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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

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Hydrodynamic Behavior Of Spouted Beds With Application To The Coating Of Heart Valve Components., Hao Jiang Jan 2000

Hydrodynamic Behavior Of Spouted Beds With Application To The Coating Of Heart Valve Components., Hao Jiang

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Gas-solid fluidization is a subject having wide engineering applications overlapping different industries. A relatively unique application of fluidized bed technology resulted from a convergence of medical studies of thromboresistant materials with engineering development of gas impermeable and corrosion resistant coatings for artificial heart valves. The objective of this research was to study, through experimental measurements, gas-particle hydrodynamic behavior in the spouted bed, with an emphasis on biomedical manufacturing of prosthetic heart valves. Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the gas and solid phase behavior, such as minimum spouting velocity, pressure profile, particle velocity profile and particle density distribution. …


Honor Bound: *Southern Honor And The Mexican War., Gregory Scott Hospodor Jan 2000

Honor Bound: *Southern Honor And The Mexican War., Gregory Scott Hospodor

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation examines how concepts of honor, and its adjunct, republicanism, influenced both the perceptions and actions of southerners during the Mexican-American War of 1846--1848 and the period immediately thereafter. It is meant to illustrate the important, and heretofore overlooked, role that notions of honor played both for those southerners who participated in the war and those who stayed at home. The dissertation is thematic rather than chronologic in organization and consists of three chapters. The first chapter examines the attitudes of southerners of both genders towards the Mexican War. It contends that they united in defining the conflict through …


Indices Of Exposure To Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In A Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection In The Cotton Rat., Christine H. Lemarchand-Carpentier Jan 2000

Indices Of Exposure To Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In A Bioindicator Species: Point Mutation Detection In The Cotton Rat., Christine H. Lemarchand-Carpentier

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Release of energy-related contaminants occurs ubiquitously in the environment. Cancer induction by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic amines have been well recognized in the workplace and are also suspected among the general population. Environmental PAHs exposure and effects have been investigated using biomarkers in aquatic and, to a lesser extent, terrestrial animals. Attempts to monitor the presence and effects of PAHs through the detection of point mutations in genes involved in carcinogenesis (p53 and K-ras) would yield interesting clues regarding possible etiologic agents and their potential effect. The identification of a mutation type, known to be G→T transversion predominantly …


Coping Strategies And Effectiveness Among Low -Income, Primary Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders., Daniel J. Mehan Jr Jan 2000

Coping Strategies And Effectiveness Among Low -Income, Primary Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders., Daniel J. Mehan Jr

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study examined the patterns and effectiveness of coping strategies utilized by individuals in a low-income, primary care environment. Documented relationships among coping strategies and the characteristics of this population suggest that the population should be marked by high levels of emotion-focused coping and low levels of problem-focused coping relative to the normal population. Descriptive statistics confirmed high levels of emotion-focused coping but failed to demonstrate low levels of problem-focused coping within the study sample. The influence of control (actual and perceived) on the patterns and effectiveness of coping strategies was also studied. Regression analyses indicated that, in the low-control …


The Children Of Molemo: An Analysis Of Johnny Simons' Performance Genealogy And Iconography At The Hip Pocket Theatre., Tony Earnest Medlin Jan 2000

The Children Of Molemo: An Analysis Of Johnny Simons' Performance Genealogy And Iconography At The Hip Pocket Theatre., Tony Earnest Medlin

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Johnny Simons is a Commedia Dell' Arte master who brought contemporary commedic movement theatre to the American Southwest and deserves academic attention. Simons and his collaborators, Diane Simons and Doug Balentine, founded the Hip Pocket Theatre to explore original theatre that reflected their chthonic identity. Simons is an auteur, serving as playwright, lyricist, director, choreographer, designer, and technical director for his productions. His works synthesize classical forms with the archetypal associations of his childhood. This study examines Simons' pedagogical approach to his "lyric grotesque" genre of movement theatre. A documented recreation of Simons' most definitive work, the folk/rock operatic-ballet, The …


The Sociolinguistic Situation Of Creoles In South Louisiana: Identity, Characteristics, Attitudes., Megan Elizabeth Melancon Jan 2000

The Sociolinguistic Situation Of Creoles In South Louisiana: Identity, Characteristics, Attitudes., Megan Elizabeth Melancon

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Most of the research done on the Louisiana Creole community has concentrated on the vocabulary and folklore of Creole French. To date, there has been no methodological examination of other parameters enveloping the community. In this dissertation, the previous findings will be extended by analyzing the results of a survey on the linguistic attitudes and cultural, ethnic, and racial identity of the African-Americans in South Louisiana who identify as Creole. Due to the presence of several varieties of French in the state, the ethnic and racial admixture among the people who speak these dialects, and the overwhelming presence of English …


