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Deciphering Transcription And Methylation Specific To Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease, Crystal Elizabeth Humphries Dec 2014

Deciphering Transcription And Methylation Specific To Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease, Crystal Elizabeth Humphries

Open Access Dissertations

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting approximately 13% of individuals 65 and older. Rare variants in the Amyloid precursor protein, Presenilin 1, or Presenilin 2 genes primarily cause Early-Onset Alzheimer disease and comprise 2% of AD cases. Conversely, Late-Onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) is much more complex and accounts for greater than 90% of AD cases. Recent transcriptome studies have shed light on molecular functions altered in LOAD. Many of these studies have consistently observed alterations within several pathways: synaptic transmission, inflammation, energy metabolism, myelination, and signal transduction. While αβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are …


Characterization Of Corneal Biomechanics Using Customized Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques, Janice Maxine Dias Dec 2014

Characterization Of Corneal Biomechanics Using Customized Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques, Janice Maxine Dias

Open Access Dissertations

Corneal biomechanics has become an increasingly important field within ophthalmology. Striving to establish a relationship between corneal physiological structure and function, corneal biomechanics is an objective, quantitative measure that aids in the development and improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for corneal-related diseases. The goal of this project was to advance the technology of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) as a suitable characterization technique within the field of corneal biomechanics. The studies of this project include the development of AFM instrumentation, experimental techniques, and models to measure the elastic, viscoelastic, and poroelastic properties of the cornea in situ. Such developed instrumentation, …


The Role Of The Oxidative Stress Product Carboxyethylpyrrole In Innate Immunity, Ali M. Saeed Dec 2014

The Role Of The Oxidative Stress Product Carboxyethylpyrrole In Innate Immunity, Ali M. Saeed

Open Access Dissertations

Oxidative-stress is key in the pathogenesis of several diseases and the general aging process. Molecular targets of oxidative stress include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It has previously been established that a particular lipid peroxidation product, carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP), accumulates in melanoma, autistic brain tissue, atherosclerotic plaques, sites undergoing wound healing, and in the retinas of AMD patients. The role of CEP is best characterized in AMD and in addition to the retina, elevated levels of CEP and autoantibodies against CEP are found in the sera of AMD patients (versus age-matched controls). Our previous studies have demonstrated CEP as a potential …


Subtropical Atlantic Climate Variability Record In Speleothems From The Bahamas, Monica Arienzo Dec 2014

Subtropical Atlantic Climate Variability Record In Speleothems From The Bahamas, Monica Arienzo

Open Access Dissertations

The last 100,000 years of climate consist of numerous abrupt millennial scale climate variations. Of interest to this study are Heinrich stadials which are extreme cold events in the North Atlantic. While a comprehensive picture of climate across Heinrich events is emerging for the North Atlantic, very few studies have been conducted in the subtropical western Atlantic, which may be important for the global propagation of these events. This study is the first study to determine paleoclimate of the Bahamas across Heinrich stadials. Cave deposits, in particular stalagmites, offer the opportunity to obtain high resolution records of past climate. Typically, …


Principles For Optimizing The Scale Of Direct Potable Water Reuse: Economic Network Modeling Studies, Tianjiao Guo Dec 2014

Principles For Optimizing The Scale Of Direct Potable Water Reuse: Economic Network Modeling Studies, Tianjiao Guo

Open Access Dissertations

The US National Research Council recently recommended direct potable water reuse (DPR), or potable water reuse without environmental buffer, for consideration to address rising US water demand. In addition, conveyance of wastewater and water to and from centralized treatment plants currently consumes on average four times the energy of treatment in the US. Moreover, scaling of DPR systems involves tradeoffs beyond those of treatment facility economy-of-scale versus cost and energy of conveyance. In particular, additional factors favoring distributed DPR include minimization of energy for upgradient distribution of treated water, and retention of wastewater thermal energy. Therefore, a network modeling study …


