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Effect Of Sickle Cell Trait And B-Thalassemia Minor On Determinations Of Hba1c By An Immunoassay Method, Suad M. Al-Fadhli, Abdulhadi A. Ahmad, Hassan A. Al-Jafar
Effect Of Sickle Cell Trait And B-Thalassemia Minor On Determinations Of Hba1c By An Immunoassay Method, Suad M. Al-Fadhli, Abdulhadi A. Ahmad, Hassan A. Al-Jafar
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Glycated hemoglobin determination is being used worldwide to monitor the efficiency of blood glucose control and to plan treatment in diabetes mellitus patients. Several methods are used for measuring glycated hemoglobin, but a possible interference by hemoglobin variants is a major concern. The use of immunoassay methods with glycated hemoglobin-specific antibodies is supposed to overcome this problem. We are evaluating the effect of the most prevalent hemoglobinopathies in the region (sickle trait hemoglobin and B-Thalassemia) on the immunoassay method used in determining glycated hemoglobin. METHODS: Eighty-one whole blood sample hemolysates were tested for glycated hemoglobin using Beckman Synchron LX20 …
Efficacy Of Sulphadoxine And Pyrimethamine, Doxycycline And Their Combination In The Treatment Of Chloroquine Resistant Falciparum Malaria, Habab K. Elkheir, El-Fatih I. Elkarim, Idris B. Eltayeb, Abd E. Elkadaru, Hamza A. Babiker, Adil M. Ibrahim
Efficacy Of Sulphadoxine And Pyrimethamine, Doxycycline And Their Combination In The Treatment Of Chloroquine Resistant Falciparum Malaria, Habab K. Elkheir, El-Fatih I. Elkarim, Idris B. Eltayeb, Abd E. Elkadaru, Hamza A. Babiker, Adil M. Ibrahim
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The present in vivo study evaluates the efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, doxycycline and their combination in the treatment of Sudanese patients infected by chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria. METHODS: Febrile patients with positive blood smears of Plasmodium falciparum were given chloroquine 25mg-base/kg body weight and followed up for 3 days. Patients with recrudescence due to chloroquine resistance were readmitted for test treatment. Using simple number randomization patients were divided into groups, A, B and C. These were treated with doxycycline, sulphadoxine/ pyrimethamine and a combination therapy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine plus doxycycline. Doxycycline was initially administered as a single dose of 200mg followed …
Uses Of Internet Technology In Clinical Practice, Ibrahim Mansoor
Uses Of Internet Technology In Clinical Practice, Ibrahim Mansoor
Saudi Medical Journal
The practice of medicine has extended itself to vast areas and requires active clinicians to systematize and organize their workload through the use of the most up-to-date digital and computer communication technologies. Computerization and worldwide accessibility of information has especially provided great assistance in this regard. The explosive growth of medical information increases the need for the use of these new methods of organizing and accessing data. This article briefly summarizes a few of the vital tools that internet technology has provided clinical practice, with the aid of basic concepts of internet, database systems, hospital systems and data security and …
Brucellosis Among Animals And Human Contacts In Eastern Sudan, El-Hassan H. El-Ansary, Babiker A. Mohammed, Abdul-Rahman A. Hamad, Abul-Gasim O. Karom
Brucellosis Among Animals And Human Contacts In Eastern Sudan, El-Hassan H. El-Ansary, Babiker A. Mohammed, Abdul-Rahman A. Hamad, Abul-Gasim O. Karom
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the relative frequency of brucellosis among domestic animals in Kassala State, Sudan, in the year 1999 and compare the results of previous studies since 1908. Also to study the frequency rates of the disease in animal contacts in the area. METHODS: Sero-survey for Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus was carried out on sera of animals brought for slaughter to Kassala abattoir and on sera of occupational contacts of animals. All sera were tested by the slide agglutination test. The positive reactors were confirmed by tube agglutination test. RESULTS: A total of 1225 sera were tested - 1038 …
Etiologies Of The Urinary Tract Infections In A Yemeni City, Mohammed A. Nasher, Thabet M. Nasher, Abdallah A. Gunaid
Etiologies Of The Urinary Tract Infections In A Yemeni City, Mohammed A. Nasher, Thabet M. Nasher, Abdallah A. Gunaid
