Digital Commons Network^™

Composting Coffee Waste, Lawrence James Hickey

Theses

Disposal of waste, and specifically organic waste, has become a serious problem in such industries as the canning, meat-packing, dairy and other food producing industries. Recently, with the introduction of instant coffee powder, this particular industry now has a waste disposal problem with the resultant coffee residue. Composting or biologically decomposing this waste to yield an organic fertilizer is one of the many ways to solve this problem.

There are no papers in the literature concerning composting of coffee waste and only one paper (65) is available covering studies of high rate composting of garbage and refuse. It is known …

Heat Transfer Coefficients Of Condensing Vapors, Charles Rocco Lipuma, Earl Adolph Nirmaier

Theses

The film coefficients of heat transfer for vapors condensing on a single horizontal tube have been measured for methyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl alcohols. The equipment used was specifically designed for these studies, and represents an improvement over that used by other investigators. The data collected were analyzed usingmodified Wilson method which is based on a rigorous theoretical analysis.

It has been found that the condensing film coefficients for methyl and i-propyl alcohols vary with the heat duty. This is to be expected from the analysis mentioned above. Me variation was found for n-butyl alcohol.

The observed values of the heat …

The Condensation Of Vapors From Gas-Vapor Mixtures, Stanley Anthony Mruk, William Charles Kraemer

Theses

Superheated mixtures of cyclohexane vapor and nitrogen gas were passed at various rates downward through a single tube condenser with the cooling water flowing countercurrently in an annular space outside the condenser.

The method of Colburn and Rougen for the design of cooler-condensers was applied and the calculated condenser lengths are compared to the experimental length.

Relatively good agreement with the design method was found for cases where there was little or no streamline flow of the gas-vapor mixture in the condenser. With increasing amounts of streamline flow* the design method tends to be increasingly conservative.

Effect Of Concentration On The Mass Transfer Coefficient In The Liquid Film, Marvin Baker Schaffer, Philip Major Pomerantz

Theses

The effect of liquid concentration on the resistance to mass transfer across the liquid film is studied for an acetone-methyl isobutyl ketone-air system in a packed tower. The liquid film resistance is computed by measuring the overall resistance for various concentrations and subtracting the gas film resistance. The gas film resistance is determined at the same liquid and gas rates by measurements on the pure components.

In the theory developed to handle the calculations, it is assumed that the interface temperatures are the wet-bulb temperatures based on a dynamic equilibrium. This supposition is supported experimentally at a liquid rate of …

A Study Of The Functional Stability Of Sunscreen Compounds, Jesse Howard Starkman

Theses

Previous work reported in literature, indicates that commercial sunscreen compounds were subject to breakdown on exposure to ultraviolet radiation with consequent change in their functional efficiencies.

These findings ware retested under conditions more closely approximating actual usage.

A new method of evaluation which closely correlates to actual experience in large scale usage, was applied. This method provides, from simple spectral data, a reliable index of physiological efficiency of the sunscreen compound. As a result, twelve commercial sunscreen compounds were exposed to ultraviolet radiation for varying periods. Analysis indicated that, contrary to the previous reports, no significant Changes in physiological efficiency …

Correlation Of Curtis And Gullett Equation For Viscosity Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions And Franks And Rinaldi Equation For Heat Transfer Coefficients, Irene S. Wisla, John L. Kukowski

Theses

Curtis and Gullett (7) developed an equation correlating the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian water slurries.

μ/μ_w=1.02(AK/GC)^.105

The object of this paper was to determine the validity of using the viscosity, as determined by the Curtis-GulLett (7) equation, in predicting the heat transfer coefficient of non-Newtonian fluids, where the suspending medium is something other than pure water . The authors used various concentrations of sugar solutions as the dispersion medium, for the slurries.

A dimensionless equation resembling the flittusBoelter equation with modified exponents and additional dimensionless groups has been developed …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data And Distillation Packing Evaluation At High Vacuum, Edward Joseph Lasch

Theses

Vapor pressure date and vapor-liquid equilibria date at 1-30 m.m. pressure are presented for benzyl alcohol and benzyl-n-butyl ether system. Activity coefficients for the system are symetrical, the Margules constants ere A_1-2 = A_2-1= .301. HETP values observed at a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. for 1/4" and 3/4" Berl saddles, 1" Intalox saddles, Fibre Glass Combination packings # 076 and # 476, and a Knitted Wire Mesh pecking are presented as a function of the mass throughput and column pressure drop. At a condenser pressure of 1 m.m. the pressure drop per foot in terms of …

The Sulfonation Of Some Aromatic Compounds Using Sulfuric Acid In The Presence Of Thionyl Chloride, Paul Juergens

Theses

The rate of reaction in the sulfonation of some aromatic compounds with sulfuric acid was increased by the presence of thionyl chloride which, by reacting with the water of formation, effectively maintained the concentration of sulfuric acid above the level at which sulfonation can occur. The thionyl chloride had no measurable effect on the formation of isomers.

