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Attrition In A Fluidized Bed, Andrew Joseph Welter

Theses

The object of this thesis is to study attrition in a fluidized bed in an attempt to find a reliable method for predicting attrition rate when fluid flow rates and particle sizes are varied.

The system studied consisted of air as the fluidizing median with bauxite and fuller's earth as the solids in suspension. Fluid flow rates were changed while all other variables were held constant. Systems with both large and small particles were studied for each material.

It was found that the attrition rate of the material when the bed is maintained at a constant mass flow rate is …

Investigation Of The Stability And Response Of A Reboiler Under Condensate Control, Francis Arthur Winter

Theses

Control of heat flux by condensate throttling was investigated theoretically by frequency response analysis and experimentally on a simulated reboiler control system.

Transfer functions were derived for each component and ware used to describe the response of the experi- mental system. Experimental controller settings were in reasonable agreement with the calculated results. However, general overall control was poor because of dead time and cyclic disturbances. Experiments showed that the process contained dead time in the order of three to seven times the ultimate period (0.5 - 1.0 minutes). Several sources of disturbances prevented an accurate evaluation of stability at low …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, Louis David Mazzeii

Theses

A method of Pitzer for predicting component fugacity coefficients of gases in binary mixtures is evaluated by calculating 2100 fugacity coefficients and comparing the results to experimental data.

Pitzer employed the technique of Gamson and Watson in deriving an expression for fugacity coefficients. The expression is based on a three parameter corresponding states theory set of equations, and a definition of pseudo critical properties of mixtures, both previously proposed by Pitzer.

A further comparison with values calculated by similar methods of Edmister and Ruby, and Redlich et al (which previously were established as the most accurate general methods) indicates Pitzer's …

The Kinetics Of Hydrogen Reduction Of Chromic Oxide, Kurt Strater

Theses

The hydrogen reduction of Cr₂O₃ to chromium metal was found to be feasible at very low water vapor concentrations, approximately -38° to -24°C, over a temperature range of 1130° to 1490°C. Hydrogen reduction under these conditions was predicted by the calculated equilibrium curves which also indicated that Cr₂O₃ is reduced directly to chromium without forming the intermediate oxide, CrO. This reduction path was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

The percent reduction of Cr₂O₃ at each reaction temperature was constant with time suggesting an inhibiting effect of the gaseous reaction product, water …

Viscosity Correlations Of Saturated Fatty Acids And Their Esters, Thomas Joseph Redling

Theses

Several correlations have been developed which permit calculation of the viscosities of the n-paraffin fatty acids and esters, beginning with formic and including stearic acid.

The correlations were obtained by interrelating the Log u and the Log P_v at the same temperature, where u is the viscosity in centipoise and P_v is the vapor pressure in millimeters Hg. A single line relationship represents all the fatty acids from propionic acid to and including stearic acid, while formic acid and acetic acid each have their own line. Methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl formate can be represented by a single …

Limitations On Expression Involved In The Materials And Certain Techniques Of Ceramic Sculpture, Peter B. Riley

Theses

None provided.

Structure, Wood, And The Form Of Furniture, William Keyser

Theses

None provided.

Concepts Of Form And Content In Painting, Reuben Aldridge Hale Jr.

Theses

This thesis is presented in conjunction with an exhibition of non-objective paintings. The exhibition, held in the Allen Gallery from July 15 to August 4, 1961, was a selection of paintings from those produced during graduate study at Southern Illinois University. It is the purpose of this thesis to illuminate, in some respects, the paintings of the artist.
To gain insight into the totality of the work of any particular artist, it is helpful to look into the influences and concepts behind the paintings. In the case of autonomous painting, the conscious ideas of an artist cannot completely explain the …

Hiding Power Of White Pigments : Theory And Measurement, Parker Bovaird Mitton, Lawrence Vejnoska

Theses

Optical properties of pigmented films such as hiding power, scattering coefficient, and absorption coefficient were measured at three bands of wavelength of light (blue, green, red) for ten white pigments at seven pigment concentrations in a paint. These pigments range from the highest index of refraction (rutile) to the very low index of an extender pigment (CaC031); they range from a fine particle size (average 0.2 microns) to a relatively coarse size (average 2.2 microns).