A Behavior Analytic Approach To Developing Mathematics Skills In Second Graders: A Precision Teaching Intervention., Bruce Pierce Mortenson Jan 2000

A Behavior Analytic Approach To Developing Mathematics Skills In Second Graders: A Precision Teaching Intervention., Bruce Pierce Mortenson

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study examined the relative effects of two rates of responding on student endurance, accuracy and retention of basic math skills. Three cohorts, each consisting of four students, participated in the study and received training on two separate math skills. One skill was trained to a rate of responding consistent with a fluency standard and the other skill was trained to a rate of responding consistent with accurate but not fluent performance. The main finding underscored by the present study is that successful learning is enhanced if precipitated by fluent rates of responding. The data presented in each cohort demonstrated …


Infrared Dust Emission In Starburst Galaxies: Self-Consistent Modeling From The Uv To Far Infrared., Karl Anthony Misselt Jan 2000

Infrared Dust Emission In Starburst Galaxies: Self-Consistent Modeling From The Uv To Far Infrared., Karl Anthony Misselt

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

In the first part of this thesis, the ultraviolet extinction from dust in the Large Magellanic Cloud is re-analyzed. Differences in the extinction properties between different lines of sight, as well as between the LMC, SMC, and Milky Way are discussed in the context of their implications for the constitution and size distributions of the dust grains. The UV extinction curves derived in this work, along with those from other studies, have been used to constrain dust models used as inputs to dust heating models. Next, the DIRTY model, a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code from the ultraviolet to the …


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And The Avoidance Of Responsibility: An Evaluation Of Parents' Attributions And Their Relation To Treatment Acceptability., Urdur Njardvik Jan 2000

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And The Avoidance Of Responsibility: An Evaluation Of Parents' Attributions And Their Relation To Treatment Acceptability., Urdur Njardvik

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The study examined attributions of responsibility, stability, and controllability of parents of children with or without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The relationship between attributions and acceptability of commonly used behavioral treatments also was examined. Participants were recruited from a hospital based outpatient clinic that mainly serves indigent families. The sample consisted of 50 parents of children diagnosed with ADHD and 50 parents of children without the diagnosis, who served as a comparison group. Assessment measures included an adapted version of the Powell Avoidance of Responsibility Scale (Powell & Rosen, 1999), the Conner's Parent Rating Scale (Conners, 1997), and the …


Francis Hayman: An Artist Reading British Literature In The 1740s., Stephen Alan Raynie Jan 2000

Francis Hayman: An Artist Reading British Literature In The 1740s., Stephen Alan Raynie

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The on-going comparison of the sister arts (poetry and painting) in the eighteenth century recommends a reassessment of Francis Hayman's role as an artist reading and interpreting literary texts. A founding member of the Royal Academy in 1768, Francis Hayman began his artistic career as a scene painter at the Goodman's Fields and Drury Lane theaters. Although Hayman was one of the most prolific book illustrators in mid eighteenth century Britain, relatively little critical attention has been devoted to his work. Moreover, his circle of friends included such Old Slaughter's and St. Martin's Lane Academy regulars as Henry Fielding, William …


Pathogenesis Of Bartonella Henselae In The Domestic Cat: Use Of A Pcr-Based Assay For The Detection And Differentiation Of B. Henselae Genotype I And Genotype Ii In Chronically Infected Cats., Alma Faye Roy Jan 2000

Pathogenesis Of Bartonella Henselae In The Domestic Cat: Use Of A Pcr-Based Assay For The Detection And Differentiation Of B. Henselae Genotype I And Genotype Ii In Chronically Infected Cats., Alma Faye Roy

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic agent in which the domestic cat serves as the natural reservoir, and humans acquire potentially serious infections associated with this microorganism. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of B. henselae in the domestic cat using a molecular approach. Using sequence differences in a portion of the I 6S rRNA gene between B. henselae genotype I, and B. henselae genotype II, a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was designed and used to investigate various phases of feline bartonellosis. The nPCR detected 3.2 organisms per milliliter of blood which …


Linear Codes Defined From Higher -Dimensional Varieties., Gary Lynn Salazar Jan 2000

Linear Codes Defined From Higher -Dimensional Varieties., Gary Lynn Salazar

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

We establish an algebraic foundation to complement the improved geometric codes of Feng and Rao. Viewing linear codes as affine variety codes, we utilize the Feng-Rao minimum distance bound to construct codes with relatively large dimensions. We examine higher-dimensional affine hypersurfaces with properties similar to those of Hermitian curves. We determine a Grobner basis for the ideal of the variety of rational points on certain affine Fermat varieties. This result is applied to determine parameters of codes defined from Fermat surfaces.


