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Articles 2161 - 2190 of 4291
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Schur: Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior And Public Policy, Mauris M. Platkin M.D.
Schur: Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior And Public Policy, Mauris M. Platkin M.D.
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy by Edwin M. Schur
Advertised Value Of Trading Stamps Is Basis For State Sales Tax--Red Head Premium Co. V. Schneider, Michigan Law Review
Advertised Value Of Trading Stamps Is Basis For State Sales Tax--Red Head Premium Co. V. Schneider, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Taxpayer, a trading stamp company, indicated in its catalog the number of stamps necessary to acquire various items of merchandise, and advertised in the catalog and on the face of each stamp that when exchanged for these items each stamp had a value of one cent. Consumers could, however, exchange the stamps for cash rather than merchandise at the rate of one mill per stamp. In addition, consumers not holding sufficient stamps to acquire a particular item of merchandise could make up the difference in cash by paying approximately two thirds of the advertised stamp value. Customers dealing strictly on …
Eleventh Amendment, Judicial Code, And Federal Rules Of Civil Procedure Restrict Ability Of United States To Implead A State In Connection With Suit Commenced By A Private Citizen--Parks V. United States, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Suit was brought by an individual against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act to recover compensation for property damage alleged to have been caused by the Government's negligence in constructing and maintaining the physical components\ of a flood-control project in New York. Relying upon New York's promise to hold the United States harmless on any liability arising from damage of this nature, the Government impleaded the state. On a motion before the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York to dismiss the state as a third-party defendant, held, motion granted. The Federal …
Haines: The Revival Of Natural Law Concepts, Edwin W. Tucker
Haines: The Revival Of Natural Law Concepts, Edwin W. Tucker
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Revival of Natural Law Concepts by Charles Grove Haines
Lafave: Arrest: The Decision To Take A Suspect Into Custody, B. J. George Jr.
Lafave: Arrest: The Decision To Take A Suspect Into Custody, B. J. George Jr.
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Decision To Take a Suspect Into Custody by Wayne R. LaFave
Holt: Magna Carta, James F. Traer
Holt: Magna Carta, James F. Traer
Michigan Law Review
A Review of Magna Carta by James C. Holt
The Purposes Of Advocacy And The Limits Of Confidentiality, John T. Noonan Jr.
The Purposes Of Advocacy And The Limits Of Confidentiality, John T. Noonan Jr.
Michigan Law Review
The privilege of confidentiality between lawyer and client is a significant barrier to the search for truth and the attainment of justice. Since bankers, accountants, psychiatrists, and confessors are not entitled at common law to confidentiality in their relationships with those with whom they deal, one may well inquire why lawyers possess such an extraordinary privilege. In the early English case which established the lawyer-client privilege, counsel offered several justifications: (I) A "gentleman of character" does not disclose his client's secrets. (2) An attorney identifies himself with his client, and it would be "contrary to the rules of natural justice …
Identification Of Property Subject To The Federal Estate Tax, Charles L.B. Lowndes, Richard B. Stephens
Identification Of Property Subject To The Federal Estate Tax, Charles L.B. Lowndes, Richard B. Stephens
Michigan Law Review
Although the federal estate tax is imposed on the "transfer" of property, the amount of the levy is a specified percentage of the taxable estate. Correct computation of the tax depends, therefore, upon accurate identification of the property included in the taxable estate. However, the determination and application of the rules governing identification are relatively uncharted areas.
Foster Parents Versus Agencies: A Case Study In The Judicial Application Of "The Best Interests Of The Child" Doctrine, Sanford N. Katz
Foster Parents Versus Agencies: A Case Study In The Judicial Application Of "The Best Interests Of The Child" Doctrine, Sanford N. Katz
Michigan Law Review
A recurring problem which courts face is the need to resolve the conflict which arises when foster parents challenge the decision of agencies that have disqualified these persons from continuing their relationship with or adopting their foster child. This article will explore the role of courts in resolving these disputes and will suggest some criteria by which the courts may be guided in deciding such questions.
