellosolve, Frederick Ormande Fisher

Theses

An Othmer still was used to determine the vapor-liquid equilibria for the ternary system: carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), benzene (C₆H₆), and methyl cellosolve (C₃H₈O₂). The solutions were assayed by refractive index and density measurements. The data were correlated to theoretical considerations by the use of the Margules 3-suffix ternary equationso

In the course of the investigation of the ternary system, vapor-liquid equilibria were determined for each of the three binary systems. The CCl₄-C₆H₆ system is well known and data are presented in the International …

Correlation Of Pressure Drop And Holdup In A Packed Distillation Column, Nello Del Gobbo

Theses

Reed and Fenske have proposed a relationship that correlates the variables of packing dimensions, operating conditions, and fluid properties involved in countercurrent flow through packed distillation columns. Pressure drop and holdup data, obtained by atmosphere is distillation in columns packed with wire helices, was applied to the correlation by Reed and Fenske with good results. At reduced pressures limited data indicated the possibility of variations in the correlation as a function of the molecular weight of the material distilled.

Cummins investigated the effect of reduced pressure and holdup in distillation for several liquids using protruded packing. An attempt to correlate …

Equilibrium And Reaction Rate Constants Of Esterification Of Nitrobenzoic Acids, John Nicholas Korzun

Theses

A determination of equilibrium constants and reaction kinetics for the esterification of ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids with methanol and ethanol was performed. A search of past literature showed that the equilibrium constants for the above acids and alcohols had not been measured previously.

The equilibrium constants (Ke) obtained for ortho, meta, and para-nitrobenzoic acids using p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst and ethanol as the alcohol were 3.59, 4.56, and 2.91: respectively. Using methanol as the alcohol, the corresponding constants were 2.61: 2.65, and 1.92.

Hydrochloric acid was also studied as a reaction catalyst, but, a side reaction between catalyst …

The Electrochemical Product Of Sodium Meta Periodate, John Joseph Mooney

Theses

An investigation of an electrolytic cell utilizing a nickel anode in alkaline solution for the production of sodium meta periodate from sodium iodate was conducted. The problem was to find an improved method of producing the salts of periodic acid.

The test conditions of cell operation were varied, i. e., temperature, concentration, hydrogen ion concentration, current density and the physical dimensions of the electrolytic cell. The optimum conditions cell operation were found to be a temperature of 21°C, a concentration of 0.10 grams per milliliter of sodium iodate, a pH of 13, current density of between 32 and 42 milliamperes …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, David W. H. Roth

Theses

Fugacity coefficients of components in gaseous mixtures have been calculated by a method proposed by Joffe which is based on the use of generalized thermodynamic functions, and on Kay's rule for definition of the pseudocritical points of a gaseous mixture. The method should be applicable to compounds which can be correlated by the theory of corresponding states.

The method was tested by application to 255 experimental points comprised of four gaseous systems, and included Argon-Ethylene, Hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, and Methane n Butane. Thermodynamic functions from two recent generalized correlations, that of Pitzer et al., and that of …

Evaluation Of Heat Transfer Coefficients For Annular Spaces, Jacob Levine, Allan Mornenberg

Theses

The object of this thesis is to find the best approach for evaluating the heat transfer coefficients in annular spaces.

The system studied consisted of air in turbulent flow through steam heated annuli. Twelve pipe ratios were tested, with a pipe diameter ration range (D₂/D₁) of 7.0 to 1.3.

It WAS found, contrary to most literature, that at constant values of W/A μ, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as the standard equivalent diameter decreases (D_e=D₂-D₁). Because of this observation, the use of a Reynold’s number based on an equivalent diameter …

The Synthesis And Cyclization Of 5-Chloro-2, 3-Dichloroacetamidopyridine, Edward Aloysius Naiman

Theses

The acetylation of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-diamino with chloroacetyl-chloride to yield 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichlo-roacetamide and the subsequent ring closure form 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine has been studied in detail. The method of experimentation utilized statistically designed mathematical experiments.

The yield of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichloroacetamido is dependent upon the excess of the reactants and temperature, while time is not a significant factor. An important contribution to the study was obtained by extracting the product with solvents and discovering that the ring closed material 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine yields in quantity during the diacetylation reaction.

