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Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Saudi Arabia, Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi Nov 2004

Human Immunodeficiency Virus In Saudi Arabia, Abdulrahman A. Alrajhi

Saudi Medical Journal

The human immunodeficiency virus HIV type 1 has evolved as one of the most important global infectious pathogens. Although the virus had initially emerged among certain high risk groups in developed countries, it quickly gained momentum in developing countries threatening most population groups. The first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was diagnosed in 1984. Twenty years later, by the end of 2003, 1509 patients have been reported to have acquired HIV 1. The majority of the early infected patients have acquired HIV 1 from blood product transfusion. Subsequently, the most prevalent mode of transmission …


Breast Self-Examination Among Saudi Female Nursing Students In Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz A. Alsaif Nov 2004

Breast Self-Examination Among Saudi Female Nursing Students In Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz A. Alsaif

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among Saudi female nursing college students in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2003. Saudi female nursing students (149) from the College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, and from the College of Nursing, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard, Riyadh, KSA, constituted the study population. The questionnaire contained items on the demographic characteristics of the respondents, knowledge of breast cancer, attitudes toward BSE and questions regarding the practice of BSE. The …


Brucellosis In The West Bank, Palestine, Abdullatif S. Husseini, Asad M. Ramlawi Nov 2004

Brucellosis In The West Bank, Palestine, Abdullatif S. Husseini, Asad M. Ramlawi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors for brucellosis in Palestine, to estimate their association with the disease and to recommend appropriate prevention measures. METHODS: An unmatched case-control study was conducted in the West Bank of Palestine. A total of 450 subjects (150 cases and 300 controls) chosen from all districts were investigated. Data were collected during the year 2000. Subjects were interviewed using a standard questionnaire acquiring demographic and risk factor information. Laboratory results were also recorded on the questionnaire. Data were analyzed calculating the odds ratio and the confidence intervals for the studied variables. A logistic regression model was …


Ultrastructural Changes Of Pneumocytes Of Rat Exposed To Arabian Incense (Bakhour), Saud A. Alarifi, Mohammed M. Mubarak, Majed S. Alokail Nov 2004

Ultrastructural Changes Of Pneumocytes Of Rat Exposed To Arabian Incense (Bakhour), Saud A. Alarifi, Mohammed M. Mubarak, Majed S. Alokail

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Impacts of air pollution on the human health have been recognized over the last decades. Smokes, in particular, have deleterious effects on the respiratory system. According to a local tradition, incense "Bakhour" is burnt and the resultant heavy smokes are inhaled. The objective of the present study is to investigate the ultrastructural pulmonary changes which can be induced by Arabian incense, Bakhour, exposure. METHODS: The study was conducted from September through to December 2003, at the Animal House, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Two groups of Wister albino rats, Rattus norvegicus, were used. …


The Dilemma Of Clinical Research. Historical And Philosophical Considerations Of Physicians' Ambitions And Patients' Fear, Abdulsalam A. Al-Sulaiman, Yussuf M. Al-Gindan Nov 2004

The Dilemma Of Clinical Research. Historical And Philosophical Considerations Of Physicians' Ambitions And Patients' Fear, Abdulsalam A. Al-Sulaiman, Yussuf M. Al-Gindan

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Trends In Women's Health In Iran. 1991-2000, Masoumeh Fallahian Nov 2004

Trends In Women's Health In Iran. 1991-2000, Masoumeh Fallahian

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Polymorphism Of P53 Gene In Jordanian Population And Possible Associations With Breast Cancer And Lung Adenocarcinoma, Amjad A. Mahasneh, Suzanne S. Abdel-Hafiz Nov 2004

Polymorphism Of P53 Gene In Jordanian Population And Possible Associations With Breast Cancer And Lung Adenocarcinoma, Amjad A. Mahasneh, Suzanne S. Abdel-Hafiz

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of 3 polymorphisms in p53 gene in 3 healthy Jordanian groups and 2 cancer patient groups. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples obtained from 84 cancer patients (breast and lung adenocarcinoma) and 136 healthy subjects (representing Jordanian general population, Bedouins and Charkas). Samples were collected from Al-Amal Hospital for Cancer, Amman and from health centers located in different regions of Jordan from March 2002 to October 2002. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify intron 3, exon 4 and intron 6 and PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and BstUI and …


