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Articles 151 - 180 of 226
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Women’S Attitudes Towards Wife-Beating In Tanzania: Evidence From The 2015/16 National Demographic And Health Survey, Magashi Joseph, Neema Msenda
Women’S Attitudes Towards Wife-Beating In Tanzania: Evidence From The 2015/16 National Demographic And Health Survey, Magashi Joseph, Neema Msenda
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Approval of wife-beating implies a continuous women victimisation which affects their health, wellbeing, and their involvement in productive activities in the economy. The study intends to investigate socioeconomic determinants of approval of wife-beating in Tanzania. The analysis uses cross-sectional data of a representative sample of 5,889 married women from the 2015/16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. Result shows that about 60% of married women approve wife-beating from their partners/husbands in Tanzania. Further, multivariate logistic regression estimates reveal that approval of wife beating is negatively associated with women involvement in decision-making, household economic status, women’s and partner’s education, and women media …
Survivorship Of The Reintroduced Kihansi Spray Toads Nectophrynoides Asperginis In A Soft Release Experiment At The Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania, Flora John Magige, Nassoro Mohamed
Survivorship Of The Reintroduced Kihansi Spray Toads Nectophrynoides Asperginis In A Soft Release Experiment At The Kihansi Gorge, Tanzania, Flora John Magige, Nassoro Mohamed
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The Kihansi Spray Toad (KST) Nectophrynoides asperginis is endemic to the unique wetland habitat surrounding the Kihansi Falls, Tanzania, with which it was associated. The species was declared extinct in the wild in 2009 by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), following the loss of its unique habitat due to the diversion of the Kihansi River for hydropower production. This study is an initial attempt to determine the survivorship and possible sources of mortality of newborn and adult KSTs placed in cages in their original habitat in the Upper Spray Wetland (USW) and Lower Spray Wetland (LSW) areas. …
Does The Seedling Emergence Technique Limit The Detection Of Seeds Of Miombo Species In Miombo Woodlands?, Halima M. Amir, Mkabwa L. K Manoko
Does The Seedling Emergence Technique Limit The Detection Of Seeds Of Miombo Species In Miombo Woodlands?, Halima M. Amir, Mkabwa L. K Manoko
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Seedling emergence technique frequently used in soil seed bank studies indicates that seeds of Miombo species are not present in the soil seed bank. Does this method limit the detection of seeds of Miombo species in the soil seed bank? This question has not been investigated systematically. The present study aims to find out whether the seedling emergency method limits the detection of seeds of Miombo species in the soil seed bank of Miombo woodlands. In the investigation, seedling emergence and extraction methods were used to estimate soil seed bank in Miombo woodlands. Data were obtained from 50 circular plots …
Women’S Autonomy In Decision-Making On Own Healthcare In Tanzania, Cresencia A. Masawe,, Eveline , G. Mcharo, Gasper B. Masawe
Women’S Autonomy In Decision-Making On Own Healthcare In Tanzania, Cresencia A. Masawe,, Eveline , G. Mcharo, Gasper B. Masawe
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The status of women’s health has a direct influence on their decision-making regarding their healthcare. This study analyses the determinants of women’s autonomy in decision making regarding their own healthcare in Tanzania. The study uses data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey, and the Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS) conducted in 2015/2016. The focus of the analysis is on married women within an age range of 15 49 years. Cross-tabulation and logistic regression model were used to examine the association between women’s demographic characteristics—such as age, education level, place of residence, marital status, wealth index, and literacy level—and their autonomy …
Chemical Composition And Behavioural Responses Of Male And Female Bactrocera Dorsalis To Their Volatile Emissions, Fikira Kimbokota
Chemical Composition And Behavioural Responses Of Male And Female Bactrocera Dorsalis To Their Volatile Emissions, Fikira Kimbokota