Mechanisms Of Infrared Neural Stimulation, Vicente Lumbreras Cruz Dec 2014

Mechanisms Of Infrared Neural Stimulation, Vicente Lumbreras Cruz

Open Access Dissertations

Cochlear implants are currently the most effective solution for profound sensorineural hearing loss, and vestibular prostheses are under development to treat bilateral vestibulopathies. Electrical current spread in these neuroprostheses limits channel independence, and in some cases may impair device performance. In comparison to conventional electrical stimulation, optical stimuli that are spatially confined may result in a significant functional improvement. Pulsed infrared radiation (IR) allows direct stimulation of tissue without genetic or pharmacological manipulation, and has been shown to excite neurons. This study analyzes if pulsed IR (λ = 1863 nm) elicits intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) transients in cultured neonatal rat spiral …


Controlling Photoreactions In Crystals And Through Confinement In Water Soluble Supramolecules, Barnali Mondal Nov 2014

Controlling Photoreactions In Crystals And Through Confinement In Water Soluble Supramolecules, Barnali Mondal

Open Access Dissertations

The research presented in this thesis reports various uses of supramolecules in steering photochemical and photophysical properties of small organic guest molecules. Crystals possess long range periodic arrangement of highly ordered building units and are considered as supramolecular systems. The first part of the thesis reports the use of crystals as a confined media (solid state) in directing photochemical reactions. In particular, olefins (trans 4-stilbazoles) have been directed to undergo selective [2+2] cycloaddtion in solid state. Selective photoproduct in crystals is controlled by various weak interactions in crystal lattice, which bring (pack) the reactive C=C bonds within 4.2 Å. Photoreaction …


Effects Of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill On Pelagic Fish Species Of The Gulf Of Mexico, John D. Stieglitz Nov 2014

Effects Of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill On Pelagic Fish Species Of The Gulf Of Mexico, John D. Stieglitz

Open Access Dissertations

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010 is the largest unintended marine oil spill in history. The point-source location of the spill, below the pelagic zone of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), resulted in distribution of crude oil throughout the water column in the open ocean pelagic environment as well as along near-shore coastal habitats. Additionally, unprecedented use of chemical dispersants at both the surface and at depth resulted in increased dissolution of the crude oil into the aqueous phase. Given the importance of regional finfish and shellfish fisheries in the GOM, much attention has been directed to quantifying …


An Optical Tracking System For Radiosurgery Of Uveal Melanoma By Cyberknife, Hairong Chen Nov 2014

An Optical Tracking System For Radiosurgery Of Uveal Melanoma By Cyberknife, Hairong Chen

Open Access Dissertations

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular tumor in adults. One of the effective managements of ocular melanoma is the localized radiation treatment. In addition to the commonly performed invasive radioactive plaque brachytherapy, using focused external photon radiations, x-rays or gamma rays, have emerged as treatment options. However, these radiation delivery methods are either involved with the invasive surgical operation or limited by the gantry movement to account for the involuntary movement of the eyeball. The goal of this doctoral research is to design and validate a method that can offer a non-invasive radiosurgery for uveal melanoma and to …


Patient Safety Culture, Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction: Impact On Nurse-Sensitive Patient Outcomes, Debbie Anglade Nov 2014

Patient Safety Culture, Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction: Impact On Nurse-Sensitive Patient Outcomes, Debbie Anglade

Open Access Dissertations

Improved patient safety has been one of the most critical issues facing the healthcare industry. The 1999 IOM report To Err Is Human stated avoidable medical errors contributed to 44,000 to 98,000 deaths in the United States. Current estimates are now between 210,000 and 440,000 patients annually. This study aimed: To examine the relationships between: a) inpatient nursing units’ patient safety culture (PSC), b) nurse compassion fatigue (CF), c) nurse compassion satisfaction (CS), and d) the impact on nurse-sensitive patient outcomes. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model guided this quantitative descriptive correlational design, which used primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected …


The Bacterial Pathogen Yersinia Creates A Complex Structure On The Surface Of Macrophages, Wael Bahnan Nov 2014

The Bacterial Pathogen Yersinia Creates A Complex Structure On The Surface Of Macrophages, Wael Bahnan

