Digital Commons Network^™

Job Satisfaction In Minor League Baseball, Justice L. Hoyt

Sport Management Undergraduate

Every individual in the sport industry spends a substantial amount of time at work. Hence the satisfaction of an individual’s job is important. The purpose of this study was to look at the satisfaction levels of full time minor league baseball employees in the International League. This study was the first study in the field of minor league baseball which tried to determine if the satisfaction levels were worth the demand of the work. It is known across the workforce that the more time demanding a job is the less freedom you have for family and leisure. This study was …

The Objectification Of Professional Female Athletes In Print Advertisements And The Consumers' Response, Angela L. Wallin

Sport Management Undergraduate

Abstract

As female athletes gain more recognition in the sports world, researchers continuously debate on whether the reason behind this is due to their athletic performance or their hyper sexualized appearance in media outlets such as print advertisements (Fink, Cunningham, & Kensicki, 2004). This raises the question on how consumers interpret advertisements that contain female athletes promoting both sport and non-sport products. Since this research is the first examine how consumers view and react to the use of professional female athletes in advertisements, this research further develops the literature of women’s role in both the advertising and sport world. Both …

Ncaa Division I Lacrosse Expansion: Has It Changed Recruiting?, Michael Widay

Sport Management Undergraduate

In liue of an abstract, here is the paper's first paragraph:

Lacrosse was one of the least popular sports in the United States. As time has gone on Lacrosse grew to be one of America’s fastest growing sports in the entire country, grow was seen throughout all levels from the professional and collegiate, and especially at the high school and youth levels (Vivirito 2012). As the game grew at the collegiate level their started to be more competition within recruiting as more teams expanded into the collegiate ranks. Previous research had examined what the factors that student athletes in lacrosse …

Special Olympics’ Employee Response To Organizational Change, Katelyn Disbrow

Sport Management Undergraduate

The purpose of the research study was to explore how Special Olympics’ staff groups differ in response to organizational change. The study was conducted in order to determine if there was a relationship between employees holding various positions within Special Olympics and their level of job satisfaction, specifically during times of change in the organization. Previously, there has been minimal research conducted in the non-profit sector, and Special Olympics exclusively, in terms of linking job satisfaction and organizational change. Thus very little was known on this particular topic. A survey was used in order to collect primary, quantitative data based …

How Does Retention Rates Of Division Iii Football Programs Differ Based On The Type Of Institution?, Adam Hausfelder

Sport Management Undergraduate

Abstract The focus of this research was to take a look at the retention rates of Division III football programs over a four year period. The purpose of this study was to show how some schools are struggling to keep their retention rate up year to year. A second reason was to see which type of institution had a higher retention rate and to see if there is a connection between retention and the type of institute. At the Division I level there many articles about retention rates and student athlete adjustment, while at the Division III level there is …

Fantasy Football: The Relationship Between A Participants Financial Investment And Time On Task For Team Management, Brendon L. Lamphear

Sport Management Undergraduate

Within the past decade since the use of the Internet came bout about, the sports gambling industry, specifically fantasy football, has become a multi-million dollar industry. In particular, the increase of all factors in fantasy sports such as the amount of money, number of hours and amount of leagues are increasing at a rapid rate. Due to this intriguing circumstance, this study investigates the relationship between a participant’s financial investment and time on task for team management. This study was given to participants via email and Facebook, which consisted of an online survey. In addition, this study looked at factors …

The Perceptions Of Marijuana From College Athletes, Michael A. Magnarelli

Sport Management Undergraduate

The study that was conducted examined the perceptions and the relationship college athletes have towards marijuana. As time progresses and more people become used to the idea of marijuana being fully legalized in the United States, institutions like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) will have to deal with the fact that a vast majority of their college athletes use marijuana regardless of it being on the banned substance list. A survey that featured 14 questions was sent out to over 200 male and female student athletes at St. John Fisher College which 60 of the 200 agreed to partake …