The Effects Of Dietary Fatty Acids And Non -Steroidal Anti -Inflammatory Drugs On Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression., Kyung-Hee Sohn Jan 2000

The Effects Of Dietary Fatty Acids And Non -Steroidal Anti -Inflammatory Drugs On Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression., Kyung-Hee Sohn

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Dietary n-3 fatty acids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were shown to have cancer preventive and tumor regressive effects. Fatty acids and NSAIDs are substrate and inhibitors, respectively, of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acids to prostaglandins. Thus, the modulating effects of different types of dietary fatty acids and NSAIDs on the expression of COX-2 are studied here. Results show that both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inhibit Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced COX-2 expression and NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. Results from in vitro cell proliferation study indicate that growth of colon tumor cells …


"A Secret! A Secret!": Confession And Autobiography In The Poetry Of Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, And Ted Hughes., Helen Lynne Sugarman Jan 2000

"A Secret! A Secret!": Confession And Autobiography In The Poetry Of Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, And Ted Hughes., Helen Lynne Sugarman

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study explores the impact of changing definitions of confession on the critical reception and interpretation of the poetry of Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, and Ted Hughes. In light of the ongoing criticism concerning "confessional poetry" in the forty-one years since Robert Lowell's Life Studies (1959) was published, it may seem difficult to justify yet another study of confessional poetry. However, the term has been so thoroughly assimilated into our critical vocabulary that we have lost an authentic sense of its meaning. "Confessional poetry" is in some ways an arbitrary term that has a very tenuous connection with the poetry …


Active Site Interactions And Kinetic Characterization Of C- And N-Nitroso And Peroxidic Substrates With Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Mechanistic Insights From Studies Of The Cobalt -Substituted Enzyme., Alexander Gregory Tkachenko Jan 2000

Active Site Interactions And Kinetic Characterization Of C- And N-Nitroso And Peroxidic Substrates With Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Mechanistic Insights From Studies Of The Cobalt -Substituted Enzyme., Alexander Gregory Tkachenko

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The interaction of ADH with C-nitroso, N-nitroso and peroxide substrates was investigated. To better elucidate the mechanism of these interactions, cobalt-substituted HLADH was introduced and compared with native HLADH. Both binary and ternary complexes of p-nitrosophenol with Co(II)ADH caused a blue-shift of the d-d transition region of the Co(II)ADH spectrum, indicating direct interaction of the C-nitroso moiety with the metal active site. In addition to this blue shift with NADH, both pNSP and N,N'-dimethyinitrosamine enhance the absorbance of the 643 nm peak of the ADH/NADH/pyrazole ternary complex, which suggests that these compounds compete with pyrazole for ligand association with the …


Homflypt Skein Modules., Jianyuan Zhong Jan 2000

Homflypt Skein Modules., Jianyuan Zhong

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Let k be a subring of the field of rational functions in x, v, s which contains x+/-1, v+/-1, s+/-1. If M is an oriented 3-manifold, let S(M) denote the Homflypt skein module of M over k. This is the free k-module generated by isotopy classes of framed oriented links in M quotiented by the Homflypt skein relations: (1) x --1L+ -- xL -- = (s -- s--1 )L0; (2) L with a positive twist = (xv--1)L; (3) L ⊔ O = u-u-1 s-s-1L where O is the unknot. We give two bases for the relative Homflypt skein module of …


Boron -Uptake Mechanisms And Boron Nutrition Of Rice., Xiaohe Yu Jan 2000

Boron -Uptake Mechanisms And Boron Nutrition Of Rice., Xiaohe Yu

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

There are very few studies on B deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Reported critical values of B deficiency in rice are contradictory and mechanisms of B uptake by plant are not understood. Objectives of this study were to determine B effects on rice grown in hydroponics and soil; to determine critical values of B deficiency in rice tissues, hydroponic solution and soil; and to explore B-uptake mechanisms in both monocots (rice) and dicots (soybean (Glycine max L.)). Rice was grown to maturity in an acid Caddo silt loam at 0 and 1 kg B ha--1 in a greenhouse study, …


Fast Timing Bi-Directional Charge Coupled Devices For Use In Gamma -Ray Astronomy., Peter Parker Altice Jr Jan 2000

Fast Timing Bi-Directional Charge Coupled Devices For Use In Gamma -Ray Astronomy., Peter Parker Altice Jr

