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Articles 601 - 630 of 1086
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Splenectomized Versus Non-Splenectomized Patients With Thalassemia Major. Echo-Cardiographic Comparison, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Mohamedmofeed F. Morsy
Splenectomized Versus Non-Splenectomized Patients With Thalassemia Major. Echo-Cardiographic Comparison, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Mohamedmofeed F. Morsy
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Effects Of Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Captopril And Valsartan On Taste And Serum Levels Of Zinc And Magnesium, Abdul-Basit A. Salman, Nabeel A. Ali, Abdullah M. Jawad
Effects Of Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Captopril And Valsartan On Taste And Serum Levels Of Zinc And Magnesium, Abdul-Basit A. Salman, Nabeel A. Ali, Abdullah M. Jawad
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of metronidazole, tinidazole, captopril and valsartan on the levels of zinc and magnesium in the serum of rabbits and humans and the histology of taste buds in rabbits. METHODS: We conducted this study in the College of Medicine and Teaching Hospital, Basrah, Iraq from April 2005 to September 2006. It was in 2 parts: a clinical observational study of 54 patients treated with one of these drugs. The second part involved oral administration of metronidazole (45mg/kg), tinidazole (40mg/kg), captopril (3mg/kg) or valsartan (3mg/kg) or normal saline to 42 rabbits randomly. Serum zinc and magnesium were …
Hematological Indices In Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infections In Parts Of Delta State, Nigeria, Johnson D. Jemikalajah, Godwin A. Okogun
Hematological Indices In Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infections In Parts Of Delta State, Nigeria, Johnson D. Jemikalajah, Godwin A. Okogun
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To enhance the care and management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) positive patients, as part of an overall effort to reduce morbidity and mortality of HIV-related death in Nigeria. METHODS: Hematological investigations were carried out on 205 patients suspected of HIV and/or TB, and 100 apparently healthy control subjects in Kwale, Agbor, and Eku in parts of Delta State, Nigeria from February 2006 to February 2008. World Health Organization systems 2 for HIV-1&2 antibodies screening technique was used for the screening of the subject9s HIV status, Ziehl Nelson technique for TB, hematocrit, and Leishman staining …
The Risk Factors For And Prevalence Of Coronary Artery Disease In Heavy Vehicle Drivers, Levent Ozdemir, Okan O. Turgut, Seher Aslan, Izzet Tandogan, Ferhan Candan, Naim Nur, Ilhan Cetin, Omer F. Demir
The Risk Factors For And Prevalence Of Coronary Artery Disease In Heavy Vehicle Drivers, Levent Ozdemir, Okan O. Turgut, Seher Aslan, Izzet Tandogan, Ferhan Candan, Naim Nur, Ilhan Cetin, Omer F. Demir
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequencies of risk factors and the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CAD) in heavy vehicle drivers. METHODS: This cross-sectional type study was conducted between November 2004 and September 2006 in heavy vehicle male drivers registered with the Sivas Professional Drivers Association, Sivas, Turkey. From 400 individuals, 200 heavy vehicle male drivers, and 200 control subjects, 90% were reached for the sample. A questionnaire including sociodemographic specifications, body mass index (BMI), and risk factors for CHD was performed and some blood and physiologic parameters such as lipid profiles, fasting glucose level, resting ECG, were checked in all …
Nutritional Knowledge Of Primary Health Care Physicians In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Abdullah M. Al-Zahrani, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi
Nutritional Knowledge Of Primary Health Care Physicians In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Abdullah M. Al-Zahrani, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the nutritional knowledge of primary care physicians. METHODS: A validated questionnaire with multiple-choice questions was distributed to 125 physicians, working in the Ministry of Health (MOH) primary health care centers in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between March and August 2006. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were received from 91 of 125 physicians (72.8%). The mean number for correctly answered questions was 8.34 out of 16 questions (52.1%). The 95% confidence interval was (51.6-52.6). Physicians who described their nutritional knowledge as poor were 74 (81%). The results indicated that physicians are generally aware of nutritional information related to common …
