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A Comparative Study Of Headedness In Ruhaya Compounds, Emmanuel Ilonga Dr Jun 2016

A Comparative Study Of Headedness In Ruhaya Compounds, Emmanuel Ilonga Dr

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper presents endocentric and exocentric compounds in Ruhaya, with specific focus on their lexical properties, position of headwords, semantic relation between headwords and modifiers, and the semantic classification of noun-noun compounds. It offers a comparison between Ruhaya and other Bantu languages on these aspects, and extends the comparison to Indo-European languages (English, Dutch and French). It was found that Ruhaya has left-headed compounds, and words from the same and different lexical categories can combine to make up compound words. In the case of headed compounds, there is a kind of semantic relations through which modifiers slightly change the meaning …

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Constituent Order And Focus In Naro Language, Rose Letsholo,, Budzani Gabanamotse-Mogara Jun 2016

Constituent Order And Focus In Naro Language, Rose Letsholo,, Budzani Gabanamotse-Mogara

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

In Naro, the base word order is SOV (Visser, 2010). However, this language displays interesting variations in word order due to the fact that different constituents can occur in non-canonical positions, particularly the sentence initial position. It is in lieu of this that this paper investigates the following questions: (1) In Naro, what constituents can be fronted and which cannot? (2) What is the significance of the PGN marker in the order of the constituents in Naro sentences? (3) What is special about the sentence initial position given that different lexical constituents can occupy this position? Regarding question (1), we …

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Interrogating Views On The Evaluation Of The Quality Of Pre-Primary Education In Tanzania: A Stakeholders’ Perspective, Pambas Basil Tandika Dr Jul 2015

Interrogating Views On The Evaluation Of The Quality Of Pre-Primary Education In Tanzania: A Stakeholders’ Perspective, Pambas Basil Tandika Dr

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper reports the findings of a study on the evaluation of the quality of education in Tanzania, conducted amidst worries that the quality of education has slumped as learning in pre-primary class is different from that of other education levels. In determining the quality of pre-primary education, a qualitative descriptive design was employed, involving pre-primary school teachers, parents, primary school supervisors, curriculum developers and educational policy-makers who were purposively selected. The study found that self- and external evaluations were means through which the evaluation of the quality was conducted. It further determined teacher-related criteria, the learning environment, and learners’ …

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Addressing The Educational Malpractices In Tanzanian Secondary Schools: An Educationist Perspective, John Kalolo Jul 2015

Addressing The Educational Malpractices In Tanzanian Secondary Schools: An Educationist Perspective, John Kalolo

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Developing and providing quality education in all levels of education has become a major goal for most educational systems in the world, including Tanzania. This has, in turn, led to increased attention to how quality education can be effectively delivered in schools. However, alongside this positive initiative, there have grown more limiting developments of malpractices in Tanzanian education sector. Despite their adverse impacts in providing quality education in schools, the efforts to address these malpractices have been so limited. This article examines education malpractices in Tanzanian educational sector, and discusses the promising ways in which these malpractices can be appropriately …

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Political Representation In Tanzania: Its Development And Anatomy In Perspective, Edwin Babeiya, Jul 2015

Political Representation In Tanzania: Its Development And Anatomy In Perspective, Edwin Babeiya,

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Since the era of colonialism to date, Tanzania has been practicing representation—a key democratization pillar. Throughout this period, the question of who is representing who and at what cost continues to feature in political discussions in the country. Nevertheless, of all periods that representation has passed through, the represented seem to have always been at a disadvantage. This is particularly so due to an absence of effective accountability mechanisms for ensuring that the representatives remain accountable to the electorate. The represented have been the victims of a control triangle that started during the colonial era when they had limited influence …

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The Properties Of Quantifiers And Numerals: A Case Of Shinyiha, Devet Goodness Jul 2015