Future Interests--Implying A Requirement Of Survival In Future Interests: Continued Confusion--Schau V. Cecil, Michigan Law Review
Future Interests--Implying A Requirement Of Survival In Future Interests: Continued Confusion--Schau V. Cecil, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Contingent future interests have caused considerable confusion in cases in which the holder of the future interest dies before the fulfillment of the condition. This confusion stems from a tendency by some courts to use the word "contingent" as a shorthand way of indicating that the interest holder must survive until a certain time or event. A future interest is correctly said to be "contingent" when it is subject to a condition, in addition to the termination of the prior estate, which must occur before the interest becomes a present estate. The two usages of the word are often overlapping, …
Citizens' Grievances Against Administrative Agencies--The Yugoslav Approach, Walter Gellhorn
Citizens' Grievances Against Administrative Agencies--The Yugoslav Approach, Walter Gellhorn
Michigan Law Review
Yugoslavia, with a population of nearly twenty million, occupies a territory slightly larger than the United Kingdom. Professedly "communist" in philosophy, increasingly "democratic" in practice, it recognizes that the supposed interests of the State do not preclude attention to individual rights as well. In recent years Yugoslavia, like the United States, has earnestly sought efficient means of examining complaints about public administration. The present article sketches some of the measures that protect citizens against official abuse or mistake.
Legal History In The High Court--Habeas Corpus, Dallin H. Oaks
Legal History In The High Court--Habeas Corpus, Dallin H. Oaks
Michigan Law Review
Ever since Chief Justice Marshall declared that courts could resort to the common law to determine what Congress meant by the term "habeas corpus" in a federal statute, the history of this venerable remedy has played an important role in the Supreme Court. Over the years, however, courts have moved away from using the writ of habeas corpus for its historic functions of eliciting the cause of commitment and compelling adherence to prescribed procedures in advance of trial until today it has become primarily a means by which one court of general jurisdiction exercises post-conviction review over the judgment of …
Convertible Securities And Section 16(B): The Persistent Problems Of Purchase, Sale, And Debts Previously Contracted, W. Richard Keller
Convertible Securities And Section 16(B): The Persistent Problems Of Purchase, Sale, And Debts Previously Contracted, W. Richard Keller
Michigan Law Review
In 1934, Congress enacted section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act in an effort to counteract the evils flowing from speculation in corporate securities by certain persons having information regarding the corporation's affairs or occupying positions of trust which permit manipulation of corporate policies. In general, section 16(b) permits the issuer, or one or more stockholders acting in its behalf, to recover any "short-swing" profit realized from purchases and sales (or sales and purchases) of the issuer's equity securities within a six-month period by directors, officers, or beneficial owners of more than ten per cent of any class of equity …
Prescriptions Issued To Deceased And Fictitious Patients Are Forgeries Under New York Penal Law Although Signed With True Name Of Issuing Doctor--People V. Klein, Michigan Law Review
Prescriptions Issued To Deceased And Fictitious Patients Are Forgeries Under New York Penal Law Although Signed With True Name Of Issuing Doctor--People V. Klein, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Defendant, a licensed New York physician, issued five prescriptions for narcotics, signing his own name and giving his correct address and narcotics registry number. On four of the prescriptions deceased patients were represented as the intended recipients of the drugs; on the fifth the name of a fictitious patient was used. The defendant used these forms to obtain the prescribed narcotics and administered them to an addict. He was convicted of ten counts of third-degree forgery under sections 889-b and 881 of the New York Penal Law. On appeal, held, affirmed. Prescriptions issued to deceased and fictitious patients are …
Crewmen Under Contract To Professional Salvor May Claim Salvage Award--Nicholas E. Vernicos Shipping Co. V. United States, Michigan Law Review
Crewmen Under Contract To Professional Salvor May Claim Salvage Award--Nicholas E. Vernicos Shipping Co. V. United States, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Several United States Navy store ships imperiled during a violent squall off the Greek coast were aided by two tugs outfitted with special salvage equipment and owned by Greek companies terming themselves professional salvors. The tug crewmen were the firms' fulltime employees; they were expected to undertake salvage work when available and to engage in ordinary harbor towing between salvage operations. The owners sued the United States on behalf of themselves and their crews to recover compensation for assisting the Navy. The district court, finding that the store ships had been rendered a salvage service, made separate awards to the …
Private Federal Tax Rulings Are Governed By Standard Of Equality And Fairness Of Internal Revenue Code, Section 7805(B)--International Business Machines Corp. V. United States, Michigan Law Review
Private Federal Tax Rulings Are Governed By Standard Of Equality And Fairness Of Internal Revenue Code, Section 7805(B)--International Business Machines Corp. V. United States, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
In a private ruling the Commissioner of Internal Revenue concluded that certain computers produced by Remington Rand, International Business Machines' sole competitor in the manufacture of that type of computer, were not subject to a previously imposed excise tax. IBM immediately requested a similar ruling concerning its identical machines. After a 2½-year delay, the Commissioner ruled adversely on IBM's request and at the same time prospectively withdrew the favorable ruling from Remington. IBM thereupon sued to recover the tax paid during the period Remington enjoyed the exemption. The Court of Claims held, one judge dissenting, that when two taxpayers …
Authorization Of Involuntary Blood Transfusion For Adult Jehovah's Witness Held Unconstitutional--In Re Brooks' Estate, Michigan Law Review
Authorization Of Involuntary Blood Transfusion For Adult Jehovah's Witness Held Unconstitutional--In Re Brooks' Estate, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Despite serious illness, plaintiff requested, in accordance with her religious beliefs as a Jehovah's Witness, that blood transfusions not be administered to her. Upon the request of her physician and several assistant state's attorneys, a court-appointed guardian was authorized to consent to a blood transfusion for the plaintiff, and a transfusion was administered. On appeal of the court's action to the Supreme Court of Illinois, held, order reversed. The authorization of a blood transfusion for an adult Jehovah's Witness who has only adult children is an unconstitutional interference with the patient's right to the free exercise of her religion.