Open Access Dissertations

During an infectious process, bacterial pathogens interact with host innate immune cells. These innate cells (primarily macrophages) play a major role in the antimicrobial defense and bacterial clearance. In this work, we identify the niche which Yersinia pseudotuberculosis creates during macrophage contact. We show that the pYV virulence plasmid is essential for the ability of the bacterium to create an acidified, partially enclosed, and durable niche along the macrophage surface. These compartments are uncoupled from the normal host cell endocytic trafficking pathway and are exposed to the extracellular medium. We present data which shows that the formation of the Yersinia …


Improving Stock Assessment Capabilities For The Coral Reef Fishes Of Hawaii And The Pacific Region, Marc Olivier Nadon Nov 2014

Improving Stock Assessment Capabilities For The Coral Reef Fishes Of Hawaii And The Pacific Region, Marc Olivier Nadon

Open Access Dissertations

Stock assessment methods have been proposed for data-poor fisheries that rely mainly on cost-effective abundance-at-size data and some basic demographic knowledge on growth, maturity, and longevity. However, even these simple data requirements are often unmet. Additionally, coral reef fishes are often monitored using disparate fisheries-independent and -dependent survey methodologies that cannot easily be combined into single datasets. The goal of this dissertation was to develop a series of methods that allow for the efficient assessment of the sustainability of the coral reef fisheries of the Hawaiian Archipelago. To achieve this goal, the specific objectives of this dissertation were to: (1) …


Computational Insights Into The Mechanisms And Structures Of Peptide Bond Cleaving Metalloenzymes And Their Synthetic Analogues, Tingting Zhang Nov 2014

Computational Insights Into The Mechanisms And Structures Of Peptide Bond Cleaving Metalloenzymes And Their Synthetic Analogues, Tingting Zhang

Open Access Dissertations

The selective hydrolysis of peptide or amide bond is required in a wide range of biological, biotechnological and industrial applications. There are significant kinetic barriers to these reactions since peptide bonds are extremely stable and possess a half-life for hydrolysis of 350–600 years at room temperature and pH 4–8. Therefore, nature has devised enzymes to rapidly and selectively cleave these bonds under physiological conditions that are known as peptidases. Specifically, metallopeptidases, generate a scaffold capable of binding one or two metal ions to hydrolyze peptide bonds. The studies on metallopeptidases are important to understand the functions of these enzymes and …


The Structural Basis Of Gβ5-Rgs7 Interaction With The Muscarinic M3 Receptor And Implications For Its Role In Functional Pathway Selectivity, Darla Karpinsky-Semper Nov 2014

The Structural Basis Of Gβ5-Rgs7 Interaction With The Muscarinic M3 Receptor And Implications For Its Role In Functional Pathway Selectivity, Darla Karpinsky-Semper

Open Access Dissertations

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) is arguably the most important in the CNS. Two classes of receptors are activated by Ach: nicotinic (ionotropic) and muscarinic (metabotropic). Muscarinic receptor pharmacology is well-defined, but still lacks receptor sub-type specificity seen in other GPCR families like adrenergic receptors. We have found that Gβ5-RGS7, a unique G-protein obligate heterodimer complex, selectively attenuates Ca2+ signaling through the muscarinic M3 receptor (M3R). The G protein beta subunit Gβ5 uniquely forms heterodimers with R7 family regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins (RGS6, RGS7, RGS9, and RGS11) instead of Gγ. While the Gβ5-RGS7 complex attenuates Ca2+ signaling mediated …


Anti-Cancer Mechanisms Of The Natural Plant Derived Compound, Withaferin A In Her-2/Neu Breast Cancer, Annalise Barnette Nov 2014

Anti-Cancer Mechanisms Of The Natural Plant Derived Compound, Withaferin A In Her-2/Neu Breast Cancer, Annalise Barnette

Open Access Dissertations

Overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncoprotein occurs in approximately 30% of breast cancer cases and is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poor prognosis for patients. Current treatment strategies are effective in a subset of patients however a significant number of patients relapse due to acquired mechanisms of resistance to current therapy. Alternative approaches, that utilize multiple modes of action, are therefore necessary to combat this severe form of breast cancer. Natural compounds are notorious for their multiple mechanisms of action, which make them ideal therapeutics for complex diseases such as cancer. Withaferin A (WA) is a purified product …