Plasma Fibrinogen And Its Correlates In Adult Saudi Population, Awatif A. Alam, Ahmed H. Mitwalli, Jamal S. Al-Wakeel, Abdul R. Chaudhary, Mohammed A. Zebaid Nov 2004

Plasma Fibrinogen And Its Correlates In Adult Saudi Population, Awatif A. Alam, Ahmed H. Mitwalli, Jamal S. Al-Wakeel, Abdul R. Chaudhary, Mohammed A. Zebaid

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To determine plasma fibrinogen and its correlates in the adult Saudi population and to investigate hyperfibrinogenemia as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was designed and carried out through multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling of every third house in 6 heterogeneously populated districts of Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the period 1999 to 2002. Demographic and clinical data of 2263 adult Saudi subjects, consisting of 1934 (85.5%) men and 329 (14.5%) women, was collected through a standard questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) and history of smoking were recorded. Plasma …


Age Distribution Of Nasopharyngeal Cancer In Saudi Arabia, Abdulwahab A. Andejani, Vijayananda Kundapur, Kamal Malaker Nov 2004

Age Distribution Of Nasopharyngeal Cancer In Saudi Arabia, Abdulwahab A. Andejani, Vijayananda Kundapur, Kamal Malaker

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The age standardized rate of head and neck cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is 5.7% with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) accounting for >40% of all head and neck cancers. This study intends to compare age specific incidence of NPC in KSA and other countries. METHODS: Data from the National Cancer Registry for KSA during the period 1994 through to 1996 was compared with data from the World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer (ARC) in Singapore, China, Kuwait and Canada. RESULTS: There were 373 diagnosed Saudi patients with NPC with high incidence among the young …


Bone Mineral Density Among Postmenopausal Saudi Women, Mir Sadat-Ali, Ibrahim M. Al-Habdan, Fatma A. Al-Mulhim, Abdallah Y. El-Hassan Nov 2004

Bone Mineral Density Among Postmenopausal Saudi Women, Mir Sadat-Ali, Ibrahim M. Al-Habdan, Fatma A. Al-Mulhim, Abdallah Y. El-Hassan

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is reported to be common among postmenopausal Saudi women. The reported incidence varies between 50-60%. Different machines were used to reach these conclusions. At present it is believed that dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the most accurate method to diagnose osteoporosis. This study was conducted to measure bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of lumbar spine and the upper femur of Saudi postmenopausal women attending orthopedic clinic with unrelated complaints. METHODS: This study comprises of 256 patients attending orthopedic clinics at the King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January 2002 and June …


Cultural And Ethnic Barriers In Conducting Research. Factors Influencing Menarche In The United Arab Emirates, Padmanabhan Badrinath, Saad Ghazal-Aswad, Daniel Parfitt, Nawal Osman Nov 2004

Cultural And Ethnic Barriers In Conducting Research. Factors Influencing Menarche In The United Arab Emirates, Padmanabhan Badrinath, Saad Ghazal-Aswad, Daniel Parfitt, Nawal Osman

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this cross sectional survey was to study the feasibility of conducting research on issues related to physical and sexual maturation in a predominantly Islamic society and to identify the factors influencing menarche in this multi ethnic community. METHODS: This study was conducted in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE) between January 1999 through to February 1999. Fifteen female secondary schools located in different geographical regions in Al-Ain were chosen in consultation with the District Education Department. All girls aged 12-16-years were selected. Information regarding whether they had attained menarche including month and the year, age at menarche …


The Impact Of Non-Compliance With The Therapeutic Regimen On The Development Of Stroke Among Hypertensive Men And Women In Gaza, Palestine, Bernhard T. Baune, Yousef I. Aljeesh, Ralf Bender Nov 2004

The Impact Of Non-Compliance With The Therapeutic Regimen On The Development Of Stroke Among Hypertensive Men And Women In Gaza, Palestine, Bernhard T. Baune, Yousef I. Aljeesh, Ralf Bender

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Hypertension and stroke are 2 major public health problems worldwide. Several biological and non-biological risk factors for stroke have been identified in the past. Little is known regarding risk factors for stroke among the Arabic population in Gaza. To identify potential risk factors we investigated compliance with the therapeutic regimen and life style factors which may increase the risk for stroke. METHODS: To research this study question, a pair matched case control study was conducted in Gaza Strip (Shefa Hospital, Nasser Hospital, Khan Younis Hospital, and related primary health care clinics) in 2001 (from January through to December) among …