Prevalence Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabian Children And Adolescents, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Abdullah Al-Herbish
Prevalence Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabian Children And Adolescents, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Abdullah Al-Herbish
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Comparison Study On The Effect Of Prenatal Administration Of High Dose And Low Dose Folic Acid, Sayyah M. Manizheh, Shojaiee Mandana, Argani Hassan, Gorbani H. Amir, Kazemi S. Mahlisha, Ghojazadeh Morteza
Comparison Study On The Effect Of Prenatal Administration Of High Dose And Low Dose Folic Acid, Sayyah M. Manizheh, Shojaiee Mandana, Argani Hassan, Gorbani H. Amir, Kazemi S. Mahlisha, Ghojazadeh Morteza
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high dose and low dose folic acid on the levels of hemocysteine Hcy concentration during the first trimester of pregnancy and at delivery, and to examine the association of Hcy serum levels and preeclampsia. METHODS: In a single blinded randomized clinical trial, which was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, from 2005-2008, 246 nulliparous pregnant women in 2 similar groups, received folic acid daily from early pregnancy until delivery 5 mg/day in group one and 0.5 mg/ day in group 2. The incidence of hypertension and laboratory changes in the levels of serum Hcy, lactate dehydrogenase, …
The Relation Between Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurement Of Body Fat Composition And Plasma Ghrelin In Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease, Naglaa M. Elsayed, Soha T. Hamed, Mohamed M. El-Khatib, Amal M. El-Shehaby
The Relation Between Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Measurement Of Body Fat Composition And Plasma Ghrelin In Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease, Naglaa M. Elsayed, Soha T. Hamed, Mohamed M. El-Khatib, Amal M. El-Shehaby
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the role of ghrelin in malnutrition in uremia and its relationship to fat composition using dual x-ray absorptiometry DXA. METHODS: This is a cohort study including Group I: 60 patients with end stage renal disease 30 on hemodialysis [group IA] and 30 pre-dialysis [group IB] and Group II: 20 controls. This study was carried out in Cairo University Hospital, Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo, Egypt in 2007. Body fat composition total, differential, and lean body mass was assessed using DXA, and plasma ghrelin was measured. RESULTS: Ghrelin was significantly higher in hemodialysis and pre-dialysis groups compared to the control …
Comparison Of A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire With 24-Hour Dietary Recalls To Assess Dietary Intake Of Adult Kuwaitis, Mahshid Dehghan, Nawal Al-Hamad, Catherine R. Mcmillan, Prasanna Prakash, Anwar T. Merchant
Comparison Of A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire With 24-Hour Dietary Recalls To Assess Dietary Intake Of Adult Kuwaitis, Mahshid Dehghan, Nawal Al-Hamad, Catherine R. Mcmillan, Prasanna Prakash, Anwar T. Merchant
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Morbidity Pattern Among Males Attending The Primary Care Clinics At A University Hospital In Central Saudi Arabia, Norah A. Al-Rowais, Yousef A. Al-Turki
Morbidity Pattern Among Males Attending The Primary Care Clinics At A University Hospital In Central Saudi Arabia, Norah A. Al-Rowais, Yousef A. Al-Turki
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Prevalence Of Dysglycemia And Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among The Rural Population Of Oman, Mohammed N. Barakat, Randa M. Youssef
Prevalence Of Dysglycemia And Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among The Rural Population Of Oman, Mohammed N. Barakat, Randa M. Youssef
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Exhaled Nitric Oxide. An Emerging Marker Of Inflammation In Respiratory Diseases, Syed S. Habib
Exhaled Nitric Oxide. An Emerging Marker Of Inflammation In Respiratory Diseases, Syed S. Habib
Saudi Medical Journal
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is a recently introduced non invasive marker to measure inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung. The numerous roles of NO in respiratory pathophysiology have been extensively reviewed. There is contradictory evidence regarding the exact function of NO in lung diseases. In pathological states, the enzyme inducible NO synthase generates extraordinarily high concentrations of NO when the body faces an inflammatory response by attracting macrophages that generate NO and hence NO participate in host defense against specific organisms. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements have been useful in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and …