The Properties Of Quantifiers And Numerals: A Case Of Shinyiha, Devet Goodness

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Quantifiers and numerals have been a subject of controversy in linguistics. One issue of concern with regard to quantifiers and numerals is how to categorize them. The categorial status of quantifiers and numerals is not uniform across Bantu languages. This paper seeks to show that quantifiers and numerals are semi-lexical categories in the sense that they sit on the divide between lexical and functional categories. It posits that quantifiers and numerals cannot be regarded as adjectives per excellence. Although the two categories have some similarities with adjectives, they display differences morphologically, syntactically and semantically. In the end, It will be …

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Understory Tree Composition, Diversity And Natural Regeneration Status Of Uluguru Forests In Morogoro- Tanzania, David S. Kacholi Jul 2015

Understory Tree Composition, Diversity And Natural Regeneration Status Of Uluguru Forests In Morogoro- Tanzania, David S. Kacholi

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Most of the studies on tropical forests vegetation have tended to focus on trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater or equal to 10cm, and limited attention has been paid to understory. This study was conducted in Uluguru forests in Morogoro region, Tanzania, with an objective of describing the understory tree composition, diversity and natural regeneration of some threatened species in the seven surveyed forests. Sampling was done in the forests whereby classification of understory was done into three layers: seedling (individuals with height < 1m), small sapling (DBH ≤ 3 cm), and large sapling (3 < DBH < 10 cm) layers. Large saplings were sampled in 20m × 20m plots, while subplots of 5m ×5m and 2m ×2m were placed at the centre of each plot for sampling small saplings and seedlings, respectively. A total of 2119 seedlings, 1798 small saplings, and 2585 large saplings belonging 91, 102, and 104 species, respectively, were recorded. Fabaceae was the most speciosefamily in all the studied compartments, and had higher familial importance value (FIV). The seedling layer had higher tree density than the large and small sapling layers, but the large and small sapling layers were more diverse than the seedling layer (p < 0.05).The species richness in each forest was significantly higher in the understory than overstory layer (p < 0.034); and the pairing was strongly positively correlated (r = 096, p = 0.0003). The Sørensen coefficients of similarities between understory and overstory ranged between 0.53–0.77, and were higher within each forest than among them. All forests revealed to have good regeneration, though it is important to understand that some species unveiled poor or hampered regeneration pattern.In summary, the understory was observed to be speciose than overstory layer; it was dominated by family Fabaceae, and the natural regeneration of the forests were good, however, some species need due attention.

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Microeconomic Analysis Of Socio-Economic Determinants Of Primary School Dropouts In Tanzania: The Case Of Rombo District, Monica Sebastian Kauky Dec 2014

Microeconomic Analysis Of Socio-Economic Determinants Of Primary School Dropouts In Tanzania: The Case Of Rombo District, Monica Sebastian Kauky

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Based on Professor Maghimbi’s ideas about the expansion of education in the country, this study analyses socio-economic determinants of primary school dropouts in Tanzania. The article employs both qualitative and quantitative design using primary data (cross-section), and the population of interest were children who had dropped out of school, and their parents/heads of the households. A simple logistic regression model was employed for analysis. The study uses the data gathered through semi structured interviews, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and direct observation of phenomena. The results found that the gender of the head of the household, the highest education attained by other …

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Are We Experiencing A ‘Post–Method’ Era In Second Language Teaching?, Rodrick G. Ndomba Dec 2014

Are We Experiencing A ‘Post–Method’ Era In Second Language Teaching?, Rodrick G. Ndomba

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Approaches to Second Language teaching have been changing over time. The pivotal force behind the changes globally has been the quest for the best approach. New methods have emerged as old ones are discarded, with less prospects to achieve the best. This paper revisits the chronology of events characterizing the war of methods globally, and highlights key current issues underlining English language teaching in Tanzanian secondary schools. Central to the battle on methods is the need for proper preparation of English language teachers amid claims that their linguistic and methodological standards have been on the decline over decades. Indeed, the …

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African Philosophy: A Link Between Traditional And Modern Praise Poetry, Method Samwel Dec 2014

African Philosophy: A Link Between Traditional And Modern Praise Poetry, Method Samwel