Among the findings presented below the first two confirm the general observations of pigment behavior found by others; the rest of the findings are new. …

Prediction Of Binary-Liquid System Viscosity From Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Data, Eugene Henry Okrent

Theses

This paper reviews the proposed methods for prediction of binary mixture viscosity. A calculation method is developed which predicts the binary liquid mixture viscosity of non-ideal systems of organic materials. The calculation method is an extension of the statistical mechanically derived equation:

η_m = Nh/V exp[χ₁Δ_G1⁺⁺ + χ₂ΔG₂⁺⁺ -ΔG^?/κ vap]/RT

A method has been developed for establishing the value of (ΔG^E/RT)vap from the constants of the Margules equation, which is an improvement over previous methods. The proposed equation is:

Log η_m = χ₁ log η …

Heat Transfer Coefficients In Nucleate Boiling, Gerald Burt Fefferman

Theses

The purpose of this study was to investigate some new approaches to the problem of correlating heat transfer coefficients in nucleate boiling, A survey of previous work done in this field reveals much inconsistency in recorded data relating the heat transfer coefficient to other properties of the observed system, but general agreement has been reached, however, concerning the important influence of the temperature difference between the heating element surface and the boiling liquid. As this temperature difference is increased, the surface coefficient of heat transfer rises until a critical point is reached, marking the end of nucleate boiling and the …

The Synthesis And Cyclization Of 5-Chloro-2, 3-Dichloroacetamidopyridine, Edward Aloysius Naiman

Theses

The acetylation of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-diamino with chloroacetyl-chloride to yield 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichlo-roacetamide and the subsequent ring closure form 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine has been studied in detail. The method of experimentation utilized statistically designed mathematical experiments.

The yield of 5-chloropyridine-2,3-dichloroacetamido is dependent upon the excess of the reactants and temperature, while time is not a significant factor. An important contribution to the study was obtained by extracting the product with solvents and discovering that the ring closed material 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-3H-imidazo-(b)pyridine yields in quantity during the diacetylation reaction.

The ring closure of 5-chloro-2,3-dichloroacetamidopyridine is markedly temperature dependent. Time has little effect on the reaction yield. The analysis of …

Fugacity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, David W. H. Roth

Theses

Fugacity coefficients of components in gaseous mixtures have been calculated by a method proposed by Joffe which is based on the use of generalized thermodynamic functions, and on Kay's rule for definition of the pseudocritical points of a gaseous mixture. The method should be applicable to compounds which can be correlated by the theory of corresponding states.

The method was tested by application to 255 experimental points comprised of four gaseous systems, and included Argon-Ethylene, Hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, and Methane n Butane. Thermodynamic functions from two recent generalized correlations, that of Pitzer et al., and that of …

Particle-Liquid Flow In Vertical Tubes, Frederick John Rowe

Theses

It was the purpose of this investigation to develop an experimental Procedure which would allow the prediction of the variation of fraction void with varying liquid and solid rates from a minimum number of experiments carried out in simple apparatus. This procedure should allow prediction for both smooth and rough particles, and should be valid for several different shapes. The data collected can be plotted on a single chart showing the relation between fraction void, solids throughput, and liquid throughput for all vertical particle fluid systems. Such a method was suggested by Mertes and Rhodes1 in their work developing a …

Absolute Viscosity Of The N-Paraffin Liquids, Gerald Permutt

Theses

The absolute viscosity of the normal paraffins C₅H₁₂ to C₂₀H₄₂ was studied to determine a relationship more useful in predicting liquid viscosities than existing correlations such as the methods of Andrade, Souders, Thomas, and Doolittle.

It was found that a function of corresponding liquid states could be designed which related viscosity to the number of carbon atoms. This function, here called liquidity, is defined as the extent to which a substance exists as a liquid with respect to temperature. This function can be expressed mathematically as:

L_c = (t - t_m)/(t …

Multiplication Of Three Of More Matrices, Theron Dupree Boland

Theses

This thesis defines matrices and offers examples of how to multiply three or more matrices.