25-Hydoxyvitamin D Levels Among Healthy Saudi Arabian Women, Haifa A. Al-Turki, Mir Sadat-Ali, Abdulmohsen H. Al-Elq, Fathma A. Al-Mulhim, Amein K. Al-Ali
25-Hydoxyvitamin D Levels Among Healthy Saudi Arabian Women, Haifa A. Al-Turki, Mir Sadat-Ali, Abdulmohsen H. Al-Elq, Fathma A. Al-Mulhim, Amein K. Al-Ali
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To assess the serum level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D 25OHD among healthy Saudi Arabian women living in the eastern province. METHODS: A cross-sectional randomized study was conducted between February 1st 2008 and May 31st 2008 at the King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 200 Saudi women between 25-35 years group 1 and women of >/=50 years group 2. Clinical examination, laboratory tests, a complete blood picture, serum calcium, phosphorous, alkaline phosphatase, parathormone, and the serum levels of 25OHD levels were carried out. Data on lifestyle, dietary, and demographic questionnaires were collected. Vitamin D was defined …
Neonatal Screening Of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency In Khorfakkan, United Arab Emirates, Saad S. Al-Ani, Amin A. Baker, Amal K. Al-Athmani, Bushra J. Al-Jesmi
Neonatal Screening Of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency In Khorfakkan, United Arab Emirates, Saad S. Al-Ani, Amin A. Baker, Amal K. Al-Athmani, Bushra J. Al-Jesmi
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
A Comparative Study Of The Etiology Of Adult Mandibular Fractures In The Sultanate Of Oman And South Australia, Ahmed K. Al-Hashmi, Mohammed I. Al-Ismaily, Alastair N. Goss
A Comparative Study Of The Etiology Of Adult Mandibular Fractures In The Sultanate Of Oman And South Australia, Ahmed K. Al-Hashmi, Mohammed I. Al-Ismaily, Alastair N. Goss
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Pattern Of Neonatal And Post Neonatal Deaths Over A Decade (1995-2004) At A Military Hospital In Saudi Arabia, Ghulam Nabi, Muhammad A. Majeed-Saidan, Fawaz T. Kashlan, Atyah A. Al-Zahrani, Faisal Y. Ezzedeen, Amer N. Ammari
Pattern Of Neonatal And Post Neonatal Deaths Over A Decade (1995-2004) At A Military Hospital In Saudi Arabia, Ghulam Nabi, Muhammad A. Majeed-Saidan, Fawaz T. Kashlan, Atyah A. Al-Zahrani, Faisal Y. Ezzedeen, Amer N. Ammari
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
The Survival Analysis Of Beta Thalassemia Major Patients In The South East Of Iran, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Masoud Roudbari
The Survival Analysis Of Beta Thalassemia Major Patients In The South East Of Iran, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Masoud Roudbari
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Pyridoxine Effect On The Antidepressant Action Of Imipramine In Albino Mice, Rugaia O Amara, Suher M. Aburawi
Pyridoxine Effect On The Antidepressant Action Of Imipramine In Albino Mice, Rugaia O Amara, Suher M. Aburawi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavioral effect of pyridoxine on the antidepressant action of imipramine. METHODS: Male Wistar albino mice of weights 25-35gms were used. Two experiments were carried out; the first on the acute effect of pyridoxine on the duration of immobility, and the second on the sub-chronic effects of pyridoxine alone and in combination with imipramine. In the first experiment, 4 groups of animals received saline, 65, 125, and 250mg/kg pyridoxine. Forced swimming test (FST) was performed 30 minutes after drug administration. In the second experiment, 6 groups of mice were used. The first group received saline, the second …
Hypouricemic And Antioxidant Activities Of Allium Cepa Lilliaceae And Quercetin In Normal And Hyperuricemic Rats, Fatemeh Haidari, Mohammad R. Rashidi, Mohammad R. Eshraghian, Soltan A. Mahboob, Majid M. Shahi, Seid A. Keshavarz
Hypouricemic And Antioxidant Activities Of Allium Cepa Lilliaceae And Quercetin In Normal And Hyperuricemic Rats, Fatemeh Haidari, Mohammad R. Rashidi, Mohammad R. Eshraghian, Soltan A. Mahboob, Majid M. Shahi, Seid A. Keshavarz
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypouricemic and antioxidant effects of Allium cepa Lilliaceae (Allium cepa L.) and quercetin in normal and hyperuricemic rats. METHODS: The following study was conducted in the Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Tehran University of Medical Science, Iran, between May 2007 and March 2008. A total of 48 male Wistar rats (body weights: 180-200 g) were randomly divided into 8 equal groups including normal; normal + Allium cepa L. (5g/kg); normal + quercetin (5mg/kg); normal + allopurinol (5mg/kg); hyperuricemic; hyperuricemic + Allium cepa L. (5g/kg); hyperuricemic + quercetin (5mg/kg); hyperuricemic + allopurinol (5mg/kg) once a day for …
Spontaneous Bilateral Chylothorax With Fatal Outcome In A Patient With Melorheostosis, Michele Leuenberger, Jan Braunwalder, Ralph A. Schmid, Zeno Stanga