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the causative agents of urinary tract infection in Yemeni patients in Sana9a city, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibilities of these agents in vitro. METHODS: Consecutive mid-stream urine specimens were submitted to our laboratory by 4029 patients in Sana9a city from 1990 to the end of 1999. The specimens were cultured and the isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. The antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were also determined (in vitro). RESULTS: The number of patients with urinary tract infection who yielded positive cultures from their mid stream urine specimens was 685 out of 4029 patients (17%). …
Tetanus. A Clinical Review, Juma M. Al-Kaabi, Euan M. Scrimgeour, Andre Louon, Bazdawi M. Al-Riyami
Tetanus. A Clinical Review, Juma M. Al-Kaabi, Euan M. Scrimgeour, Andre Louon, Bazdawi M. Al-Riyami
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Although tetanus is now uncommon in Oman (The Expanded Program on Immunization was introduced in 1981), patients continue to present from time to time at an average rate of 6 cases per year. Worldwide, the mortality rate for tetanus remains high (ranging from 15-20% in developed countries). At the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman, prolonged Intensive Care Unit treatment and multi-disciplinary management is invariably required for tetanus patients. This study was carried out to evaluate our results over the past decade. METHODS: All tetanus patients admitted to the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital from 1991 up to the end …
Necrotizing Fasciitis, Catherine L. Cherneski, John M. Embil
Necrotizing Fasciitis, Catherine L. Cherneski, John M. Embil
Saudi Medical Journal
Necrotizing fasciitis is a devestating condition which has been recognized for several years. In North America a recent increase of cases has led to much media attention and public fear. Necrotizing fasciitis may occur as a consequence of infection with Streptococcus pyogenes or as a result of a polymicrobial synergistic infection caused by aerobic, anaerobic, gram positive and gram negative organisms, often in postoperative patients. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes is mediated by superantigens. The management of necrotizing fasciitis requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis followed by antimicrobial therapy and early surgical intervention. In cases caused by …
Teenagers Obstetric Performance, Samuel E. Akinola, Nirmala C. Manne, Eric I. Archibong, Adekunle A. Sobande
Teenagers Obstetric Performance, Samuel E. Akinola, Nirmala C. Manne, Eric I. Archibong, Adekunle A. Sobande
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the pregnancy outcome in teenage primigravida women admitted and delivered in our unit between April 1997 and March 1998, and to compare the outcome with other primigravida above 20 years old. METHODS: Data was collected from primigravidae in respect of age, last menstrual period, history of booking at Primary Health Center and complications of pregnancies were identified. The process of labor and delivery were monitored and the outcome recorded. RESULTS: During the period of study, 2,650 women delivered in the unit, 171 (6%) were primigravida, out of which 116 (68%) were teenagers, ages between 13 and 19 …
Prevalence Of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies Among Health Care Workers In Damascus, Syria, Basem M. Othman, Fawza S. Monem
Prevalence Of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies Among Health Care Workers In Damascus, Syria, Basem M. Othman, Fawza S. Monem
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Health care workers exposed to accidental inoculation with infected blood represent a high risk group of acquiring hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatitis C virus is considered the most common parenterally transmitted pathogen to which needle-stick recipients are exposed. Therefore, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among different health care workers was studied. METHODS: Antibodies of hepatitis C virus were studied by 3rd generation enzyme immunoassay. Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to hepatitis B core were carried out using enzyme immunoassays. Liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) and total bilirubin were measured using reagents on chemistry autoanalyzer. The …
Brucellosis In Children Of Dhofar Region, Oman, Eisa O. El-Amin, Lionel George, Naryanan K. Kutty, Padam P. Sharma, Rajkunari S. Choithramani, Vandavia P. Jhaveri, Panakanadan Salil, Said M. Bedair