Fans Use Of Twitter In College Athletics, Clayton V. Stanley

Sport Management Undergraduate

Abstract

Fans use of social media to follow athletes is becoming more and more popular these days and fans often use this as a way to attempt to get recruits to attend schools that they themselves are a fan of. The reasoning behind the research is that not a lot has been done on this topic and with social media becoming more and more popular looking into the fans usage of social media towards recruits is worth looking into. The fact that professional leagues and the NCAA have attempted to implement and enforce a policy against the illegal tweeting practices …

Drug Use And Abuse In Sport, Mike Moran

Sport Management Undergraduate

Performance enhancing and prescription drugs were a growing issue in professional football, as more players in recent years have fallen victim to drug testing; resulting in lengthy suspensions and fines. This research aimed to show that the culture of using performance enhancing and prescription drugs in order to play football starts at the college level or even earlier. Past research had laid the foundation for this study and through the use of a random sampling method; colleges and universities from across the country were asked to take a survey. From their responses, some patterns had started to develop. Results from …

College Athletics Recruitment: A Deeper Analysis, André Remillard

Sport Management Undergraduate

The college athletics recruiting landscape is one littered with many different factors. While previous studies have analyzed institutional and social factors as impacting a prospective student-athletes’ recruitment process, there’s a gap in understanding the role an athletes’ demographics play in how athletes make their college decision. Previous literature has indicated that the impact social and institutional factors play during the recruitment process varies based on individual demographics. This research uncovers any correlations between athlete demographics and how they weigh the importance of recruitment components. Surveys were administered to 1,029 randomly selected Division I student athletes. One team from each conference …

Youth Sport Specialization: Study Of Athletic Directors, Connor Morris

Sport Management Undergraduate

This study is focusing on the topic of youth sport participation, specifically the perceptions of high school athletic directors. The reasoning behind this study is to expand on the research that has already been done by studying subjects that have not been looked at before. Prior research has shown that there are many different effects of sport specialization on the youth athlete. Some may be positive and but also can be negative or hindering in nature. The results of this study refute and support previous findings as well as add new and credible information to the topic at hand. The …

Female Athletes And Their Journey, Emily Youngs

Sport Management Undergraduate

Female athletes have gained their role in sports, and now female athletes are expressing their journey as a female athlete. Looking at female athletes and their journey of becoming a college athlete, researchers can find motivation, self-efficacy, and early specialization. Past research on the 3 factors has been done prior to this research. The relationship between self-efficacy, motivation and early specialization was examined. The data was obtained through interviews from 5 college student athletes using qualitative research. The findings showed a significantly positive relationship between self-efficacy and these athletes, however there was a considerably negative finding in athletes and early …

Fan Involvement With Regional Or City Affiliated Nfl Teams, Kristopher C. Jones

Sport Management Undergraduate

This research looked at the difference between how involved NFL fans are with their favorite/identified team, based on such team being either regionally or city affiliated. Prior to this study, it was known that sport fandom is positively correlated to a fan’s psychological well being, in addition to knowledge that fans who develop loyal relationships towards their team become increasingly involved with the team, resulting in positive identification with the team. The research conducted in the study was an attempt to uncover new knowledge on how the location affiliation of an NFL team relates to the team’s fans. For this …

Football Head Coaching Evaluations: Perceptions On The Ncaa Division Iii Level, Bryan Schnell

Sport Management Undergraduate

The purpose of this study was to look at the evaluation criteria used during the evaluation of a Division III head football coach. The reasoning behind the subject is because of the lack of knowledge on the criteria used. While some researches have given a short list of reasons why coaches get fired, however none of them have focused on Division III which’s landscape is very different of that in Division I. A survey was sent out to 150 head coaches and athletic directors throughout the country. After looking at the results it showed the perceptions did differ between both …

Change In Major League Baseball Player Performance After Signing A Long-Term Deal, Matthew J. Cahill

Sport Management Undergraduate

Baseball teams have been trying to understand how player performance changes over the course of their career for decades. Officials have wanted to figure out a better way of determining how much a player should make in their contract by trying to predict how their performance might change in the future. Front office officials need to better understand the importance experience might have when it comes to predicting a player’s future performance. In the previous study by Sturman & Thibodeau (2001), the researchers found that players tended to decline in performance once they signed a long term deal. The current …

Pace Of Play In Golf, Dennis O. Leahy

Sport Management Undergraduate

Pace of play in golf is a major problem that is affecting participation rates negatively. A number of issues are compounding the problem, such as technological advancements, length of golf courses, players’ individual needs, and contemporary changes in the value placed on leisure time. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the topic in Upstate New York. Surveys were sent to 167 golf course PGA professionals, asking about pace of play at their courses. The survey collected basic information about the professionals’ courses and moved to items regarding what the courses are doing and not doing concerning pace of …

Understanding Season Ticket Holders’ Buying Behaviors, Stephen M. Castro Jr.