The ring closure of 5-chloro-2,3-dichloroacetamidopyridine is markedly temperature dependent. Time has little effect on the reaction yield. The analysis of …

Enthalpies And Partial Molal Enthalpies For N-Butane-Nitrogen System, Charles Fisk Paddock

Theses

Enthalpies and partial molal enthalpies are presented for the nitrogen-n-butane system at 340°F. and at pressures from 200 to 10,000 psia. The enthalpies were calculated for the pure components and for five mixtures using a graphical residual method which is described by Van Ness.⁽¹⁾ This method makes use of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state⁽²⁾ to calculate approximate values which are then adjusted by graphical correction factors. This paper illustrates both the advantages and disadvantages of this method, the graphical residual method being advantageous only when the graphical contribution to the total result is relatively small. Calculated enthalpies of …

Power Requirements For Agitation In Fully Baffled Vertical Cylinders, Leo Francis Ryan

Theses

The decrease in power number with increasing Reynolds number sought in this thesis was observed. However, the majority of the data is not an indication of this phenomenon. Only with a relatively high ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter could a power number fall-off be obtained. The power number fall-off thus appears to be dependent upon this ratio of turbine diameter to vessel diameter. When the power number fall-off was evidenced, a deep vortex existed despite the presence of full baffling, and large quantities of air were entrained by the liquid.

Even after applying pseudo corrections for both entrained …

Esterification Of Technical Grade Lactic Acid, George John Swier

Theses

A step in the method for manufacturing a purified grade of lactic acid from the technical grade lactic acid (44%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during esterification was azeotropically removed. The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. The final step, the hydrolysis of the distilled ester to a purified grade of lactic acid was not covered in this investigation.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are …

Thermodynamic Properties Of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Lionel James Sirois

Theses

The thermodynamic properties of methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methy1-2-pentanone, hexone) have been determined for the saturated region from 32°F to the critical temperature, 569°F. Properties in the superheated region were determined for temperatures from 200°F to 2000°F and over a pressure range from 5 psia to 1000 psia. Enthalpies, entropies, and specific volumes are reported for both phases where applicable. The datum point for all calculations was zero enthalpy and entropy for a unit mass of saturated liquid at 32°F and 0.083 psia.

Pressure-volume-temperature relations were predicted using the equation of state of Martin and Hou.⁽⁶⁾ This equation of state …

Particle-Liquid Flow In Vertical Tubes, Frederick John Rowe

Theses

It was the purpose of this investigation to develop an experimental Procedure which would allow the prediction of the variation of fraction void with varying liquid and solid rates from a minimum number of experiments carried out in simple apparatus. This procedure should allow prediction for both smooth and rough particles, and should be valid for several different shapes. The data collected can be plotted on a single chart showing the relation between fraction void, solids throughput, and liquid throughput for all vertical particle fluid systems. Such a method was suggested by Mertes and Rhodes1 in their work developing a …

Correlation Of Maximum Air Velocity With Angle Of Installation For Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators, John Lawrence Reid

Theses

Wire mesh entrainment separators were installed in a vertical cylindrical column at varying angles from the horizontal. With a fixed liquid loading, air flow rates were varied in order to determine the maximum capacity of the mist eliminator for any given angle of installation. Mist eliminators studied were 4" thick and constructed of 0. 011" diameter Type 304 stainless steel wire with a density of 12 lbs. per cubic foot and 5 lbs. per cubic foot.

For normal installations of mist eliminators in the horizontal plane, the following equation is used to determine maximum allowable design capacity:

V = K …

Behavior Change Through Training, Robert Walter Messerschmidt

Theses

This thesis represents an investigation of attitude and behavior change as a result of human relations training, The elements of heredity and environment are proffered as a basis for attitude and behavior formation. It is denoted that these elements are also instrumental in subsequent development of adult behavior.

As noted in the literature, the term "individual differences" embodies the effect of virtually unique heredity and environmental conditions to which each person is exposed. These differences are also partly determined by the growth in developmental trends, which varies from individual to individual and from time to time.

The existence of individual …

Absolute Viscosity Of The N-Paraffin Liquids, Gerald Permutt

Theses

The absolute viscosity of the normal paraffins C₅H₁₂ to C₂₀H₄₂ was studied to determine a relationship more useful in predicting liquid viscosities than existing correlations such as the methods of Andrade, Souders, Thomas, and Doolittle.

It was found that a function of corresponding liquid states could be designed which related viscosity to the number of carbon atoms. This function, here called liquidity, is defined as the extent to which a substance exists as a liquid with respect to temperature. This function can be expressed mathematically as:

L_c = (t - t_m)/(t …

Single Particle Crushing Of Glass, John Boyd Painter

Theses

An investigation was made to determine the relationship between new surface formed and energy input in the slow compression crushing of single glass particles at levels of high energy input.