Brucellosis In Children Of Dhofar Region, Oman, Eisa O. El-Amin, Lionel George, Naryanan K. Kutty, Padam P. Sharma, Rajkunari S. Choithramani, Vandavia P. Jhaveri, Panakanadan Salil, Said M. Bedair
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological and clinical pattern of brucellosis in children of Dhofar and to ascertain the efficacy of a pre-determined antibiotic regimen to treat the disease. METHODS: The study was hospital based and was carried out prospectively for 3 years. All cases diagnosed to have brucellosis on clinical and serological basis were entered into the study. The epidemiological background and clinical presentations were analyzed and the clinical response to a combination of oral rifampicin and co-trimoxazole was evaluated. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy five cases of brucellosis were eligible for the study. Ingestion of raw milk and its …
Psychiatric Referrals. In Primary Care And General Hospitals In Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia, Naseem A. Qureshi, Tariq A. Al-Habeeb, Yasser S. Al-Ghamdy, Mohi M. Magzoub, Henk Schmidt
Psychiatric Referrals. In Primary Care And General Hospitals In Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia, Naseem A. Qureshi, Tariq A. Al-Habeeb, Yasser S. Al-Ghamdy, Mohi M. Magzoub, Henk Schmidt
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: From different perspectives, psychiatric symptoms have special significance in psychiatry. This study comparatively describes the psychopathological symptoms as noted in primary care (402) and general hospital (138) referrals. METHODS: Five hundred and forty psychiatric referrals, retrieved randomly, were reviewed extensively for collecting relevant data. RESULTS: Both hospital and primary care referrals were observed to have a variety of psychological and somatic symptoms of variable frequencies, which were suggestive of several psychopathological domains. Functional psychotic (19.5% versus 10%), mood (27.5% versus 23%) and psychosomatic (7% versus 2%) symptoms were significantly noted in hospital referrals as compared to primary care referrals …
Patient Expectation And Satisfaction In Different Hospitals In Irbid, Jordan, Salah M. Mawajdeh, Khairo A. Daabseh, Mohammed J. Nasir, Raeda J. Al-Qutob
Patient Expectation And Satisfaction In Different Hospitals In Irbid, Jordan, Salah M. Mawajdeh, Khairo A. Daabseh, Mohammed J. Nasir, Raeda J. Al-Qutob
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to identify factors contributing to patients9 satisfaction and to examine the relationship between patient satisfaction and patient expectations. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 360 patients randomly drawn from the outpatients9 practice of 2 health centers in Irbid, North Jordan; a university and governmental one. Patients9 satisfaction was assessed using a self-administered patient satisfaction questionnaire. Patients9 expectations were assessed by exposing patients to a series of video clips showing pre-tested patient provider encounters. RESULTS: On average, users of the Community Health Center had lower expectation levels and higher satisfaction means when compared to users of the …
Prevalence Of Hepatitis B And C Markers In Patients On Maintenance Hemodialysis In Najran, Latif A. Khan, Sarosh A. Khan
Prevalence Of Hepatitis B And C Markers In Patients On Maintenance Hemodialysis In Najran, Latif A. Khan, Sarosh A. Khan
Saudi Medical Journal
No abstract provided.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing And Patterns Of Resistance At A Tertiary Care Center, Javed Akhter, Mohammed O. Qutub, Syed M. Qadri
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing And Patterns Of Resistance At A Tertiary Care Center, Javed Akhter, Mohammed O. Qutub, Syed M. Qadri
Saudi Medical Journal
Clinical microbiology laboratories are faced with the challenge of accurately detecting emerging antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. In recent years, vancomycin resistant enterococci have emerged, as have penicillin resistant pneumococci and more recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. In order to detect these emerging resistant pathogens it is essential that antimicrobial susceptibility be carried out by laboratories as an integral part of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss patterns of susceptibility of different antimicrobials as experienced at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, a tertiary care center in Riyadh.