Sport Management Undergraduate

Increasing the average dollar spent from fans is important for an organizations’ bottom line. Existing literature focuses on general attendance versus the unique population of season ticket holders. Having already invested fans consume more, due to higher attendance, can increase the bottom line. By having the Rochester Red Wing’s season ticket holders fill out a survey it will uncover their buying behaviors and what affects their attendance. The results show aroma is how fans decide what concessions to buy and new merchandise is how fans decide what merchandise to buy.

The Role Of A Player Development System In Major League Baseball, Kyle Conklin

Sport Management Undergraduate

This paper looks at the role of a player development system and the possible paths to success in Major League Baseball (MLB). The study looked at rookie players in the MLB to see if the path of their journey to the major leagues has an influence on their success as a rookie. Two paths were studied, those who played collegiately and those who went through the minor leagues straight from high school. This study used quantitative data to analyze the differences in player’s performance as rookies through statistics such as batting average and on-base percentage for hitters and winning percentage …

The Financial Gap Between Athletic Scholarships And Athlete Expenses, Marykate Edmunds

Sport Management Undergraduate

This research examined the financial gap between athletic scholarships and athlete expenditures. The literature shows that several parties feel athletes are being undercompensated for their efforts at their institutions. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine how much money athletes are actually missing out on. The population was DI football players receiving a full ride scholarship at SEC and ACC institutions. Data was collected from the College Board and the US Census Bureau to determine institution financial statistics and athlete expenditures respectively. Results showed a significant financial gap exists for all schools and that there is no significant difference of …

Man Games Lost In The Nhl: A Correlation Between Travel, Rest Periods And Injuries In The National Hockey League, Aaron T. Kneeland

Sport Management Undergraduate

Each year in the National Hockey League, teams travel thousands of miles, coast to coast, to play hockey. Each year there are also hundreds of injuries, and thousands of man games lost in the league. While there has been substantial research on how travel can affect Circadian Rhythms, no research has connected this with injury in the NHL. This study used Circadian Rhythm Theory, the amount of travel miles, and back-to-back games played by teams to understand a possible correlation between travel, rest periods, and the amount of man games. After analysis, it was clear there was no consistent correlation …

Nfl Fans Response To Social Media Posts, Laura Fien

Sport Management Undergraduate

Social media has become a growing phenomenon in the 21st century, as a result sport teams can now interact and engage fans in more personalized ways. However, because social media is so new there is very little research that helps determine how fans interact with teams through social media. This study was conducted using focus groups and has determined that even though relationship marketing is a good idea, NFL fans prefer information posted to Facebook and Twitter to be convenient and informative in relationship to the team’s on field performance. Furthermore, the more convenient and informative the information posted is …

The Nfl’S Highly And Lowly Identified Fans: Who Are They?, Daniel Cusato

Sport Management Undergraduate

While there is a plethora of literature on fan identification, specifically high or lowly identified fans, there is no literature on who these highly and lowly identified fans actually are. The goal of this research paper is to fill the void in that section of NFL fan literature and discover what demographics of fans are the most highly and lowly identified. In order to find out who is a highly or lowly identified fan, a survey must be administered that will effectively test the characteristics of each participant. This will make the respondents classifiable as either a highly or lowly …