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article argues that traditional and modern praise poetry do relate. This relationship stems from the fact that the two are similar in several aspects ranging from content to form. Only one similarity among them—similarity in philosophy—is discussed here. The article, therefore, presents how different kinds of African poetry of different generations can never diverge totally from African philosophy. That is to say, both traditional and modern praise poetry carry similar beliefs: how Africans view things is similar in the two kinds of poetry. Traditional praise poetry used here is Bahaya praise poetry, ebyebugo, and the praises seen in Basukuma …

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Unstable Local Producer’S Institutions And Failure To Utilize Competitive Factor: The Case Of Tanzania’S Coffee Industry, David Gongwe Mhando Dgm Dec 2014

Unstable Local Producer’S Institutions And Failure To Utilize Competitive Factor: The Case Of Tanzania’S Coffee Industry, David Gongwe Mhando Dgm

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Coffee is one among the important traditional export crops in Tanzania, contributing to foreign exchange earnings as well as GDP. It is estimated that 400,000 families depend on coffee-related activities for their livelihood. Although its contribution in the world market is minimal, Arabica coffee beans from Tanzania are of high quality. This paper attempts to explore the coffee industry in Tanzania and its challenges. Data were collected from Tanzania Coffee Board, Japanese Specialty Coffee Association Exhibitions, as well as interviews with the Head of Suntory Beverage Department in Tokyo, Japan. The findings indicated that weak policies have resulted in an …

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Effective Leadership Characteristics: What Are The Practices And Challenges In Secondary Schools In Tanzania?, Perpetua Urio Dec 2014

Effective Leadership Characteristics: What Are The Practices And Challenges In Secondary Schools In Tanzania?, Perpetua Urio

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper explores effective leadership characteristics, focusing on practices and challenges in secondary education in Tanzania. The study was conducted in Morogoro Region, using a sample of 59 respondents from four secondary schools. The study used qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews and focus group discussions, and was later subjected to content analysis. Study findings revealed that effective leadership characteristics are perceived differently by respondents in the two categories of schools involved in the study. Leaders in best performing schools demonstrate effective leadership characteristics as opposed to worst performing schools. Contextual factors associated with internal and external environment, such …

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Managing Quality In Secondary Education Sector In Tanzania, Consolata Louis Chua Dec 2014

Managing Quality In Secondary Education Sector In Tanzania, Consolata Louis Chua

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Quality management in education is an area that has received various conceptualizations. Although there is no agreed definition of quality, its management depends on set standards as well as quality assurance and control mechanisms in place. Based on the review of various literatures, this paper uses a model developed from systems theory and CIPP model to shed light to both policy makers and implementers on what should be taken on board to achieve the level of quality desired. The paper also adds to the debate on what should be the priority when it comes to the issue of management of …

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Compulsory Science Policy, Student Performance, And Teachers’ Role: Uganda’S Experience, Joyce Ayikoru Asiimwe Dec 2014

Compulsory Science Policy, Student Performance, And Teachers’ Role: Uganda’S Experience, Joyce Ayikoru Asiimwe

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Using Lipsky’s concept of the street-level bureaucrat, this paper highlights how teachers may be contributing to students’ high failure rates within the framework of the recent educational reforms, with particular focus on the Compulsory Science Policy (CSP). Analysis of students’ performance in science and mathematics before and after the policy indicates that secondary schools have continued to register high student failure rates in mathematics and the core sciences. This dismal performance puts science teachers on the spotlight and threatens to undermine their professional competence. Over the years science teachers have often responded to the dilemma of high failure rates by …

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Similar’ Language Contact But ‘Different’ Language Change: Historical Lessons From Loanwords In Tanzanian Bantu Communities, Amani Lusekelo Dec 2014

Similar’ Language Contact But ‘Different’ Language Change: Historical Lessons From Loanwords In Tanzanian Bantu Communities, Amani Lusekelo

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper contributes to the on-going discussion about integration of foreign cultures into African communities, one of the areas documented by Sam Maghimbi. It articulates the results of human contacts through examination of loanwords for similar semantic notions across Bantu languages of Tanzania. The rationale for this study emanates from a lacuna in previous works that focused on phonological and morphological changes, and undervalued the power of internal semantic modifications that accommodate new concepts. The paper analyses loanwords of individual words that surround three contact areas: western (formal) education, Christian religion, and (modern) healthcare. The paper shows that contact situations …