Pregnancy Outcome In Connective Tissue Diseases, Jameela A. Kari
Pregnancy Outcome In Connective Tissue Diseases, Jameela A. Kari
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To describe the pregnancy outcome in women with systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases attending a specialized high risk clinic at the Royal London Hospital. METHODS: Retrospective review of 30 patients seen over a 30-month period. Diagnoses included 18 patients with lupus and 5 with mixed connective tissue disease. Patients were evaluated following a standardized protocol. RESULTS: For all patients there were 28 (93%) live births and 2 spontaneous abortions. Of the live births, 6 (21%) were preterms and 5 (17%) were small for gestational age. For the 18-lupus patients there were 17 (94%) live births and …
Accidental Injuries During Muslim Pilgrimage, Al-Sharif M. Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Harbi
Accidental Injuries During Muslim Pilgrimage, Al-Sharif M. Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Harbi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The diseases that occur during Hajj are a unique medical problem. The aim of this study is to highlight the incidence, the type and the early surgical management of trauma during the Hajj period. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out during a 15 day-period conducted in two parts in the emergency room, and a follow-up of the admitted patients in the surgical department. RESULTS: The number of trauma cases who attended the emergency department was 713 patients, 248 patients were admitted in different surgical departments, together with the intensive-care unit. Sixty-five percent of the patients were discharged from …
Going Beyond The Curriculum To Promote Medical Education And Practice In Saudi Arabia, Sherine Shawky, Nadia K. Soliman
Going Beyond The Curriculum To Promote Medical Education And Practice In Saudi Arabia, Sherine Shawky, Nadia K. Soliman
Saudi Medical Journal
The foundation of health starts as early as undergraduate medical education. Medical education in the Kingdom has always been successful in promoting the medical profession and population health. The current issue in the Kingdom is quality assurance in all organizations including the health field. Thus emerges the value of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the current system in meeting health needs and expectations. The aim of this paper was to analyze the current situation in order to design a frame for the direction of promotion of medical education and practice that best meets health needs and expectations. In fact, …
Iron Deficiency Anemia. A Study Of Risk Factors, Joharah M. Al-Quaiz
Iron Deficiency Anemia. A Study Of Risk Factors, Joharah M. Al-Quaiz
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for iron deficiency anemia among Saudi women of childbearing age. METHODS: This is a case control study conducted at the primary health care clinics of King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh over a 6-month period. Inclusion criteria included women of childbearing age and hemoglobin level < 120 g/l. Iron deficiency anemia was defined as having iron deficiency and low hemoglobin level < 120 g/l. Controls had hemoglobin level > 120 g/l and were matched with the cases for socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients and 203 controls were enrolled in the study. Low frequency of eating meat, vegetables or drinking juices right with vitamin C increased the risk of having iron deficiency anemia by 2-4 fold (odds ratio = …
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Referred For Radioiodine Therapy, Ibrahim A. Al-Balawi, Hadir M. Meir, Mohammed K. Yousef, Hala A. Nayel, Mohammed F. Al-Mobarak
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Referred For Radioiodine Therapy, Ibrahim A. Al-Balawi, Hadir M. Meir, Mohammed K. Yousef, Hala A. Nayel, Mohammed F. Al-Mobarak
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The current work was conducted to study the disease status and treatment results of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma referred for radioactive iodine therapy. METHODS: Retrospective review of 78 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma referred for radioiodine therapy in the Nuclear Medicine Unit, King Abdulaziz Hospital and Oncology Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Analysis of the clinicopathologic characteristics, age correlation to different risk factors, treatment protocol and results were performed. RESULTS: Seventy seven percent were female and the female to male ratio was 3.5:1. The age of patients ranged between 13-63 years with a median age of 36 …