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Bactrocera dorsalis, (Tephritidae) presented a grave threat to a broad range of fruit and vegetables in the tropics, including Tanzania. Bactrocera dorsalis is among the most destructive tephritid fruit fly, causing devastating loss of fruits especially mango. Insects use olfactory cues to locate hosts, oviposition sites and mating, in which pheromones are believed to be a strong cue used by insect to locate their mates. However, due to their high ability to adapt and occupy different ecological niches into various agroecological zones, there is a need to evaluate pheromonal composition from time to time to improve their control strategies. Therefore, …
The Association Between Household Wealth And Nutritional Status Of Preschool Children In Tanzania: Evidence From The 2012/13 National Panel Survey, Samwel Lwiza
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This study aims to investigate the association between household wealth and nutritional status among preschool children in Tanzania. The analysis is based on a nationally representative sample of 2,120 children from the Tanzania National Panel Survey (NPS), 2012/13. Household wealth was measured by wealth index constructed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA); whereas child stunting and underweight were used to determine the nutritional status of a child. Results indicate that the prevalence of children stunting and underweight were 40% and 21%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model shows that the proportion of stunting and underweight in the poorest 20% households were …
Analysis Of Newspaper Headlines: A Case Of Two Tanzanian English Dailies, Erasmus Akiley Msuya
Analysis Of Newspaper Headlines: A Case Of Two Tanzanian English Dailies, Erasmus Akiley Msuya
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The current study analyses newspaper headlines in respect to three categories: international, local, and business news (irrespective of the geographical scope) of two English dailies: a government-owned Daily News, and a privately-owned The Guardian. The study sought to analyse newspaper headlines guided by semantic under-determinacy, an important theoretical framework in accounting for a balance between linguistic economy that characterises newspaper headlines and communicative precision. The data were collected via documentary review. The headlines were analysed under three categories: local, international, and business news that included local and international spectrums. A total of 2004 headlines were randomly selected for analysis: 1088 …
Psychoanalytic Interpretation Of Marina’S Character In Kyomuhendo’S Secrets No More, Esther J. Masele, Deogratias M. Kisweka
Psychoanalytic Interpretation Of Marina’S Character In Kyomuhendo’S Secrets No More, Esther J. Masele, Deogratias M. Kisweka
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Based on the assumption that characters in a literary text are true representations of human beings, this paper intends to interpret Kyomuhendo’s characterization of Marina in Secrets No More, applying psychoanalytic theory thereby, authenticating Freud’s concept of personality in the understanding of characters’ deeds in the novel. Taking into consideration that Freud’s psychoanalysis is a wide and complex theory, this paper focuses on the basics of ‘Id’, ‘Ego’ and ‘Super-ego’ as modes of interpretation to evaluate the effectiveness of the theory in providing a deeper understanding of a character’s personality and meaningful interpretation of a text. In the same context, …
Teachers’ Demographic Characteristics And Their Implications For Retaining Teachers In Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools, Raymond Mwemezi
Teachers’ Demographic Characteristics And Their Implications For Retaining Teachers In Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools, Raymond Mwemezi
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The paper explores the demographic characteristics (age, gender, experience, and education levels) among teachers in remote public secondary schools in Tanzania and their implications for teacher retention. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire involving 152 teachers from 23 remote schools, located in three districts of Kondoa, Mpwapwa and Chemba in Dodoma region, the central part of Tanzania. The results showed that most of the teachers in remote public secondary schools are males (76.3%), aged between 23–30 years (65.1%); and the majority are below 36 years (89.4%), with bachelor’s degree as their highest education qualification (58.6%), and have stayed …
Cyberbullying And Cybervictimization In Tanzanian Secondary Schools: Prevalence And Predictors, Hezron Zacharia Onditi, Jennifer Shapka
Cyberbullying And Cybervictimization In Tanzanian Secondary Schools: Prevalence And Predictors, Hezron Zacharia Onditi, Jennifer Shapka