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) coupled with a pixellated inorganic scintillator (such as segmented CsI) can provide high position resolution (∼300 mum). However, standard CCDs are integrating devices typically operating no faster than video rates. For a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope capable of measuring the energy of individual photons, the CCD must have a time resolution better than the average time interval between cosmic ray events on the veto shield (∼10 kHz). A Fast Timing Bi-Directional CCD has better than 10 mus time resolution and 50 mum position resolution. We describe the CCD readout architecture, the ASIC readout design, the present …


On Some Optimal Control Problems For The Centroaffine Geometry On The Plane., Angel L. Cruz Delgado Jan 2000

On Some Optimal Control Problems For The Centroaffine Geometry On The Plane., Angel L. Cruz Delgado

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

A certain parametrization of substantial planar curves yields a centroaffine arclength s and a centroaffine curvature ks that remain invariant under GL(2, R ) motions. In Chapter 4 we search for those substantial curves with predetermined position and velocity at the initial and terminal points, which minimize the total square curvature 0T k2s 2ds as k varies over all square summable functions on each interval [0, T]. These curves are called centroaffine elastic curves. Thinking of the curvature k as a control, we pose our problem as an optimal control problem over the Lie group GL(2, R ) with fixed …


A Study Of The Effects Of Two Instructional Programs In Reading On Student Reading Self -Efficacy, Personal Perceptions Of The Learning Environment And Reading Levels., Cathy Elaine Smith Daniel Jan 2000

A Study Of The Effects Of Two Instructional Programs In Reading On Student Reading Self -Efficacy, Personal Perceptions Of The Learning Environment And Reading Levels., Cathy Elaine Smith Daniel

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in students' reading self-efficacy, students' personal perceptions of the learning environment, and change in reading level across instructional programs. In addition, the study explores the relationship between students' personal perceptions of the learning environment as measured by the My Class Inventory-Short Personal Form (MCI-SPF) and student reading self-efficacy as measured by the Reader Self-Perception Scale (RSPS). Analyses showed that: (1) Students in the Success for All (SFA) reading program exhibited higher levels of general reading self-efficacy than did students in the language-based comparison group, (2) Students in the SFA instructional program …


"That Preacher's Going To Eat All The Chicken!": Power And Religion In Richard Wright., Tara Tanisha Green Jan 2000

"That Preacher's Going To Eat All The Chicken!": Power And Religion In Richard Wright., Tara Tanisha Green

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation explores the ways that Richard Wright's work reflects both history and his own personal experiences (memories) of the South. These two elements---history and memory---served to inspire Wright's, the writer's, imagination, and to fuel Wright's, a Black man's, anger and hostility. Wright's technique of (re)writing or mastering the images of Black males as they struggle in environments they perceive as hostile, is compounded by his feelings about religion. Although Wright rejected organized religions, whether Christian, tribal, or Communism, he, ironically, used the figurative language similar to that of sermons, including Biblical stories and symbols, to appeal to his readers …


Ergonomic Evaluation Of Manually Operated Valves., Eileen Bordelon Hoff Jan 2000

Ergonomic Evaluation Of Manually Operated Valves., Eileen Bordelon Hoff

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Due to the large number of facilities that produce oil and gas with numerous valves used, a review of valve handwheel operation was of interest. Review of literature on two handed handwheel tasks yielded very little and raised questions about what amount of torque a user could exert on a handwheel. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of height of exertion, orientation of the handwheel and type of handwheel while making two-handed torque exertions, test a custom designed handwheel against commonly distributed handwheels and to determine the effects of gloves commonly used in the oil and …


Children's Identity Construction In A Multicultural Setting., Edith Taylor Richardson Powers Jan 2000

Children's Identity Construction In A Multicultural Setting., Edith Taylor Richardson Powers

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The study of cultural identity has thus far been rather unidimensional, portraying a child as a member of a single cultural group that has a homogeneous culture. Over the past twenty-five years, much of the research on the relationship between culture and education has looked at children's educational processes through the lens of group membership. This study examined six children from different cultures as they constructed their own identities within the multicultural classroom environment over the period of a year. It was designed to examine how individual children take on cultural "ways" that are associated with other cultural groups and …


Structuring Work And Family Lives: Flexible Employment Patterns Among United States Families., Melissa Oliver Stainback Jan 2000

Structuring Work And Family Lives: Flexible Employment Patterns Among United States Families., Melissa Oliver Stainback