Particle geometry, as represented by various sized hollow and solid cylinders, showed no effect on the energy-area relationship obtained.

Using an average particle size relationship as a measure of surface area, a definite relationship was found to exist between the new surface formed and the energy input for the slow compression crushing of glass.

Surface area measurements were attempted by employing gas adsorption techniques using a continuous flow method. This …

A Course Of Study In Woodworking For The Art Education Student, John Stolz

Theses

Not Included

Removal Of Sodium Thiosulfate From Wash Water By The Use Of Ion Exchange Resins For Application In A Closed Photographic System, George Stein, William Streeter

Theses

Ion exchange resins were used for removing sodium thiosulfate from wash water. Quantitative tests were run to determine the feasability of using the resins in a closed rapid processing system. One liter of a monobed resin and one liter of an anion resin, each in a separate ion exchange column, were found to be sufficient to remove the sodium thiosulfate left in the wash water for 8000 square inches of Kodabromide F-2 paper under specified conditions.

Covered Jars, George J. Corbett

Theses

Not provided.

Finance Of Cullman County Schools, Theron Dupree Boland

Theses

This paper examines the financial situation of schools in Cullman County, Alabama, in the 1960s. Sections on the Alabama Constitution and Code as they regard public schools, statutes that affect revenue for public schools, taxes, and expenditures are included.

Multiplication Of Three Of More Matrices, Theron Dupree Boland

Theses

This thesis defines matrices and offers examples of how to multiply three or more matrices.

Secondary "Low Intensity" Exposure Method Of Latensification, Vincent Gallo, Donald Forst

Theses

A study was made into the effect of the secondary "low Intensity” latensification on Super Panchro Press, Type 8 film. The response variables tested for were speed, D-Max, gamma, and fog. Tests were conducted to appraise the effect of Daylight and Tungsten illumination for Exposure and Latensification and their interaction. The experiment revealed that a significant speed increase is possible; gamma is affected by Latensification time and illumination; D-Max is affected by illumination; and that the degree of latensification is dependent upon the time of secondary exposure. It was found that a significant latensification effect can be achieved with a …

Diffusion Coefficient From Hydrogen Ion Exchange Studies, Michael Maxwell Kahn, Norman A. Martin

Theses

The study of monovalent and bivalent ion diffusion coefficients was undertaken to determine the practicability of using the Reichen berg equation to calculate a film thickness from a single diffusion coefficient and through the use of this film thickness to predict the diffusion coefficient of any monovalent or bivalent ion.

Experimentation employed the use of a mixing vessel with a two bladed propellor into which a solution of known ion concentration was kept at a constant temperature and mixing speed. Dowex 50 x -8 hydrogen ion type resin was added to the solution and by means of a pH meter …

Fugacity And Activity Coefficients For Methane-Carbon Dioxide System, Robert J. Capik

Theses

The Redlich and Kwong equation of state has been used along with the method derived by H. C. Van Ness (18) to calculate the fugacity and activity coefficients of the components of the methane-carbon dioxide system. Calculations have been carried out for the pure gases and four mixture compositions at 160°F. and 280°F. with pressures up to 600 atmospheres.

The method of Van Ness was used because it offered an accurate and simple way of calculating the fugacity and activity coefficients. This is accomplished by a combination of analytical and graphical procedures in which the graphical error is minimized by …

Reductive Dehalogenation Of Alkyl Iodides, Vsevolod Gruenman

Theses

The rates of reductive dehalogenation reactions of alkyl iodides with zinc and acetic acid relative to the rate of deiodination of methyl iodide were investigated.

The order of ease of replacement of the iodine for the various substituents on the carbon atom of methyl iodide was found to be;

Exploratory Study High Purity Colbalt Using An Anion Exchange Resin, Charles Edward Hoffman

Theses

This investigation accounts for the exploratory phase of a program to develop a commercial or semi-commercial process for producing high purity cobalt; in effect, a separation of cobalt and nickel.

An extensive review of all published literature, patents, etc. from 1900 to 1958 of all known commercial, semi-commercial and analytical methods of separating cobalt and nickel was completed. Qualitative evaluation of these methods to determine the possibility of one being practically extended and/or developed to produce high purity cobalt yielded one potential commercial method. Developed for analytical purposes by Moore and Kraus (1), use is made of the fact that …