The sulfonstion reactions studied included those of toluene, naphthalene, bromobenzene, ortho-bromotoluene, and chlorobenzene.

The Heat Of Mixing Of Diactone Alcohol And Water At 25 C, Frederic Miller Konrad

Theses

A calorimeter of twin design with auxiliary apparatus was built for measuring the heat of mixing with a maximum error of ± 1.0%. Reliability of the apparatus was tested with the benzene-methanol system and gave results comparable to those of other investigators with apparatus of different design.

The heat of mixing of diacetone alcohol and water was measured at 25°C over the entire concentration range. A peak value of 238 cal/mole solution was obtained at 0.67 mole fraction water the mixing of two moles water with one of diacetone alcohol.

Specific heat of diacetone alcohol-water mixtures was also measured at …

Variation Of Thickness Of Hard Anodic Films, Alphons Raymond O'Konski

Theses

An investigation was made of the effects of varying processing conditions on the thickness of anodic films produced by the Martin Hard Coat (4) process on commercially pure aluminum and nine aluminum alloys.

This study was conducted to provide sufficient data for designing coating thicknesses on aircraft accessory parts that would conform to the close tolerances maintained in the course of manufacture of precision components. Coating thicknesses up to 0.0051 in. were obtained. Changes in electrolyte strength, temperature of the bath, alloy composition, and current density were made to see their effect on the thickness of the film and growth …

The Recovery Of Krypton From Dilute Gas Mixtures By Elution Techniques, David Graham Brown

Theses

An analytical method has been empirically developed for the analysis of dilute inorganio inert gas mixtures.

The method is based on a combined sorption-elution technique which makes possible the resolving of complex inert gas mixtures into their constituents.

Particularly the recovery of krypton from dilute gas mixtures was accomplished. Recovery efficiencies were as high as ninety-eight percent, while the average krypton purity was better than ninety-nine percent.

Bis Phenol Epichlorohydrin Condensate Modification Of Alkyd Resins, Raymond Francis Carmody

Theses

A method is given for the modification of alkyd resin systems with Bis-Phanol Epichlorohydrin Condensates.

The properties of the modified alkyd resins are evaluated using similar unmodified alkyd resins as reference.

A theory of linear esterification is postulated.

The Analogy Between Heat And Mass Transfer In Packed Beds, Jasper Joseph Correnti

Theses

An operation which recurs in many branches of chemical engineering is that in which a fluid - gas or liquid - is passed through a bed of granular solids for the purpose of removing from, or adding something to the fluid (or both). In the oil and sugar industries, oils or syrups are passed through beds of adsorbents to remove impurities causing color and other undesireable effects. In the recovery of volatile solvents, air charged with solvent vapor is passed over solid adsorbents. In leaching, liquids are passed through beds of solids to remove some constituent of the solids. In …

The Effect Of Reduced Pressure On Variables In Distillation, Joseph Peter Cummins

Theses

To determine the effects of reduced pressure on pressure drop and holdup in distillations seven different liquids were distilled at varying rates at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum at pressures down to 50 mm Hg, using protruded stainless steel packing. Pressure drop and holdup were found to vary exponentially with masste at each pressure. At constant mass rate pressure drop was higher for decreased head pressure. Use of material of higher molecular weight led to lower pressure drop at same rate and pressure. Greatest effect of pressure on pressure drop was observed below 300 mm Hg. Liquid holdup was not …

Heat Capacity Ratios Calculated From The Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation State, Edward George Delaney

Theses

The ratio of the isobaric heat capacity to the constant volume heat capacity has been calculated over a range of temperatures and pressures for the following hydrocarbons: methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, and n-butane. Graphs and tables of calculated data are presented showing the effect of temperature and pressure on the ratio of the heat capacities for these compounds.