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Rural Society And The Economy Of Affection, Sam Maghimbi, Goran Hyden Dec 2014

Rural Society And The Economy Of Affection, Sam Maghimbi, Goran Hyden

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Professor Sam Maghimbi devoted much of his immense intellectual energy to issues of rural Tanzania. He was not convinced that the neo-Marxist or neo-liberal explanations really gave justice to what he– like me– saw as the empirical realities of rural Tanzania. Drawing on my own previous work on the ‘uncaptured peasantry’ and the ‘economy of affection’ I wish to analyze what has happened in rural Tanzania since the early 1980s when these concepts first became part of the intellectual discourse about Tanzania. The paper reintroduces the concepts and why they were adopted before looking at trends in rural Tanzania which …

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Stakeholders’ Views On The Effects Of Students’ Participation In Co-Curricular Activities In Secondary Schools In Tanzania, Rehema Japhet Dec 2013

Stakeholders’ Views On The Effects Of Students’ Participation In Co-Curricular Activities In Secondary Schools In Tanzania, Rehema Japhet

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper seeks to explore stakeholders’ views on the effects of students’ participation in co-curricular activities in secondary schools. It explores the perceptions held by heads of schools, teachers, students, chairpersons of school boards, school inspectors and parents towards academic, physical and social development of students as a result of engaging in co-curricular activities. Stakeholders’ views helped to determine the value attached to the activities in comparison to the contribution the activities have in students’ total development. A total of 218 respondents participated in the study on which this paper is based. Basically, qualitative research data collection methodology was used …

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Academic Staff’S Access And Use Of Technological Tools: A Challenge To Blended Learning Implementation In Tanzania’S Tertiary Institutions, Luka Mkonongwa Dec 2013

Academic Staff’S Access And Use Of Technological Tools: A Challenge To Blended Learning Implementation In Tanzania’S Tertiary Institutions, Luka Mkonongwa

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper explores academic staff’s access to and ability to use technological tools in the course of implementing blended learning system in higher education. In a study, a survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 46 respondents. The results revealed that although academic staff had high self-efficacy towards learning and using technological tools, their access to and use of many technological tools were too limited. This affected their competence and confidence to use such technological tools to teach, and deterred the successful implementation of the blended learning approach. The study concluded that the success of blended learning will depend …

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Challenges Of African Languages In Education: The Case Of Kiswahili In Tanzania, Benedictor Phanuel Lema Dec 2013

Challenges Of African Languages In Education: The Case Of Kiswahili In Tanzania, Benedictor Phanuel Lema

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Tanzania presents a perfect case of former colonies that have strived to redress colonial legacies. The Africanization policy adopted after independence and cemented in the 1967 Arusha Declaration was a deliberate move to replace foreign workforce and practices with African values. Education was one of the sectors that needed and, indeed, received a lot of transformations. This paper particularly discusses language practices in the education system in Tanzania in that context. While both theory and practice favour Kiswahili as a medium of instruction at all levels of education, policy seems to work to the contrary. The discussion revolves around the …

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Controversies Underlying The Genre Of Short Story: A Critique Of Perceptions On Kiswahili Written Short Story, Method Samwel Dec 2013

Controversies Underlying The Genre Of Short Story: A Critique Of Perceptions On Kiswahili Written Short Story, Method Samwel

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The genre of short story has been viewed by scholars as being very controversial and conflicting. The debates are on the proper way of defining short stories, their classification with supporting examples, and their actual distinctive features. This paper acknowledges the need to analyze literature into genres and even sub-genres, but shows how controversial literary genres can be. It mainly focuses on controversies pertaining to short story as a genre of Kiswahili literature. It presents varied perceptions of various scholars on issues related to Kiswahili written short stories. It also presents the ‘best’ way of resolving the controversies.