The Influence Of Social Environment And Hypercholesterolemia On Sympathetic Nervous System Innervation Of Vascular Tissue In Rabbits, Crystal M. Noller Oct 2014

The Influence Of Social Environment And Hypercholesterolemia On Sympathetic Nervous System Innervation Of Vascular Tissue In Rabbits, Crystal M. Noller

Open Access Dissertations

Behavioral and psychosocial factors have been shown to influence cardiovascular disease. While interventions targeting these risk factors demonstrate clinical improvement, mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Research has also defined a relationship between psychosocial stress and immune function, and revealed stress related increases in lymphatic sympathetic nerve density. Considering that inflammation characterizes the various stages of heart disease, the current study assessed whether social stress could influence vascular sympathetic innervation in the presence or absence of hypercholesterolemia. We found dense sympathetic innervation extending into the vascular media and intima throughout the aortic arch and thorax in diseased as …


Age-Related Changes In The Nervous System Of Aplysia Californica, Andrew T. Kempsell Oct 2014

Age-Related Changes In The Nervous System Of Aplysia Californica, Andrew T. Kempsell

Open Access Dissertations

The study of brain aging is complicated by the complexity of mammalian nervous systems and lifespans not conductive to practical study design. The goal of this work was to characterize aging in a simple, functionally defined neural circuit in cohorts of the marine snail Aplysia californica. Each cohort was studied at maturity and again throughout the aging process of this annual animal. First, basic reflex responses such as tail withdrawal and biting and the physiological responses exhibited by their associated neural circuits were compared during aging. Reflexes were weaker in amplitude and slower in duration in aged animals. These impaired …


The Role Of Scleraxis In Heart Valve Development And Disease, Damien N. Barnette Oct 2014

The Role Of Scleraxis In Heart Valve Development And Disease, Damien N. Barnette

Open Access Dissertations

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) affects more than 2% of the population in the United States, and is the most common cause of chronic mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) in developed countries. It is estimated that MVP affects more than 150 million people worldwide. When left untreated, MVP can lead to severe MVR resulting in a myriad of cardiac complications. The mortality rate of MVP patients with severe MVR is over 6% per year. Despite clinical significance, there remains a lack of medical therapies for MVP, with surgical intervention being the most effective treatment to date. Therefore, understanding normal heart valve development, …


Dietary Carbohydrates Influence The Structure And Function Of The Intestinal Alpha-Glucosidases, Mohammad Chegeni Oct 2014

Dietary Carbohydrates Influence The Structure And Function Of The Intestinal Alpha-Glucosidases, Mohammad Chegeni

Open Access Dissertations

As the primary products of starch digestion by pancreatic α-amylase, maltooligosaccharides (including maltose) are the main substrates for the α-glucosidases at the intestinal brush border. Here, maltose was shown to induce the formation of a higher molecular weight (HMW) sucrase-isomaltase (SI) species in Caco-2 cells that sorts more quickly to the enterocyte surface to act as a digestive enzyme. As this finding suggested a maltose sensing ability of small intestinal enterocytes, molecular mechanisms associated with the maturation and trafficking of HMW SI were further investigated. A pulse-chase experiment using [ 35S]-methionine revealed a higher rate of early trafficking and …


New Experimental And Theoretical Tools For Studying Protein Systems With Elements Of Structural Disorder, Tairan Yuwen Oct 2014

New Experimental And Theoretical Tools For Studying Protein Systems With Elements Of Structural Disorder, Tairan Yuwen

Open Access Dissertations

Disordered proteins are one class of proteins which do not possess well-folded three-dimensional structures as their native conformations. Many eukaryotic proteins have been found to be fully disordered or contain certain disordered regions. Disordered proteins usually display several characteristic properties, such as increased motional freedom and the conformational heterogeneity caused by that. The elements of structural disorder are commonly involved in many important biological functions and are implicated in many diseases. Therefore, the study of disordered proteins has become one of the most important research topics in recent years. This thesis presents results from three different research projects; the common …