The deviations of the heat capacities from ideal gas behavior were calculated by previous investigators from an equation based on the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, Experimental data were used to evaluate the heat capacities of the ideal gases, and were used together …

Continuous Chlorosulfonation Of Benzene : I. Phase Relations, Henry Benjamin Lange

Theses

This work presents liquid-liquid equilibria data on a system suitable for continuous chlorosulfonation of benzene. Complete information is presented for the ternary, chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid - carbon tetrachloride. A partial investigation of the ternary systems, chlorosulfonic acid - sulfuric acid - benzenesulfonyl chloride; chlorosulfonic acid - carbon tetrachloride - benzenesulfonyl chloride; and the quaternary system, carbon tetrachloride - benzenesulfonyl chloride sulfuric acid - chlorosulfonic acid is also presented.

Prediction Of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Daniel James Mchale

Theses

Several equations for predicting vapor-liquid equilibria from the physical properties of the components have been proposed in the literature. Two equations of this type proposed by O. Redlich and others have been investigated to determine their utility.

Results indicate the two equations give fairly satisfactory results for nearly ideal solutions, but are unsatisfactory for non-ideal solutions. Knowledge of molecular interactions in the solution would be necessary before the predictions could be used with confidence.

Power Characteristics Of Disc Type Agitator Impellers, Isadore Rubin

Theses

Experiments were conducted to determine the power required to drive disc type agitators and to observe the flowpattern and type of agitation produced in a baffled tank.

Power was measured by determining electrical energy input to a motor and subtracting motor transmission and friction losses previously established by calibration. Impellers were operated at speeds from 600 to 3700 RPM.

Power requirements in the turbulent flow region were correlated by the equation HP = PoL⁵N³ρ/550gc which was derived theoretically.

Reports of previous work on agitator power are discussed.

The Power Numbers (Po) established for the turbulent range, …

The Reduction Of The Sodium Salt Of 2-Nitro-Phenol-4-Sulfonic Acid With Sodium Sulfide And Sodium Polysulfide, Robert Leslie Waer

Theses

Analytical techniques were studied for the determination of the purity of the sodium salt of 2-nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid. The best method proved to be reduction followed by diazotisation.

The reduction of the sodium salt of 2 2-nitrophenol-4-sulfonic acid was carried out at various times and temperatures using sodium sulfide and sodium polysulfides as reducing agents. The reduction rate was very slow using sodium sulfide and only fair using sodium polysulfide solutions. Difficulties were experienced because of air oxidation.

The amount of reaction of sodium sulfide in the presence of a large excess of the sodium salt of 2 -nitrophenol-4 -sulfonic acid …

A Generalized Correlation For The Effect Of Pressure On The Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Gases, Alvin Harvey Weiss

Theses

A generalized correlation is submitted for the deviation of the isobaric heat capacity of hydrocarbons from the ideal state. The range of conditions included is from reduced pressure = 0.2 - 15 and reduced temperature = 1.0 - 5.5. The curves presented have been based on data calculated from the Benedict - Webb - Rubin Equation of State, which is believed to be the most accurate method presently available for caleulating the heat capacity deviation.

The results indicate that the order of magnitude of the correction ts quite large, especially in the critical region. The average absolute error of this …

Investigation Of 3-Methyl-2-Penten-4-Yne-L-Ol (Cis Form), Lawrence John Ferrari

Theses

The isomerization of 3-methyl-l-penten-4-yne-3-ol into trans-3-methy-2-penten-4-yne-1-ol and an isomer assumed to be the cis form has been studied. The problem of determining whether or not the arbitrarily assumed isomer is a geometrical isomer or an ordinary isomer has been brought forward in industry in the course of a synthesis of Vitamin A.

Qualitative tests on the questionable isomer were without result because of the activity that the unsaturated bonds exhibited when reagents were used to test it. AU possible isomers of the compound were reviewed and the following chemical means were employed to prove that the isomer was the geometric …

Viscosity Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, David Edward Gullett, Edward Curtis

Theses

The object of this project ras to obtain a reasonable correlation of the effect of velocity, concentration and particle size on apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian slurries.

Through the use of dimensional and graphical analysis an equation, μ/μ_w=1.02(Ak/GC)^.105, was developed which filled these conditions. The average deviation of the apparent viscosity calculated from this equation compared to the experimental value was 14.4%.

The authors believe that this correlation should be tested under a greater variety of conditions of particle size and particle thermal conductivity and for suspending mediums other than water.