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Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Sexuality Education: A Case Of Primary Schools In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Margareth Bilinga Dec 2013

Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Sexuality Education: A Case Of Primary Schools In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, Margareth Bilinga

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper is about teachers’ attitudes towards teaching sexuality education (SE) in Morogoro rural and urban districts. It is based on a study which employed mixed method design and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It involved a sample of 126 teachers residing from Morogoro rural and urban schools. Data were obtained through interviews and questionnaire. It was revealed that a majority of the teachers supported the teaching of SE in schools with more support of HIV and AIDS contents than pregnancy and contraceptives. There was no significant difference in terms of attitudes between teachers residing in rural and urban …

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Wetlands Utilization And Rural Livelihood Diversification: A Case Of Simiyu Wetland, Magu, Tanzania, Emiliana Mwita Dec 2013

Wetlands Utilization And Rural Livelihood Diversification: A Case Of Simiyu Wetland, Magu, Tanzania, Emiliana Mwita

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

In many developing countries wetlands play an important role in supporting the livelihood of both urban and rural communities. In rural areas wetlands are increasingly becoming a focal point of production and livelihood diversification due to their richness and the diverse options they provide. This paper explores the livelihood options provided by Simiyu wetland in Magu District, Simiyu Region, to the community living arround it using social survey methods. This paper is based on a study which shows that wetland farming is the main activity (75%) and significantly contribute to cash income generation, followed by livestock keeping, fishing and handicraft. …

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Floristic Composition, Diversity And Structure Of The Kimboza Forest In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, David S. Kacholi Dec 2013

Floristic Composition, Diversity And Structure Of The Kimboza Forest In Morogoro Region, Tanzania, David S. Kacholi

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Kimboza forest reserve in Morogoro region, is an important biodiversity hotspot among the Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania. High population pressure and encroachment threatens its conservation values. This is based on a study which aimed at investigating the composition, diversity, and structure of the tree community in the forest. All trees with DBH ≥ 10cm were inventoried from 0.72ha in a total of 18 plots of 20m × 20m placed randomly from the forest edge to the interior. Most important families and species were determined using familial importance value (FIV) and species importance value (IVI) indices, respectively. Diversity was analyzed …

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Understanding Social Changes In Tanzania: Independence And Loss Of Hegemonic Masculinity In Ruhumbika’S Village In Uhuru, Edith Bwana Dec 2013

Understanding Social Changes In Tanzania: Independence And Loss Of Hegemonic Masculinity In Ruhumbika’S Village In Uhuru, Edith Bwana

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The transition from colonialism to independence and Ujamaa had great impacts on society—politically, economically and socially. This is discussed in relation to the novel Village in Uhuru (1969) by Gabriel Ruhumbika. Within the backdrop of independence, he explores the social changes that occur in the small village of Chamambo. Through two main characters—namely Balinde and Musilanga— Ruhumbika explores the changing social values. This paper argues that masculinity is a social construct. It will explore how Musilanga serves as a representative of hegemonic masculinity, and how through the actions of his son, he is deprived of this designation, leaving a void …

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Assessment Of The Implementation Of Learner-Centred Teaching Approaches In Secondary Schools In Kibondo, Tanzania, Leatitia Gabriel Jun 2013

Assessment Of The Implementation Of Learner-Centred Teaching Approaches In Secondary Schools In Kibondo, Tanzania, Leatitia Gabriel

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study assesses the extent to which the learner-centred approach (LCA) is effectively articulated in secondary schools in Kibondo District of Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Data were collected through document analysis, observation, interviews, focus group discussion and questionnaires from 166 respondents. Research findings show that teachers encountered a number of transitional problems in implementing the LCA, including overcrowded classes, lack of students’ readiness and interest, language problem among learners, lack of in-service training on LCA, poor students’ participation in class, inadequate instructional resources such as textbooks and reference materials and shortage of teachers, the situation which lead to an enormous teaching …

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Ikalanga Derived Personal Names: A Functionalist Approach, Budzani Gabanamotse-Mogara Jun 2013

Ikalanga Derived Personal Names: A Functionalist Approach, Budzani Gabanamotse-Mogara