Epistemic Uncertainty Quantification In Scientific Models, Xiaoxiao Chen Oct 2014

Epistemic Uncertainty Quantification In Scientific Models, Xiaoxiao Chen

Open Access Dissertations

In the field of uncertainty quantification (UQ), epistemic uncertainty often refers to the kind of uncertainty whose complete probabilistic description is not available, largely due to our lack of knowledge about the uncertainty. Quantification of the impacts of epistemic uncertainty is naturally difficult, because most of the existing stochastic tools rely on the specification of the probability distributions and thus do not readily apply to epistemic uncertainty. And there have been few studies and methods to deal with epistemic uncertainty. A recent work can be found in [J. Jakeman, M. Eldred, D. Xiu, Numerical approach for quantification of epistemic uncertainty, …


Determination Of Disulfide Bond Connecting Patterns Via Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Msn) And Biomolecular Ion/Radical Reactions, Kirt Lenroy Durand Oct 2014

Determination Of Disulfide Bond Connecting Patterns Via Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Msn) And Biomolecular Ion/Radical Reactions, Kirt Lenroy Durand

Open Access Dissertations

Disulfide bond formation is one of the most common post translational modifications to occur in proteins and naturally occurring peptides. Disulfide bond formation plays a critical role in stabilizing their three-dimensional structure; therefore, it is very important to pinpoint the correct disulfide bond connecting pattern in order to fully understand the biological functions of these proteins and peptides. To fully characterize an analyte containing disulfide bonds, the sequence must first be known followed by the disulfide bond connecting pattern. This presents an analytical challenge as there are very few methodologies that can produce those essential pieces of information. The gold …


Assessment Of Irrigation Use On Crop Yield And Water Supplies In The Midwestern U.S., Wei-Chih Chen Oct 2014

Assessment Of Irrigation Use On Crop Yield And Water Supplies In The Midwestern U.S., Wei-Chih Chen

Open Access Dissertations

Climate plays an important role in many aspects of hydrological and agricultural systems. Temperature and precipitation are usually the main forcing inputs for hydrological and agricultural simulations, while wind effect has generally been neglected in previous research. Wind speed is, however, an important factor for many physical processes, including evaporation from soil, and transpiration from plants. In order to investigate how climate variability impacts agricultural production, there are three hypotheses addressed in this dissertation. Hypothesis 1 is that the representation of changing wind speed will play an important role in the simulation of hydrological processes, and that the effect of …


Algorithm-Circuit Co-Design For Detecting Symptomatic Patterns In Biological Signals, Himanshu Markandeya Oct 2014

Algorithm-Circuit Co-Design For Detecting Symptomatic Patterns In Biological Signals, Himanshu Markandeya

Open Access Dissertations

The advancement in scaled Silicon technology has accelerated the development of a wide range of applications in various fields including medical technology. It has immensely contributed to finding solutions for monitoring general health as well as alleviating intractable disorders in the form of implantable and wearable systems. This necessitates the development of energy efficient and functionally efficacious systems. This thesis has explored the algorithm-circuit co-design approach for developing an energy efficient epileptic seizure detection processor which could be used for implantable epilepsy prosthesis. Novel wavelet transform based algorithms are proposed for accurate detection of epileptic seizures. Energy efficient techniques at …


Effects Of Altered Expression Of The Sumo Conjugating Enzyme, Ubc9 On Mitosis, Meiosis And Conjugation In Tetrahymena Thermophila, Qianyi Yang Oct 2014

Effects Of Altered Expression Of The Sumo Conjugating Enzyme, Ubc9 On Mitosis, Meiosis And Conjugation In Tetrahymena Thermophila, Qianyi Yang

Open Access Dissertations

SUMOylation is a critical posttranslational modification in eukaryotic species. Ubc9p is the E2-conjugating enzyme for SUMOylation and consequently it influences multiple cellular pathways. Nuclear proteins are common targets of SUMOylation and regulate nuclear events such as transcription, DNA repair and mitosis. The segregation of the Tetrahymena thermophila genome into two different nuclear compartments provides an unusual context for the analysis of SUMOylation. Each cell contains a transcriptionally silent, diploid germ line micronucleus (MIC) that divides by mitosis and a polyploid transcriptionally active somatic macronucleus (MAC) that divides by an amitotic mechanism. With the long-term goal to exploit these opportunities we …