Combined Parathyroid Adenoma And An Occult Papillary Carcinoma, Abdul-Wahed N. Meshikhes, Mohammed S. Butt, Basima A. Al-Saihati Nov 2004

Combined Parathyroid Adenoma And An Occult Papillary Carcinoma, Abdul-Wahed N. Meshikhes, Mohammed S. Butt, Basima A. Al-Saihati

Saudi Medical Journal

Although the pathological association of thyroid and parathyroid disease is common, the association of both parathyroid adenoma and thyroid cancer is rare. We report here a case of a 45-year-old Saudi woman who was diagnosed to have primary hyperparathyroidism due to a single parathyroid adenoma as confirmed biochemically and radiologically. At operation, the adenoma was found to be an intrathyroid and therefore a thyroid lobectomy was performed. Histology of the excised lobe revealed in addition to the intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma a concurrent occult thyroid papillary carcinoma. This interesting association is discussed based on a literature review.


Authorship. Credit And Disputes, Mustafa M. Afifi Nov 2004

Authorship. Credit And Disputes, Mustafa M. Afifi

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Gender Differences In Academic Performance Among Arab Medical Students, Shabih Manzar Nov 2004

Gender Differences In Academic Performance Among Arab Medical Students, Shabih Manzar

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Role Of Tuberculosis Laboratories In Saudi Arabia. A Call To Implement Standardized Procedures, Sahal A. Al-Hajoj, Fahad A. Alrabiah Nov 2004

Role Of Tuberculosis Laboratories In Saudi Arabia. A Call To Implement Standardized Procedures, Sahal A. Al-Hajoj, Fahad A. Alrabiah

Saudi Medical Journal

There is no doubt that the laboratory is the backbone for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Only through testing in the laboratory can the physician confirm suspicion of TB despite any previous clinical and x-ray findings. Recent visits to several laboratories in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showed that some need considerable improvement. Unless there are standardized procedures to diagnose TB, and safety measures are implemented in all laboratories, it will be impossible to diagnose accurately and control TB. The laboratories should be redesigned to conform to international TB Diagnostic Centers, with well trained staff and proper safety procedures.


The Natural History And The National Pre-Marital Screening Program In Saudi Arabia Nov 2004

The Natural History And The National Pre-Marital Screening Program In Saudi Arabia

Saudi Medical Journal

The genetic disorders are chronic in nature and, therefore, require continuous support and health care. Consequently, the genetic diseases cause formidable economic and psychosocial burdens on the family with negative reflection on the community at large. The genetic diseases are a heterogeneous group that result in varieties of chronic health ailment as a result of defects in the genetic material. The congenital malformations and some genetic defects may result from exposure to radiation, pharmaceutical drugs, the exposure of the mother during pregnancy to certain infectious diseases, such as rubella, toxoplasma or viruses. It may also result as a side effect …


Towards Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines In Saudi Arabia, Lubna A. Al-Ansary, Abdulla Alkhenizan Nov 2004

Towards Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines In Saudi Arabia, Lubna A. Al-Ansary, Abdulla Alkhenizan

Saudi Medical Journal

The objective of this review is to provide a brief background on clinical practice guidelines CPGs and tools to assess and locally adapt CPGs. Over the last 2 decades, CPGs have become an increasingly popular tool for synthesis of clinical information, so as to change clinical practice and improve quality of health care. Such a quantitative growth in the number of guidelines available in different specialties is a source of concern since there is evidence that recommendations produced by different groups can be conflicting, invalid, unreliable, and even harmful. Various critical appraisal instruments were designed and tested to assess whether …


Saudi Women In Academic Medicine. Are They Succeeding?, Dalal M. Al-Tamimi Nov 2004

Saudi Women In Academic Medicine. Are They Succeeding?, Dalal M. Al-Tamimi

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study is to assess the achievements and barriers to advancement for Saudi women in a medical academic setup. METHODS: We studied the career progression of female medical graduates, who were appointed an academic position in King Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) between 1982 and 2003 and compared it to the male counterpart. The information was collected from the Dean9s ship of admission and registration, employees and faculty affairs administration office, self completed and telephone surveys. RESULTS: The percentage of medical graduates who were appointed on an academic post in the University …


Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabia, Mansour M. Al-Nozha, Mohammed A. Al-Maatouq, Yaqoub Y. Al-Mazrou, Saad S. Al-Harthi, Mohammed R. Arafah, Mohamed Z. Khalil, Nazeer B. Khan, Akram Al-Khadra, Khalid Al-Marzouki, Mohammed S. Nouh, Moheeb Abdullah, Omer Attas, Maie S. Al-Shahid, Abdulellah Al-Mobeireek Nov 2004