Spontaneous Bilateral Chylothorax With Fatal Outcome In A Patient With Melorheostosis, Michele Leuenberger, Jan Braunwalder, Ralph A. Schmid, Zeno Stanga
Saudi Medical Journal
We report a case of progressive, multifocal melorheostosis in a 28-year-old woman, with involvement of the left arm, chest, spine, and impressive soft tissue involvement. In the past, she had undergone multiple vascular interventions. She presented with spontaneous massive bilateral chylothorax. After conservative treatment without success, we conducted bilateral pleurodesis. This resulted in a clear reduction of pleural effusions, but her medical condition subsequently worsened due to progressive parenchymatous infiltrates, and increased interlobal pleural effusions. She ultimately died of global respiratory insufficiency. In patients with melorheostosis, involvement of the soft tissue can result in distinctive morbidity, and whenever possible, treatment …
Is Intestinal Parasitic Infection Still A Public Health Concern Among Saudi Children?, Faten A. Al-Braiken
Is Intestinal Parasitic Infection Still A Public Health Concern Among Saudi Children?, Faten A. Al-Braiken
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the possible health risk associated with intestinal parasite infections among children with gastroenteritis in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was undertaken between March and August 2007 in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, to detect the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in children aged 0-10 years. Two major public hospitals took part in the study. These hospitals are King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), and King Fahad Hospital (KFH). The study involved examination of fecal samples from 500 children (24 inpatients and 476 outpatients) complaining of gastroenteritis. The samples were concentrated by formol-ethyl acetate concentration …
The Effect Of Body Composition On Blood Lipids, Leptin, Bone Mineral Density, And Nutrition In Females, Nevin Sanlier
The Effect Of Body Composition On Blood Lipids, Leptin, Bone Mineral Density, And Nutrition In Females, Nevin Sanlier
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of body composition on blood lipids, leptin, bone mineral density, and nutrition in females. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-one fourth-year females students studying at the Faculty of Vocational Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, during the year 2006, were determined for their body composition. Their anthropometric measurements, blood lipids, leptin levels, and bone mineral densities were measured. Moreover, 24-hour reminder method was used to determine their state of nutrition. RESULTS: The total cholesterol (p=0.002), triglyceride (p=0.00), low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol (p=0.004), very LDL cholesterol (p=0.000), total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol (p=0.000), LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (p=0.000) and …
Dietary Intake And Serum Bone Related Chemistry And Their Correlations In Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Nazila Farrin, Ali R. Ostadrahimi, Soltan A. Mahboob, Sousan Kolahi, Mostafa Ghavami
Dietary Intake And Serum Bone Related Chemistry And Their Correlations In Postmenopausal Iranian Women, Nazila Farrin, Ali R. Ostadrahimi, Soltan A. Mahboob, Sousan Kolahi, Mostafa Ghavami
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine dietary intake and bone related chemistry of osteoporosis and their correlations in postmenopausal Iranian women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 58 healthy Iranian, postmenopausal women from January 2005 until August 2006, at Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase were measured using auto analyzer and parathyroid hormone (PTH) by immune radio metric assay. Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day dietary record. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and left femur. Comparison between means of the groups was carried out using one-way …
Sepsis And Septic Shock. A Global Perspective And Initiative, Niranjan Kissoon
Sepsis And Septic Shock. A Global Perspective And Initiative, Niranjan Kissoon
Saudi Medical Journal
Sepsis and septic shock are major contributors to mortality in children worldwide. While many factors may contribute to poor outcomes, resource limitations play a role in developing countries. However, early recognition and aggressive therapy using simple measures can reverse shock in most children. Indeed, great gains have been realized in some areas with limited resources. In this manuscript, the significant gains over the last few years are outlined, and issues to consider in resource limited environments are discussed. In addition, an invitation is extended to participate in a global sepsis initiative.