The Performance Profile Of Medical Students In The Mock Objective Structured Clinical Examination, Edward O. Adeyemi
The Performance Profile Of Medical Students In The Mock Objective Structured Clinical Examination, Edward O. Adeyemi
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: Acquisition of clinical skills, after completing a course in the basic sciences, is an essential aspect of undergraduate training in any medical school. These skills are usually divided into 3 broad categories: namely, history taking, physical examination and selection of the appropriate laboratory investigations. At the end of the clerkship, the students9 clinical skills have to be assessed. The main objective was to describe the performance profile of a group of medical students while examing a distended abdomen in the United Arab Emirates. METHODS: This paper describes the performance profile of 24 randomly selected medical students in a mock …
Hope For Clomiphene Citrate Resistant Ovaries, Fathia H. Hasanain, Bothina K. Greiew
Hope For Clomiphene Citrate Resistant Ovaries, Fathia H. Hasanain, Bothina K. Greiew
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To assess the presentation, different surgical modalities and their outcome in the treatment of polycystic ovarian disease. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out on 66 patients with polycystic ovarian disease. The majority of the cases had a history of infertility for at least 2 years and were known to be clomiphene citrate resistant in the Saudi German Hospital, Jeddah between 1994 and 1998 undergoing laparoscopic ovarian drilling. RESULTS: More than 80% of the patients were below 30 years of age. The majority of cases below 30 years had primary infertility. Irregular cycle was the main clinical presentation in …
Contraceptive Use In Jordan, Farouk M. Shakhatreh
Contraceptive Use In Jordan, Farouk M. Shakhatreh
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To compare women in the child bearing age for the years 1983, 1990, 1997 regarding their use of contraceptives and the variations in the source of intrauterine contraceptive devices, as it was recently observed that women are more likely to use intrauterine contraceptive devices. METHODS: Three national surveys carried out in 1983, 1990, 1997 were compared. The samples selected in the 3 surveys were women in the child bearing age. A multistage sampling procedure was used to ensure the representativeness of the samples in the 3 surveys. RESULTS: The use of contraceptives increased from 26% in 1983 to 40% …
Visceral Leishmaniasis In Children In The Yemen, Nassir A. Haidar, Abdul-Baset L. Diab, Adel M. El-Sheik
Visceral Leishmaniasis In Children In The Yemen, Nassir A. Haidar, Abdul-Baset L. Diab, Adel M. El-Sheik
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: The clinical presentation and duration of therapy for visceral leishmaniasis varies in different countries. The sodium stibogluconate is costly, and a trial of short course therapy has not yet been studied in Hajjah governorate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a 20 days regimen of sodium stibogluconate and to ascertain the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of visceral leishmaniasis in children. METHODS: This was a prospective hospital-based study in Hajjah Governorate, Republic of Yemen. Children of 12 years of age or less with a confirmed diagnosis were included. Sodium stibogluconate was given in a …
Evaluation Of Parental Knowledge Of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Wea’Am M. Al-Eid, Sanaa M. Madi, Sultan A. Bahabri, Sulaiman M. Al-Mayouf
Evaluation Of Parental Knowledge Of Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Wea’Am M. Al-Eid, Sanaa M. Madi, Sultan A. Bahabri, Sulaiman M. Al-Mayouf
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the parental knowledge of pediatric rheumatic diseases in general, and in particular information regarding their children9s diseases. To focus on the important role of health education in understanding these chronic diseases, and formulate a future plan for establishing a general public education program. METHODS: One hundred sets of parents, of children with established rheumatic diseases with mean duration of illness, (4.1 ± 2.83), a mean child age (9.9 ± 3.15) years, were given a 20 multiple choice questionnaire during their routine visit to the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic and Physiotherapy Department or to the pediatric ward at King …
Urinary Tract Infections In General Practice In A Rural Community In South Trinidad, Fitzroy A. Orrett
Urinary Tract Infections In General Practice In A Rural Community In South Trinidad, Fitzroy A. Orrett