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This study explored cyberbullying and cybervictimization, and the role of socio demographic and access to technology variables for Tanzanian adolescents. A self-report questionnaire was completed by secondary school students aged 14 to 18 (Form 1 to Form IV). Results provide evidence that online violence is increasingly becoming a problem of concern for Tanzanian adolescents. In particular, whereas 42% of the students reported to have cyberbullied others using electronic communication devices, 58% admitted having experienced cybervictimization. Also, results showed that students who spend more time online, share cellphones with others, and who access digital devices in a private location are more …
Learning Technology By Design: Experiences From In-Service Science And Mathematics Teachers In Tanzania, Ayoub Cherd Kafyulilo,, Frank Tilya
Learning Technology By Design: Experiences From In-Service Science And Mathematics Teachers In Tanzania, Ayoub Cherd Kafyulilo,, Frank Tilya
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This study explored the effectiveness of learning technology by design in the development of in-service science teachers’ competencies of integrating technology in science and mathematics teaching in Tanzania. The learning of technology by design involved a workshop, collaborative design of technology-integrated lessons and classroom teaching. A total of 26 science and mathematics teachers from two selected secondary schools (13 from each) participated in the design of technology-integrated lessons. The study involved pre- and post-intervention assessment of teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), which was done through self assessment questions and an observation guide. For the post-intervention assessment, one-to-one interviews were …
The Role Of Self-Efficacy And Use Of Teachers’ Feedback On Students’ Mathematics Performance In Tanzanian Secondary Schools, Florence Kyaruzi
The Role Of Self-Efficacy And Use Of Teachers’ Feedback On Students’ Mathematics Performance In Tanzanian Secondary Schools, Florence Kyaruzi
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Self-efficacy has been found to have positive relationship with important educational variables such as choice of task, persistence, motivation, and academic performance. This study investigated the role of students’ mathematics self-efficacy and use of teachers’ feedback in improving mathematics performance among secondary schools in Tanzania. The study involved 2767 Form III students sampled from 48 secondary schools in Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro regions. A questionnaire was used to measure students’ mathematics self-efficacy and mathematics performance, while focus group discussions were used to explore students’ perceptions of the use teachers’ feedback. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling and content …
Perspectives Of Teachers And Social Workers On Sexual Exploitation Of Adolescent Students In Tanzania, Budeba Petro Mlyakado
Perspectives Of Teachers And Social Workers On Sexual Exploitation Of Adolescent Students In Tanzania, Budeba Petro Mlyakado
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Sexual exploitation of children and adolescents is a global concern. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of empirical studies in Tanzania that systematically examine stakeholders’ views on this phenomenon. Using qualitative data from eight focus group discussions (FGDs), this study explores perspectives of teachers and social workers on sexual exploitation of adolescent students. The respondents of this study were conveniently selected from six secondary schools and two social welfare departments in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza regions of Tanzania. The study intended to generate insights for relevant policy and practices towards mitigating the plights of sexual exploitation. Results indicate that teachers …
Promoting Teacher Professional Learning In Tanzanian Schools: Lessons From Chinese School-Based Professional Learning Communities, Mjege Kinyota, Patrick Severine Kavenuke, Rehema J. Mwakabenga,
Promoting Teacher Professional Learning In Tanzanian Schools: Lessons From Chinese School-Based Professional Learning Communities, Mjege Kinyota, Patrick Severine Kavenuke, Rehema J. Mwakabenga,
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This paper reports on the history, features, and challenges of School-Based Professional Learning Communities (SBPLCs) in China to elicit lessons for Tanzania towards improving in-service teacher professional development. Based on the Chinese SBPLCs, this review aims to provide some insights to educational planners and teachers in Tanzania on how to establish and maintain effective school-based professional learning. This analysis used 30 journal articles published over the past twelve years (2006-2017) to provide research-based evidence. The findings indicate that Chinese schools have registered significant achievements in SBPLCs by supporting teacher collaborative learning and research in both rural and urban areas. As …