Spinal Shrinkage As A Measure Of Spinal Loading In Male Saudi University Students And Its Relationship With Body Mass Index, Talay Yar
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To compare spinal shrinkage in obese and non-obese young male adults and to find any correlation between them. METHODS: In 2006, 123 second-year male students studying in the Colleges of Medicine and Dentistry, King Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were examined for their weights, standing heights, and recumbent lengths. In this cross-sectional observational study, the students were grouped according to body mass index (BMI): normal range BMI <25; overweight BMI = 25-29.9; obese-BMI >30. Spinal shrinkage was calculated as the difference between standing height and the recumbent length of the subject. Influence of BMI on the magnitude of spinal shrinkage was compared by …
Pattern Of Neonatal And Postneonatal Deaths Over A Decade 1995-2004 At A Military Hospital In Saudi Arabia, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Muhammad A. Majeed-Saidan, Fawaz T. Kashlan, Atyah A. Al-Zahrani, Faisal Y. Ezzedeen, Amer N. Ammari
Pattern Of Neonatal And Postneonatal Deaths Over A Decade 1995-2004 At A Military Hospital In Saudi Arabia, Mahmood D. Al-Mendalawi, Muhammad A. Majeed-Saidan, Fawaz T. Kashlan, Atyah A. Al-Zahrani, Faisal Y. Ezzedeen, Amer N. Ammari
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Association Between Tryptophan Hydroxylase Gene Polymorphism And Painful Non-Osseous Temporomandibular Disorders., Osman A. Etoz, Hanife Ataoglu, Mehmet E. Erdal
Association Between Tryptophan Hydroxylase Gene Polymorphism And Painful Non-Osseous Temporomandibular Disorders., Osman A. Etoz, Hanife Ataoglu, Mehmet E. Erdal
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Prevalence Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabian Children And Adolescents., Abdullah S. Al-Herbish, Mohammad I. El-Mouzan, Abdullah A. Al-Salloum, Mansour M. Al-Qurachi, Ahmed A. Al-Omar
Prevalence Of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabian Children And Adolescents., Abdullah S. Al-Herbish, Mohammad I. El-Mouzan, Abdullah A. Al-Salloum, Mansour M. Al-Qurachi, Ahmed A. Al-Omar
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among 0-19 years old Saudi children and adolescents. METHODS: A nationwide Saudi Arabian project was conducted in the years 2001-2007 with the objective of establishing national growth charts, and defining the prevalence of some chronic childhood diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The 14,000 households were randomly selected based on a recent population statistic. The questionnaire used included demographic data and evidence of diabetes mellitus. The prevalence was estimated and expressed per 100,000. Breakdown of this figure per age and region was carried out. RESULTS: In the 11,874 out of the …
The Effects Of Zinc Supplementation On Serum Zinc, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Fracture Healing Of Bones., Ali Sadighi, Marjan M. Roshan, Amin Moradi, Alireza Ostadrahimi
The Effects Of Zinc Supplementation On Serum Zinc, Alkaline Phosphatase Activity And Fracture Healing Of Bones., Ali Sadighi, Marjan M. Roshan, Amin Moradi, Alireza Ostadrahimi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of zinc supplementation on callus formation, serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity in humans. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with traumatic bone fracture referred to Shohada Hospital of Tabriz, Iran from August to December 2007. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: cases (n=30), receiving one capsule of zinc sulfate consists of 50 mg zinc each day and the controls (n=30), receiving placebo for 60 days. Individual and clinical information was determined by a questionnaire: nutritional intake by 3 days food records at the beginning and the …
Impact Of Metabolic Syndrome's Components On The Development Of Cardiovascular Disease In A Jordanian Cohort With Metabolic Syndrome., Fares H. Haddad, Shaher M. Mahafza
Impact Of Metabolic Syndrome's Components On The Development Of Cardiovascular Disease In A Jordanian Cohort With Metabolic Syndrome., Fares H. Haddad, Shaher M. Mahafza
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVES To assess the gender differences in the prevalence of diabetes, composite cardiovascular disease, and the components of metabolic syndrome (MS) in a Jordanian cohort with MS. Secondly, to evaluate the impact of number of MS components on prevalence of diabetes, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke. METHODS We carried out a cohort study among participants who fulfilled the National Cholesterol Education Program (Adult Treatment Panel III) criteria for MS recruited from December 2006-2007 from Endocrine Outpatient Clinics of the King Hussein Medical Centre, Amman, and Prince Rashid Military Hospital, Irbid, Jordan. Patients were divided into groups according to gender, …