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article discusses the way a personal name is derived, the context in which a name is given in Ikalanga, as well as the meaning behind the name. It is argued that Ikalanga personal names are derived from different grammatical categories such as verbs, possessives, nouns, adjectives, etc. Ikalanga personal names have different meanings. These meanings are mostly related to incidents that happen before pregnancy, at birth and after birth. The article argues that most of the time the meaning is known to the namer, and not the one to whom the name is bestowed. The article also looks at …

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What Triggers The Augment In Shinyiha?, Devet Goodness Jun 2013

What Triggers The Augment In Shinyiha?, Devet Goodness

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper presents a description of the augment in Shinyiha1. The overall purpose of the study was to investigate the function of the segment that appears before the class prefix of the noun in Shinyiha. Elicitation method was in most cases, in the form of informal discussion. The findings indicate that the occurrence of the augment in Shinyiha is triggered by syntactic contexts. Precisely speaking, the occurrence of the augment is triggered by the type of the construction used. This paper argues that although the function of the augment may be related to definiteness, specificity and topicality, these pragmatic functions …

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Levels And Chemodynamics Of Pesticides In Soil And Sediments At Kilombero Sugarcane Plantations And Environs, Morogoro Region, Tanzania, James T. Zacharia Jun 2013

Levels And Chemodynamics Of Pesticides In Soil And Sediments At Kilombero Sugarcane Plantations And Environs, Morogoro Region, Tanzania, James T. Zacharia

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

metabolites in soil and sediment samples from Kilombero sugarcane plantations and environs, Morogoro Region, Tanzania. The samples were screened for 56 different pesticide residues and their metabolites using GC-ECD and GC-NPD and the results were confirmed by GC-MS. A total of 31 soil samples and 19 sediment samples were analysed in this study and a total of 16 different pesticides/metabolites were detected in soil samples; and 12 different pesticides/metabolites were detected in sediment samples. o,p’-DDT was shown to have the highest concentration of all the detected pesticides/metabolites in soil samples with a mean concentration of 21.04µg/kg d.w whereas the highest …

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The Dilemma Of Members Of Farmers’ Cooperatives After Liberalisation Of Domestic Coffee Marketing: The Case Of Moshi And Rombo Districts, Tanzania, David Gongwe Mhando Dgm, Shigela K. Ganja, Eliza Monyo Jun 2013

The Dilemma Of Members Of Farmers’ Cooperatives After Liberalisation Of Domestic Coffee Marketing: The Case Of Moshi And Rombo Districts, Tanzania, David Gongwe Mhando Dgm, Shigela K. Ganja, Eliza Monyo

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The current economic and marketing reforms in Tanzania have not led to expected improvement in the productivity, incomes and overall livelihoods of coffee growers. Consequently, farmer’s cooperatives have been unable to satisfactorily provide the essential services to their members. This paper analyses the impact of market liberalisation to members of cooperatives. Data was collected by household surveys, FGD and interviews, whereby structured questionnaires and checklists were employed. The study found out that following market liberalisation, Agricultural Marketing Cooperative Societies (AMCOS) are disorganised and lack strong management. There is no substantial welfare improvement to AMCOS members due to the unpredictable pricing …

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Dynamics Of Juvenile Delinquency And Crimes In Arusha City, Tanzania: An Agenda For Development, Stephen J. Nindi, Faraja. Gudadi, David G. Mhando Jun 2013

Dynamics Of Juvenile Delinquency And Crimes In Arusha City, Tanzania: An Agenda For Development, Stephen J. Nindi, Faraja. Gudadi, David G. Mhando

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Juvenile delinquency and crimes creates enormous setbacks in the development process mostly in third world countries like Tanzania whose mechanisms to deal with the situation are weak. This paper examines the dynamics of juvenile delinquency and crimes and their mitigation measures in a study done in Arusha, Tanzania. The study results showed that juveniles involved in delinquent behaviours are as young as 12 years old, and most join the bandwagon after completion of primary school education. Poverty is the main factor for their involvement in juvenile crimes; and so are peer influence, drug abuse, and alcoholism. The paper recommends the …

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