Salt Effects On Distribution Of Fatty Acids, John Henry Sivori

Theses

Data are reported on the extraction of formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids from water with methyl isobutyl ketone. Prime consideration is given to the effect of an added inorganic salt, calcium chloride, and also to the effect of the presence of a common ion on the distribution of the acids in the solvent-water system. Extraction into the solvent phase is increased by the addition of calcium chloride, but only slightly affected by the addition of a common ion.

Batch Heating And Cooling Nomographs, Stephen Zakanycz

Theses

Heat transfer problems associated with batch heating and cooling processes are relatively complex since conditions of unsteady state prevail. Complex mathematical equations are available which relate the time required to heat or cool a quantity of material in a specific piece of equipment or to design heat exchangers to transfer the desired amount of heat in a specified time. By the use of alignment charts, these equations are solved graphically with speed and accuracy. Nomographs are presented for equations dealing with heating and cooling agitated batches, counterflow and nonisothermal medium for two cases: coil-in-tank or jacketed vessel and external heat …

Enthalpies And Partial Molal Enthalpies For Methane-Carbon Dioxide System, Isaac Pass

Theses

Enthalpies and partial molal enthalpies have been calculated by a combination of analytical and graphical procedures for the methane carbon dioxide binary system at 160°F, and at pressures from 200 to 9000 psia.

Mixtures containing .0852, .19912, .3583 and .6685 weight fraction of methane in carbon dioxide, as well as the pure components were used. The method for calculation of the enthalpies was outlined by Van Ness (1) and involves the application of residuals to the Redlich-Kwong equation of state (2).

The results of this paper illustrate the value of the method as an accurate and reasonably convenient tool. Excellent …

The Plastic Design Of Steel Cofferdam, Robert O. Disque

Theses

The fundamental purpose of this thesis is to employ the plastic theory in the design of a hypothetical steel sheet pile cofferdarm. Prior to undertaking this work, the author had had no previous experience with the plastic theory. Therefore, a portion of this thesis is devoted to the development of the fundamentals necessary for the actual design computations.

The theory of plastic analysis has been used as far back as the 1920's in Hungary for the structural design of apartment buildings. It is, however, only in recent years that the theory has been utilized to a significant degree in this …

Heat Transfer By Natural Convection In Horizontal Fluid Layers : A Statistical Correlation Of Experimental Data, John Lawrence O'Toole

Theses

The rate of heat transfer due to natural convection in confined, horizontal, fluid layers can be expressed by equations involving the dimensionless parameters Nusselt No., Rayleigh No., and Prandtl No., where Rayleigh No. equals the product of Grashof and Prandtl Nos.

Statistical correlation by stepwise multiple regression of experimental data obtained from four different investigators, on both gases and liquids, yields three separate equations corresponding to three distinct regimes of convection. The total range spanned by the data is from the onset of convection to Rayleigh = 109.

The equations are Regime Ra Range Equation Std. Error of Estimate Initial …

Purification Of Technical Grade Latic Acid, Edward Francis Wezowicz

Theses

A method to manufacture purified lactic acid from technical grade lactic acid 04%) was investigated. In this method, technical grade lactic acid was reacted with normal butyl alcohol, the water formed during the esterification was azeotropically removed, The ester formed, was separated from the excess butanol by vacuum distillation. Finally, the ester separated by distillation :as hydrolyzed to a purified grade of lactic acid.

In this study, several features are reported, which to the best of knowledge, appear in a publication for the first time. They are:

1. Conditions for the esterification of technical grade lactic acid with butanol, resulting …

Vapor Liquid Equilibria Studies For System 1: Cyclohexane, Neo-Hexane; System 2: Neo-Hexane, Iso-Octane; System 3: Cyclohexane, Iso-Octane; At Atmospheric Pressure, Robert Halper

Theses

Vapor liquid equilibria studies were conducted on three systems at atmospheric pressure. The systems represented were: -

System #1 - Neo-hexane, cyclohexane.

System #2 Neo-hexane, isooctane.

System #3 - Cyclohexane, isooctane.

The object of these studies was: -

1. To obtain reliable experimental data on the above systems that would enable the plot of a series of characteristic curves.

2. To test the experimental data for thermodynamic consistency.

3. To correlate the data with the best of several theoretical equations as represented by Van Lear, Margules, Scatchard-Hamer or Redlich-Kister.