"Runaway Shop" Must Bargain With Union Upon Request At New Site Whether Or Not Union Reacquires Its Majority Status--Garwin Corporation, Michigan Law Review
"Runaway Shop" Must Bargain With Union Upon Request At New Site Whether Or Not Union Reacquires Its Majority Status--Garwin Corporation, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The sole stockholder of the Garwin Corporation, a New York apparel manufacturer, caused a similar manufacturing company to be incorporated in Florida. The Garwin Corporation then terminated its New York operations, discharged its employees, and resumed operations at the Florida location. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which represented a majority of the discharged employees, filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board, alleging that the Garwin Corporation had violated sections 8(a)(l), (3) and (5) of the National Labor Relations Act because the relocation was motivated by anti-union animus and because the discharged employees were deprived of their rights …
Contracts--Expanded Application Of Promissory Estoppel In Restatement Of Contracts Section 90--Hoffman V. Red Owl Stores, Inc., Michigan Law Review
Contracts--Expanded Application Of Promissory Estoppel In Restatement Of Contracts Section 90--Hoffman V. Red Owl Stores, Inc., Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff sought a franchise for a Red Owl supermarket and was told by an agent of the defendant that $18,000 would be sufficient to finance such a venture. Acting on the advice of the agent, plaintiff purchased a small grocery store so that he could gain experience in food store management. Having been assured that "there would be no problems in establishing him in a bigger operation," plaintiff sold this store after three months of doing business and realized a net profit of approximately $500 on the purchase and sale. In further preparing for the franchise, plaintiff sold a bakery …
Labor Law-Nrab Awards In Work Assignment Disputes Are Unenforceable Unless The Board Has Considered The Interest Of The Competing Union-Order Of R.R. Telegraphers V. Union Pac. R.R., Michigan Law Review
Labor Law-Nrab Awards In Work Assignment Disputes Are Unenforceable Unless The Board Has Considered The Interest Of The Competing Union-Order Of R.R. Telegraphers V. Union Pac. R.R., Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
The Order of Railroad Telegraphers filed a complaint with the National Railroad Adjustment Board (NRAB), alleging that the Union Pacific Railroad had violated its collective bargaining agreement with the union by assigning work covered by that agreement to members of the Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks. The Telegraphers sought damages in the form of back pay, but did not demand job reinstatement. Notice of the Telegrapher's claim was served on the Clerks who declined to appear before the Board since they viewed the dispute as one which involved only an interpretation of the contract between the Telegraphers and the …
Service Of Process-Federal Rules Of Civil Procedure-Service Of Process In Italy On Alien Corporate Defendant Permitted In A Federal Antitrust Action-Hoffman Motors Corp. V. Alfa Romeo S.P.A.., Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Plaintiff, an American automobile distributor, brought suit in a federal court in the Southern District of New York against Alfa Romeo S.p.A., an Italian corporation, for violation of the Robinson- Patman and Auto Dealers' Acts. Service of process was made personally on defendant's general manager in Italy by an Italian attorney appointed for that purpose by the district court, and by registered mail as prescribed by the New York statute for extraterritorial service. Defendant moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction as to the Robinson-Patman claim on the ground that section 12 of the Clayton Act limits the territorial …
Kant: The Metaphysical Elements Of Justice, Edwin W. Tucker
Kant: The Metaphysical Elements Of Justice, Edwin W. Tucker
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Metaphysical Elements of Justice by Immanuel Kant
Privacy In Connecticut, Arthur E. Sutherland
Privacy In Connecticut, Arthur E. Sutherland
Michigan Law Review
Occasionally a judgment of our Supreme Court, delivered in a superficially petty case, suddenly before our startled eyes displays fundamentals of our constitutional theory. Thus, in Griswold v. Connecticut, holding unconstitutional an 1879 Connecticut statute forbidding all persons to use contraceptive devices, the Court found it necessary to discover a "right of privacy" latent in the Bill of Rights and incorporated into the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. The outcome of the case is satisfying; all nine Justices joined in saying, in one way or another, that Connecticut's statute was nonsense. I am happy to see this …
Collateral Estoppel In Civil Tax Fraud Cases Subsequent To Criminal Conviction, Michigan Law Review
Collateral Estoppel In Civil Tax Fraud Cases Subsequent To Criminal Conviction, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
To secure compliance with federal income tax laws, Congress has provided both criminal and civil penalties. Fines and imprisonment are imposed under section 7201 of the Internal Revenue Code if the Government can prove beyond a reasonable doubts a willful attempt to evade or defeat taxation. Section 6653(b) authorizes, as a civil sanction, a fifty per cent addition upon findings by the Commissioner of fraudulent underpayment. These findings, if challenged by the taxpayer, need only be sustained by a preponderance of the evidence. Because of the similarity between the acts condemned by sections 7201 and 6653(b), conviction under section 7201 …
The Griswold Penumbra: Constitutional Charter For An Expanded Law Of Privacy?, Robert G. Dixon Jr.