Diabetes Mellitus In Saudi Arabia, Mansour M. Al-Nozha, Mohammed A. Al-Maatouq, Yaqoub Y. Al-Mazrou, Saad S. Al-Harthi, Mohammed R. Arafah, Mohamed Z. Khalil, Nazeer B. Khan, Akram Al-Khadra, Khalid Al-Marzouki, Mohammed S. Nouh, Moheeb Abdullah, Omer Attas, Maie S. Al-Shahid, Abdulellah Al-Mobeireek

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is a known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). New recommendations for the diagnosis of diabetes have changed the epidemiology of DM. Therefore, we designed this study with the objective to determine the prevalence of DM among Saudis of both sexes, between the ages of 30-70-years in rural as well as urban communities. This work is part of a major national project: Coronary Artery Disease in Saudis study (CADISS) that is designed to look at CAD and its risk factors in Saudi population. METHODS: This study …


Plasma Concentrations Of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids In Chronic Renal Failure In The United Arab Emirates, Michael P. Gillett, Enyioma N. Obineche, Safina T. Khan, Abdishakur M. Abdulle Nov 2004

Plasma Concentrations Of Non-Esterified Fatty Acids In Chronic Renal Failure In The United Arab Emirates, Michael P. Gillett, Enyioma N. Obineche, Safina T. Khan, Abdishakur M. Abdulle

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: In end-stage renal failure, dyslipoproteinemia is linked to risk of cardiovascular disease. Increased concentrations of triacylglycerol-rich, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and decreased concentrations of high density lipoproteins (HDL) are usual, whilst total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations are not increased. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are not transported by lipoproteins, but increased concentrations may also be associated with cardiovascular disease risk. In this study, plasma concentrations of NEFA and other lipids were compared in healthy subjects and patients with end-stage chronic renal failure who were either undialyzed or undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. METHODS: Fasted blood samples …


Use Of Dexamethasone To Reduce Postoperative Vomiting And Pain After Pediatric Tonsillectomy Procedures, Abdulhamid H. Samarkandi, Mussarat A. Shaikh, Rana A. Ahmad, Ahmed Y. Alammar Nov 2004

Use Of Dexamethasone To Reduce Postoperative Vomiting And Pain After Pediatric Tonsillectomy Procedures, Abdulhamid H. Samarkandi, Mussarat A. Shaikh, Rana A. Ahmad, Ahmed Y. Alammar

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine whether a single dose of dexamethasone 0.5mg/kg administered before surgery could decrease post operative vomiting and pain and improves oral intake in the first 24-hours after pediatric tonsillectomy procedures. METHODS: It is a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Sixty children age 2-12-years ASA 1 and11 were scheduled for tonsillectomy, dexamethasone (n=29) and control group (n=31) were enrolled in the study. Dexamethasone group received 0.5mg/kg intravenous dexamethasone and control group received saline at the time of induction. The anesthetic regimen and surgical procedures were standardized for all patients. All patients were …


Evaluation Of A Pcr-Amplified Is6110 Insertion Element In The Rapid Diagnosis Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Comparison To Microscopic Methods In Sudan, Tarig G. El-Dawi, Mohamed E. Hamid Nov 2004

Evaluation Of A Pcr-Amplified Is6110 Insertion Element In The Rapid Diagnosis Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis In Comparison To Microscopic Methods In Sudan, Tarig G. El-Dawi, Mohamed E. Hamid

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method (IS6110 insertion site) in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum samples in comparison to smears by using culture on Loewenstein-Jensen medium as a standard. METHODS: The study was conducted during the period 1999 through to 2000, at Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Sudan, on 200 sputum samples. The samples were collected from patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis, were examined using a PCR amplified IS6110 insertion element in comparison to Ziehl-Neelsen stained smears in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Culture on …


Dermatological Publications In The Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. An Analysis Of 1966-2004 Medline Papers, Fahad M. Al-Aboud, Khalid M. Al-Aboud, Khalid A. Al-Hawsawi, Venketshari Ramesh Nov 2004

Dermatological Publications In The Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. An Analysis Of 1966-2004 Medline Papers, Fahad M. Al-Aboud, Khalid M. Al-Aboud, Khalid A. Al-Hawsawi, Venketshari Ramesh