Heat Transfer Characteristics Of Non-Newtonian Suspensions, Foster C. Franks, Salvador Faust Rinaldi

Theses

A dimensionless equation resembling the Dittus-Boelter equation with modified exponents and additional dimension less groups has been developed by J. J. Salamone. (12)

HD/K_f = Z(DV_Bρ_B/µ_B⁶(C_fµ_B/K_f^y(D/D_s)^r(C_s/C_f)^J(K_s/K_f)^η(1)

Salamone investigated the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000. The results of the correlated data gave the = following exponents for equation; (1)

HD/K_f = .131(DV_Bρ_B/µ_B^.62(C_fµ_B/K_f^.35(D/D …

Esters Of Sulfanilic And Substituted Sulfanilic Acids, Stephen James Kovalsky

Theses

Attempted esterification of p-acetaminobenezenesulfonyl chloride with any of the low molecular weight alcohols in aqueous systems always results in the formation of sulfanilic acid. When conducted in a non-aqueous medium, the desired esterification did not occur. A water soluble compound formed, instead, which has not yet been identified.

A study was made of sulfanilic acid esters. Alcoholysis reactions involving the butyl ester and methyl alcohol were successful only when the reaction was conducted under pressure and under anhydrous conditions.

Isobaric Heat Capacity Of Nitric Oxide Over A Wide Range Of Temperature And Pressure, Leonard Leonard Salzarulo

Theses

The effect of pressure and temperature on the isobaric heat capacity and the heat capacity at constant volume for nitric oxide relative to the ideal gas state is presented. Results are reported for pressures ranging from 0 to 6000 PSIA. and for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1800°R.

Based on the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, an equation was derived for the deviation of isobaric heat capacity from the ideal gas state. Graphs and tables relating the isobaric heat capacity and the deviation of heat capacity at constant volume to pressure and temperature for nitric oxide are included.

The results show …

Linear Growth Rates Of Single Copper Sulfate Crystals, Arthur Oswald Hansen

Theses

The purpose of this work was to study and measure the factors influencing crystal growth.

Approximately 250 single crystals of CuSO₄.5H₂O were grown under controlled conditions of supersaturation, solution velocity, and temperature.

The data from this work indicates that:

(a) Crystal growth rate is independent of crystal size for the size range covered (4 to 12 mesh).

(b) Crystal growth rate is directly proportional to the degree of supersaturation, or driving force for each concentration of solution studied.

(c) Crystal growth rate varies exponentially with the velocity of the solution passing the crystal
R_D = …

A Study Of Methods For Predicting The Change In Azeotropic Composition With Pressure And With Temperature, Adolf Joseph Pribush

Theses

No abstract provided.

The Recovery Of Elemental Phosphorous From Phosphorous-Bearing Sludges, Rajendra Nath Bery

Theses

The theory dealing with the propagation of phosphorus sludges in elemental phosphorus production is generally well known, but it has long been felt that an investigation should be made in order to devise a suitable process whereby it may become possible to effect a separation of phosphorus. It is perhaps unfortunate that while the development of the electric furnace process continued, it sometimes overshadowed the importance of recovering additional amounts of phosphorus by relatively simple and inexpensive means since this is considered vital to the economics of elemental phosphorus production. At the present time, there is no economically feasible process …

The Hydrolysis Of Alkyl Borates, Phoebus Myron Christopher

Theses

The rate of hydrolysis of methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-amyl borate es well as the equilibrium constant for the reaction involved were determined. An analytical procedure was used whereby the concentration of unhydrolysed ester at any definite time interval could be measured. It was found that the methyl borate was completely hydrolysed in less than one minute. The n-propyl compound was hydrolysed completely in about 80 minutes, whereas about two hours were needed for the n-butyl and n-amyl borates.

The following equilibrium constants were founds methyl borate, 15.81; n-propyl borate, 2.695; n-butyl borate, 2.034 and n-amyl borate, 1.805.

Recovery Of Glycerine, Theodore Richard Muller

Theses

Recovered 25 per cent glycerine solution from the bard resin manufacturing processes is partially purified and concentrated to an acceptable color for reuse in resin production. The purification initially starts with the solution adjustment to pH?, the disproportionation product of resin acids are precipitated and removed. The glycerine is then passed through a cation ion-exchange resin column removing aldehydic impurities. The effluent is then concentrated and reacted with an equivalent amount of phthalic anhydrite forming a glycerol phthalate ester to ascertain a color which is equivalent to that of the finished resin that is commercially acceptable.