The Griswold Penumbra: Constitutional Charter For An Expanded Law Of Privacy?, Robert G. Dixon Jr.
Michigan Law Review
The comments that follow are divided into a brief review, for purposes of perspective, of the elusive nature of "privacy" as developed in American law to date, and an attempted rigorous analysis of the privacy aspects of Griswold. A final section suggests that effectuation of the new constitutional right of marital privacy necessarily or derivatively implies a corollary right of access to birth control information and devices-a right which should have been more clearly articulated by the Court.
The Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act, Michigan Law Review
The Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Many nations do not accord conclusive effect to foreign judgments unless their own judicial decrees are reciprocally enforced by the country rendering the judgment. The law in the United States is unsettled, with some states holding that foreign judgments are reviewable on the merits if the judgment forum similarly reviews the merits of American decrees, while others accord conclusive effect to valid foreign money judgments regardless of the effect accorded American decrees in the judgment forum. Judgments in the latter states would seem entitled to conclusive enforcement in countries requiring reciprocity. However, such conclusive recognition has been hindered because many …
The All Writs Statute And The Injunctive Power Of A Single Appellate Judge, Michigan Law Review
The All Writs Statute And The Injunctive Power Of A Single Appellate Judge, Michigan Law Review
Michigan Law Review
Although section 1651 was enacted in its present form in 1948, the statutory language of subsection (a) can be traced back to the original Judiciary Act of 1789, in contrast to the terminology in subsection (b), the origins of which are obscure. It is clear, however, that both the alternative writ and the rule nisi are granted on motions ex parte and are in the nature of show-cause orders. These writs were at one time used in place of the modern summons or process and also served as a means of framing the issues to be contested before a court …
Boles: The Bible, Religion And The Public Schools, Arthur E. Sutherland
Boles: The Bible, Religion And The Public Schools, Arthur E. Sutherland
Michigan Law Review
A Review of The Bible, Religion and the Public Schools (3d ed) by Donald E. Boles
Order And Civil Liberties: A Complex Role For The Police, George Edwards
Order And Civil Liberties: A Complex Role For The Police, George Edwards
Michigan Law Review
The Honorable Edward J. Jeffries was Mayor of the City of Detroit at the time. He was a great mayor; but he had not known that this terror was imminent or that it was even possible. This attitude was shared by most of the city's residents, and to say that Detroit was not ready for this outburst of racial strife would be to put it mildly. In this respect, every mayor in America would find it useful to read a recent journalistic account of the events of that twenty-four-hour period. The authors of this commentary were not very kind in …
Characterization Of Interstate Arrangements: When Is A Compact Not A Compact, David E. Engdahl
Characterization Of Interstate Arrangements: When Is A Compact Not A Compact, David E. Engdahl
Michigan Law Review
The real increase in the use of "compacts" is still very recent, so there has as yet been little significant litigation concerning these instruments. For this reason, relatively few lawyers have had sufficient exposure to the subject to discover what an unhappy state the law of "compacts" is in. However, if the present trend toward their increased use continues, interstate authorities and agencies founded upon "compacts" may be expected to become as familiar to the average lawyer as conventional governmental agencies are today. This article is not intended to anticipate all of the legal problems which are sure to arise …