Player Preferences For Coaching Behaviors, Tim Coykendall

Sport Management Undergraduate

In athletics every athlete prefers different behaviors from their coach. Research hasn’t been able to explain player preferences in terms of their preferred and expected coaching behaviors and if their coaches are meeting those behaviors. This study looked to see if coaches met the expected and preferred behaviors of their athletes. In order to examine this question, St. John Fisher student athletes of both genders, and individual sport and team sport athletes were be surveyed. After examining prior research, results are expected to show that athletes prefer coaches who are inclusive in decision making, focus on building skills, and develop …

How Fantasy Sport Participation Affects Fan Loyalty, Michael Flanigan

Sport Management Undergraduate

Fantasy sports have recently emerged as a popular form of sport consumption. Previous research has investigated the concept of fantasy sport involvement and fans loyally, however little research exists on the effects these variables have on each other. The focus of this research is to identify the effects fantasy sport participation has on fan loyalty and consumption. A survey collected primary data which went through a Pearson correlation. It was found that fantasy sport participation increased consumption of the sport product. It was also found that fantasy sport participants are more loyal to their favorite team than their fantasy teams.

Fan Culture In The American Hockey League, Julie Mros

Sport Management Undergraduate

Knowing the fan culture of the American Hockey League will help understand what fans look for when choosing a favorite team. This information can be used to increase fan bases around the league. In order to conduct this research a survey was sent out to fans and non-fans of AHL teams. With the results collected it was found that fans favorite aspects of their favorite team’s culture is their team’s in game promotions. This data shows that in game promotions need to be a priority for American Hockey League teams, if they wish to build a better relationship with their …

Female Athletic Trainers In Male Professional Sports, Catie Graf

Sport Management Undergraduate

The number of female athletic trainers is growing fast but there is a small amount present in male professional sports. The topics of harassment, discrimination and work-life balance challenges are talked about as trials female athletic trainers face in the industry. This research looked at why there is a lack of female athletic trainers in male professional sports using the topics of harassment, discrimination and work-life balance as three reasons why this might be. The methodology for this research consisted of sending out surveys to female athletic trainers at the professional and collegiate level. Qualitative data was collected to find …

Fighting In Hockey -- Player Perceptions, Jordan Doroshenko

Sport Management Undergraduate

There is a certain amount of physicality involved in all levels of hockey. The aggressive styles of play and attitudes have evolved into one of the most violent team sports. Fighting has been utilized as a marketing tool to increase viewership of hockey. The fights have increased in recent years, and there are many perceptions that portray its significance within the sport. The media markets physical aspects of the game, which reaches players of all ages and influences them to follow suit. Social media websites, television shows, sport analysts, and movies have been created solely focusing on big hits, fights, …

Sport-Type Differences In Drinking Behaviors And Motives Among St. John Fisher College Student Athletes, Carly Szydlowski

Sport Management Undergraduate

In lieu of an abstract, here is the paper's first paragraph: It is known that alcohol abuse among college students has been, and remains, a very prevalent issue in our society today; however, some may not know the extent to which student athletes consume alcohol. Green, Uryasz, Petr and Bray (2008) conducted a study for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 2001 and found that approximately 80% of collegiate student athletes consumed alcohol on an annual basis, and that number has only risen. Not only are a large percentage of student athletes consuming alcohol, they are doing so much …

Head Coaching Gender Equality At The Division Iii Level, James Troutman

Sport Management Undergraduate

Throughout history gender discrimination has created barriers that have prevented women from achieving their desired career goals no matter what the work setting is. One way that steps were made towards the elimination of gender discrimination was the enactment of Title IX in 1972. Pervious research has examined barriers that women head coaches coaching men’s teams have had to overcome in order to acquire their position. The coaches who were used in that research either coached NCAA Division I men’s teams or all three divisions combined. The barriers these women experienced were both externally and internally barriers. The external barriers …

The Level Of Comfort Coaches Have For Dealing With Children With Behavioral Disabilities, Rebecca Campbell

Sport Management Undergraduate

Studies have shown that children with behavioral disorders should be included in sports. This research looks at the comfort level coaches have with the idea of having children with behavioral disorders on their team. The research goes further into this question by looking at training as a possible option to increase the level of comfort. The study looks into the survey that was conducted and goes into further explanation as to how this affects youth sports. The discussion of the findings shows who is most affected by this research and what else can be examined.