Activity Coefficients Of Gases In Binary Mixtures, John Robert Armbruster

Theses

The theory of vapor phase activity coefficients for binary mixtures has been developed. The equations, calculation procedures and sample calculations are presented using two recently proposed methods of Joffe. These methods are then compared to the three methods presented by Engleman.

These two methods have been employed to calculate activity coefficients for 236 experimental points. The deviations of calculated values from experimental values were also determined. The systems considered are Argon - Ethylene, hydrogen - Nitrogen, Methane - Ethane, Methane - n - Butane evaluated over wide ranges of pressure, temperature and mol fraction.

From analysis of the time required …

Vapor-Liquid Equilibria, Vincent De Paul Brown

Theses

The thesis was undertaken for the purpose of testing available experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for thermodynamic consistency, with a view to finding an intercorrelation of the activity coefficient-concentration curves, for different groups of systems, as a function of the intercepts. It was hoped that a correlation using molar volumes, parachor volumes, or molecular weights would be developed which could be explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding.

The Redlich and Kister^{1 equations were used to smooth the experimental data and to obtain values for the constants B, C and D. Redlich and Kister state that these constants serve as …}

Kinetics Of Chromium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Frank Joseph Klosowski, Alfred John Meinhardt

Theses

In this investigation the rates of trivalent-univalent cation exchange in a stirred batch reactor for the chromic ion-Dovex 50 system have been measured. The progress of the reaction has been followed continuously by measuring the change in hydrogen ion concentration of the bulk solution as a function of time with a Beckman pH Meter having external electrodes immersed in the reaction mixture.

This work has been undertaken to determine the rate-controlling mechanism of the reaction, and the influence of agitator speed, particle size, and solution concentration on the rate of exchange. Agitator speed. studied, as limited by the equipment, are …

Zone Refining Of Anthracene, Charles Poultney Perot

Theses

The process of zone refining involves the passage of a molten zone along a rod of solid. As the zone progresses, composition of the material freezing out generally differs from that melting, so solutes are redistributed. Enrichment of the major component occurs toward one end of the rod. (Usually the end of frozen.)

In the present work, impure anthracene was subjected to zone refining. Feed first run was C.P. anthracene with a known impurity of 2.0% phenanthrene. After two passes no phenanthren was detectable in the first layer frozen. (Analysis was by ultra-violet spectrophotometry.) Although the zones melted out were …

An Analysis Of Predetermined Time Systems, Richard Otto Schmid

Theses

This paper endeavors to compare three predetermined time systems, namely; Work-Factor, Methods-Time Measurement and Basic Motion Time-study, elemental-by-elemental, through the use of a series of detailed analyses. The following information in the form of conclusions and recommendations has been set forth from the investigation of the various comparative analyses contained herein:

1. Reasons for the variation between the elementals.

2. A chronological order of attack for further study with an eye to accomplishing the most in the shortest possible time.

3. The results of a composite analysis which utilizes the most realistic elemental definitions of the three systems. (This includes the comparison of …

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Heat Transfer Coefficients In An Agitated Vessel Using Verticle-Tube Baffles, Edward Joseph Barrasso

Theses

Data are presented to show the effect of impeller speed, impeller type, and fluid properties on the forced-convection film coefficient of heat transfer for verticle tubes in a cylindrical vessel. A generalized equation to predict the film coefficient of heat transfer on the outside of verticle tubes in an agitated vessel for both cooling and heating is also presented. This equation may be used to estimate the necessary areas of heat transfer for verticle tubes in an agitated vessel within the degree of accuracy required from most engineering calculations.

This study was the first initiated to develop an equation to …

Liquid-Gas Flow In Venturi Meter And Sharp Edged Orifice, Frank John Chwalek

Theses

The results of a study of pressure drops across a 5/32 inch throat venturi meter and a 5/32 inch thin plate sharp-edged orifice for the horizontal cocurrent, flow of the air-water two-phase two-fluid system in a 3/4 inch pipe under essentially isothermal conditions, are presented. This is the first critical study of two phase flow in a Venturi meter and. in a 5/32" orifice.

Flows of water of 0.1 to 1.7 gallons per minute with air rates in range of 0.00022 lbs/sec. to 0.0092 lbs/sec. of air mixed in were studied. All flows were turbulent when judged with the conventional …