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the publications in dermatology cited in the Medline from 6 countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) from 1966 to 2004. METHODS: Medline was searched with the aid of Internet provider Pubmed using the same strategy at a given time for all countries. RESULTS: At the time of search, the Medline listed biomedical research papers from the GCC countries totaled 12837. Of these, 140 were in Dermatology. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia followed by Kuwait was by far the most prolific contributor, whereas almost none were noted from Bahrain. The publications were highest during the year 2002 …


Seroprevalence Of Bartonella Henselae And Bartonella Quintana Infections In Children From Central And Northern Jordan, Ahmad M. Al-Majali, Khaled M. Al-Qudah Nov 2004

Seroprevalence Of Bartonella Henselae And Bartonella Quintana Infections In Children From Central And Northern Jordan, Ahmad M. Al-Majali, Khaled M. Al-Qudah

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to Bartonella henselae (B.henselae) and Bartonella quintana (B.quintana) among children from central and northern Jordan. METHODS: Sera from 482 children were randomly collected from referenced governmental hospitals in the central and northern parts of Jordan during the period between January 2001 to March 2003. An indirect immunofluorescent assay was used to determine serum antibody titers to B.henselae and B.quintana. Sera that were reactive at a dilution >/-1:64 were considered positive. In addition, blood from 20 cats belonged to children with high B.henselae titers were tested using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Out of the …


Clinical Growth Charts For Pre-School Children, Maysoon M. Al-Amoud, Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou, Sirrag E. El-Gizouli, Tawfik A. Khoja, Khalid A. Al-Turki Nov 2004

Clinical Growth Charts For Pre-School Children, Maysoon M. Al-Amoud, Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou, Sirrag E. El-Gizouli, Tawfik A. Khoja, Khalid A. Al-Turki

Saudi Medical Journal

OBJECTIVE: Growth standards are indicators for normal growth of the children and growth charts are important tools for their growth monitoring. Children from different populations are different in their growth pattern, it is important to create national standards for the growth of children in each population to develop local growth charts, and since these were not available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the aim of this study was to construct national growth standards and to develop growth charts for 0-5-years Saudi children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study following World Health Organization (WHO) criteria in determining sample size was adopted, …


Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Caused By Dirofilaria Repens, Rajan Chopra, Bodh R. Panhotra, Yusef Al-Marzooq, Abdul-Rahman Al-Mulhim Nov 2004

Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis Caused By Dirofilaria Repens, Rajan Chopra, Bodh R. Panhotra, Yusef Al-Marzooq, Abdul-Rahman Al-Mulhim

Saudi Medical Journal

Human dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens D. repens is a common zoonosis in the Mediterranean countries and parts of South Asia. During the last decade, it has been reported from countries previously considered non-endemic. This is likely due to the increased awareness regarding Dirofilaria infection. In some such cases however, dirofilariasis correlated with the travel of the patient to the endemic areas. We present the case of a Saudi male who had D. repens infection in the subcutaneous tissues of the forearm. The patient had traveled to Iraq, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait in the last 2 years. However, …


Primary Ovarian Hydatid Disease In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Onnuola A. Adewunmi, Hoogar M. Basilingappa Nov 2004

Primary Ovarian Hydatid Disease In The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Onnuola A. Adewunmi, Hoogar M. Basilingappa

Saudi Medical Journal

Human hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Its distribution is world wide and it affects mainly the liver, but other organs could be involved. Primary involvement of pelvic organs is very rare. This is a case report of primary ovarian hydatid disease in a postmenopausal woman, diagnosed postoperatively. Surgical excision was adequate. Ultrasonography, particularly high frequency trans-vaginal, computed tomography scan and, more recently, magnetic resonance imaging are more frequently used in the diagnosis of Echinococcus cyst. They appear more reliable than many of the old tests of varying sensitivities. Whereas, there are anecdotal reports of obstetric and gynecological manifestations …


Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita And Crohn's Disease, Jihad T. Al-Ratrout, Naseem A. Ansari Nov 2004

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita And Crohn's Disease, Jihad T. Al-Ratrout, Naseem A. Ansari

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.


Crossword Puzzle. A New Paradigm For Interactive Teaching, Shabih Manzar, Saleh M. Al-Khusaiby Nov 2004

Crossword Puzzle. A New Paradigm For Interactive Teaching, Shabih Manzar, Saleh M. Al-Khusaiby

Saudi Medical Journal

No abstract provided.