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was carried out at a General Practice in South Trinidad, to assess the sensitivity profiles of urinary isolates in this remote rural community. METHODS: Quantitative bacteriologic cultures were performed according to standard procedures. Identification of isolates was based on gram reaction, morphology and biochemical reactions. Susceptibility testing was carried out using commonly prescribed antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infections. RESULTS: From 779 urine specimens, 49% were culture positive for counts >105 organisms per ml. Three hundred and eighteen were aged 21 years and above and 85.5% of these were females. The lowest incidence of …
Evidence-Based Medicine, Ibrahim Mansoor
Evidence-Based Medicine, Ibrahim Mansoor
Saudi Medical Journal
Evidence-based medicine is one of the recently born explosively growing important issues, whose philosophical origins extend back to mid-19th century and remains a hot topic for clinicians, public health practioners, purchasers, planners, and the public. Evidence-based health care has extended the application of the prinicples of evidence-based medicine to all professions associated with health care, including purchasing and management. So it is important for the up and coming young doctors and clinicians, and even other health care professions, to gain knowledge of critical appraisal and experience in the practice of evidence-based health care. This article gives a brief description of …
Problem-Based Learning. Challenges, Barriers And Outcome Issues, Samy A. Azer
Problem-Based Learning. Challenges, Barriers And Outcome Issues, Samy A. Azer
Saudi Medical Journal
Although many recent studies have discussed specific issues related to problem-based learning in medical education, a comprehensive review of the literature on the consequences of its use and the outcomes of curriculum based on problem-based learning have not been accurately looked at. Furthermore, there is no available review that critically evaluates challenges and barriers to the implementation of problem-based learning curriculum in medical schools. The purpose of this part is to highlight the major challenges and barriers reported during curriculum preparation and implementation and to critically evaluate the consequences of problem-based learning introduction and its educational outcomes.
Osteoarthritis. A Primary Care Approach For Physicians In 2000 And Beyond, Roderick G. Kerr, Rashed H. Al-Kawan
Osteoarthritis. A Primary Care Approach For Physicians In 2000 And Beyond, Roderick G. Kerr, Rashed H. Al-Kawan
Saudi Medical Journal
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common disorders presented to the primary care physician in the over 50 years age group in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The diagnosis is made by history, typical x-ray findings and non-contributory laboratory investigations. The understanding of the pathogenesis of the condition is undergoing change. The development of osteoarthritis is dependent on age, sex, genetic predisposition, and previous trauma to the joint and abnormal mechanical forces caused primarily by obesity. Biochemically, there is an imbalance in the enzymes of cartilage degradation and cartilage regeneration. Management in 2000 focuses on patient education, appropriate exercise, relief …
Repetitive Strain Injury, Sultan T. Al-Otaibi
Repetitive Strain Injury, Sultan T. Al-Otaibi
Saudi Medical Journal
Repetitive strain injury is a group of musculoskeletal disorders affecting muscles, tendons, nerves and blood vessels. These disorders could be attributed to occupational causes; however non-occupational causes should be excluded. The management of these cases required a multidisciplinary team approach.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fadwa J. Altaf
Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fadwa J. Altaf
Saudi Medical Journal
OBJECTIVE: To establish the most common pathological criteria to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma, and to identify the high-risk patients for further investigation in order to detect hepatocellular carcinoma in its early stages. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out at King Khalid National Guard Hospital including 60 cases diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma cytologically and histopathologically. Further investigations were performed by special staining and immunohistochemical staining on 42 blocks including Periodic acid-schiff, PAS-D, Reticulin, Iron and Alpha Fetoprotein, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antigen and p53 antibodies. RESULTS: It was found that pleomorphism, followed by presence of prominent nucleoli and …