The Role Of Adiponectin And The Adipocyte In Energy Metabolism And Inflammation, Sheila Kay Jacobi Oct 2014

The Role Of Adiponectin And The Adipocyte In Energy Metabolism And Inflammation, Sheila Kay Jacobi

Open Access Dissertations

A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the autocrine role of adiponectin in modulating fatty acid metabolism and inflammation in the pig. In the first study, we cloned and sequenced the porcine adiponectin open reading frame and evaluated the regulation of adiponectin, in vitro and in vivo. The porcine sequence shares approximately 88, 86, 85 and 83% homology with the dog, human, cow and mouse adiponectin, respectively, and 79–83% similarity with dog, human, cow and mouse proteins at the amino acid level, based on the translated porcine sequence and GenBank submissions for the other species. Analysis of serum from …


Cnt-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposite By Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Yaeji Kim Oct 2014

Cnt-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposite By Molecular Dynamics Simulations, Yaeji Kim

Open Access Dissertations

Polymer matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received significant attention due to their potential for exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. The enhancement of ultimate mechanical properties of CNT reinforced polymer composites is governed not just by the properties of the two phases but by dispersion of the CNTs, interactions in the interfacial region and local molecular changes in polymer due to the vicinity of the CNTs. Strong adhesive interactions between the matrix and CNT leads to good compatibility preventing the aggregation of the reinforcements and results in optimal mechanical response. Even though significant efforts have been …


Population Differentiation, Dispersal Limitation, And Local Adaptation In The Gametophytic Fern Vittaria Appalachiana, Sally M. Stevens Oct 2014

Population Differentiation, Dispersal Limitation, And Local Adaptation In The Gametophytic Fern Vittaria Appalachiana, Sally M. Stevens

Open Access Dissertations

Species' distributions are driven by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors. As these factors become altered by global climate change, species are believed to respond to these projected environmental changes in four different ways. One response is the shifting of the species' geographic range to higher latitudes and elevations, which will be unlikely for those species that have limited dispersal potential. Alternatively, organisms may tolerate the change, which will be unlikely for those organisms that are not phenotypically plastic. A third potential response is to adapt to the new environment via rapid evolution, an unlikely response for those organisms …


Integrative High-Throughput Study Of Arsenic Hyper-Accumulation In Pteris Vittata, Qiong Wu Oct 2014

Integrative High-Throughput Study Of Arsenic Hyper-Accumulation In Pteris Vittata, Qiong Wu

Open Access Dissertations

Arsenic is a natural contaminant in the soil and ground water, which raises considerable concerns in food safety and human health worldwide. The fernPteris vittata (Chinese brake fern) is the first identified arsenic hyperaccumulator[1]. It and its close relatives have un-paralleled ability to tolerant arsenic and feature unique arsenic metabolisms. The focus of the research presented in this thesis is to elucidate the fundamentals of arsenic tolerance and hyper-accumulation in Pteris vittata through high throughput technology and bioinformatics tools. The transcriptome of the P. vittatagametophyte under arsenate stress was obtained using RNA-Seq technology and Trinity de novo assembly. …


Microwave Chemical Sensing Using Overmoded T-Line Designs And Impact Of Real-Time Digitizer In The System, Yu-Ting Huang Oct 2014

Microwave Chemical Sensing Using Overmoded T-Line Designs And Impact Of Real-Time Digitizer In The System, Yu-Ting Huang

Open Access Dissertations

Microwave spectrometers have unique advantages in the ability to determine high resolution features that are specific to a given chemical. Very sharp lines which correspond to quantum states of the chemical allow for unique identification of the chemical. Recent advances have shown the possibility of room temperature microwave spectroscopy analysis in which the data is collected in a short amount of time using broadband chirp pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy. In this report, we explore the design of reduced size spectrometers focusing on the reduction as well as expansion of operation frequency of the microwave analysis cell, where the …