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This dissertation focuses on how working families use flexible employment to manage multiple demands associated with combining work and family responsibilities. I argue that flexible employment outcomes are family adaptive strategies and decisions about these strategies are embedded in the household and occur in a context in which husbands and wives make joint decisions about their career trajectories, family obligations and community commitments. Therefore, I expect household models, rather than individual models, to provide a richer understanding of decisions about family and employment outcomes. These models explore more fully how couples may diversify employment participation. Furthermore, household level variables provide …


Evaporative Mass Transfer Of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds From Exposed Contaminated Sediment And Dredged Materials., Raghunathan Ravikrishna Jan 2000

Evaporative Mass Transfer Of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds From Exposed Contaminated Sediment And Dredged Materials., Raghunathan Ravikrishna

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Dredged sediment materials stored in confined disposal facilities (CDF) contain several hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are suspected carcinogens. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the volatilization of HOCs from contaminated, exposed sediment dredged materials and contribute to the risk assessment framework being developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Laboratory experiments were performed to measure HOC tracer emissions to air from contaminated sediments (laboratory inoculated and field aged) placed in a specially designed flux chamber. Flux was influenced by a number of factors such as relative humidity …


An Examination Of The Baby Boom Generation's Financial Preparations For Retirement., Jeanette Adcock Tucker Jan 2000

An Examination Of The Baby Boom Generation's Financial Preparations For Retirement., Jeanette Adcock Tucker

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

There has been much concern that the financial status of the 76 million American baby boomers will be inadequate when they reach retirement. The overall purpose of the current study was to examine the baby boom generation's financial preparations for retirement. The family resource management conceptual framework of Deacon and Firebaugh (1988) provided the theoretical base for the study. Data were obtained from 398 baby boomers who responded to the 1999 Retirement Confidence Survey. Depending on the nature of the dependent variable, multiple linear regression or logistic analysis tests were used to determine relationships between the input, throughput, and output …


Within The Realm Of Possibility: Magic And Mediation In Native American And Chicano/A Literature., Amy Greenwood Baria Jan 2000

Within The Realm Of Possibility: Magic And Mediation In Native American And Chicano/A Literature., Amy Greenwood Baria

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Bloodlines create an overlap in Native American and Chicano/a history, but this dissertation studies these ethnic groups together for reasons beyond this. Native Americans and Chicanos/as share more than blood; overlaps occur in language, religion, and United States geography. Psychic geography for each group also presents a kinship, for in the search for a redemptive personal identity (to stand against the forcible near-extinction of Native Americans and the cultural dismissal of Chicanos/as by their "native" land) each cultural group recognizes its difference. Having very little in dominant culture upon which to build an identity, Native Americans and Chicanos/as have turned …


Input And Environmental Characteristics In Student Success: First -Term Gpa And Predicting Retention At An Historically Black University., Marcus S. Babaoye Jan 2000

Input And Environmental Characteristics In Student Success: First -Term Gpa And Predicting Retention At An Historically Black University., Marcus S. Babaoye

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

This study is aimed at determining the input and environmental factors which contribute to the academic success or failure of students at an historically black institution. Three files were merged with first-time and transfer freshmen characteristics to serve as a basis for the quantitative analyses. On the qualitative front, a case study of college life at Southern University, Baton Rouge was performed. Data were collected from interviews with students, recent graduates, and University personnel. Additionally, the case study involve analyses of institutional records between 1993--1997. The quantitative data analyses revealed that ACT scores, gender, enrollment status, age, and housing arrangement …


Politics And Philosophy In The Writings Of Robert Penn Warren., Billy Berryhill Jan 2000

Politics And Philosophy In The Writings Of Robert Penn Warren., Billy Berryhill

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Robert Penn Warren is generally regarded as one of America's preeminent men of letters in the twentieth century. In his poetry and novels-as well as his historical essays, literary and social criticism, biographies, and other non-fiction---Warren often addressed political themes. This study of the role of political ideas in Warren's writings begins with his concept of the "philosophical novelist" who consciously incorporates ideas into fiction. An examination of Warren's own essays about his novel All the King's Men provides a useful illustration of the concept and introduces the reader to two key themes that pervade all of his writings: first, …


Environmental Education Programming For The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., John William Branch Jan 2000

Environmental Education Programming For The Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service., John William Branch

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Environmental education is a component of community-based education programs. Environmental education in the United States and in Louisiana was described (Objectives 1 and 2). Because of rapid changes in environmental science, and the responses of citizens to environmental topics, extension faculty need additional programming techniques and more process and strategic skills training. Programming techniques and skills training were reviewed (Objective 3). Extension has included representatives from key state and federal agencies with expertise in, and responsibility for, environmental topics on its environmental education advisory committees. The Delphi technique was utilized in this study, with agency representatives as panelists, to determine …