Tense Sensitivity Of Shambala Relative Markers, Salehe Kaoneka
Tense Sensitivity Of Shambala Relative Markers, Salehe Kaoneka
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This article goes a step ahead from the focus of relative clause formation strategies in Shambala provided in previous Shambala studies (c.f. Besha, 200; and Riedel, 2009). It describes relative formation strategies in the Shambala Bantu language (G.23) by focusing on the analysis of the constraints posed by relative markers on tense systems of the language. The study reveals three important issues: first, the positioning of the Shambala relative markers is highly constrained by tense; second, in unmarked situations, every relative marker is restricted to a particular tense; and third, when marked, some relative markers may refer to other tenses …
Profit Efficiency And Smallholder Sugarcane Out-Growers Under Contract Farming In Tanzania: Does Location Matter?, Thobias Nsindagi, Jennifer K. Sesabo
Profit Efficiency And Smallholder Sugarcane Out-Growers Under Contract Farming In Tanzania: Does Location Matter?, Thobias Nsindagi, Jennifer K. Sesabo
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Tanzania is among countries that value the sugarcane sector as one of the potential crops for poverty alleviation. The sector provides direct employment to about 14,000 people, and it is an outlet for the produce of over 30,000 farming households (Nkonya & Barreiro Hurle, 2012). Likewise, it provides direct earnings and savings amounting to about US$28m annually (Sugar Board of Tanzania (SBT), 2007). However, sugarcane out-growers in Tanzania have been getting low prices relative to unit costs (Matango, 2006). This has generated substantial debate about the need and level of government support. Like other developing countries, contract farming (CF) has …
Motivation For Learning Chinese As A Foreign Language: Experiences From Duce, Emmanuel Ilonga Dr
Motivation For Learning Chinese As A Foreign Language: Experiences From Duce, Emmanuel Ilonga Dr
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This study explores the motivation for learning Chinese language at the Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE). The major objective is to find out the reasons that motivated learners to enrol into the optional Chinese language course. The data used in the study was gathered through questionnaires and structured interviews. The presentation of findings reflected four types of motivation: intrinsic, extrinsic, integrative, and lastly, instrumental motivation. The results revealed that learners’ motivation for learning Chinese as a foreign language at the DUCE includes personal contentedness, developing base for further education abroad, integrating with the Chinese community and learning …
Literary Cartography: The Mapping Of Colonial And Post-Colonial Races In Vassanji’S The Gunny Sack, Edith Bwana
Literary Cartography: The Mapping Of Colonial And Post-Colonial Races In Vassanji’S The Gunny Sack, Edith Bwana
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Colonialism was institutionalised by the demarcation of borders and spaces. Society was divided along racial and economic lines, separating the ruling class of Europeans and Asian middlemen from the majority Africans who were ruled. In the struggle to establish a national identity in the post-colonial era, similar demarcations were created with the purpose of establishing a unified and consolidated nation state, again dividing society along similar racial categories. In this process, minority social groupings were ignored and written out of history in favour of a homogenous national narrative. The novel The Gunny Sack, by M.G Vassanji, attempts to remap the …
Historiography Of Industrialization In Nigeria: 1914–1960, Chris. B.N Ogbogbo, Ayodele Samuel Aborisade
Historiography Of Industrialization In Nigeria: 1914–1960, Chris. B.N Ogbogbo, Ayodele Samuel Aborisade
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The historiography of industrialization in Nigeria has a rich but confused literature. Scholars from various disciplinary orientations have engaged this subject matter from perspectives that have complexified the idea and concept of industrialization in a colonial state. This study interrogates the various perspectives of intellectual inquiry on industrialization of colonial Nigeria, and argues that although industries and industrial activities existed in pre-colonial and colonial Nigeria, industrialization between 1914 and 1960, as portrayed by a number of scholars, was a farce. Thus, the interrogation of theoretical and historical explanation of industrialization by scholars as one of the important components of colonial …
A Syntactic Analysis Of Relative Clauses In The Southern Cushitic Language, Iraqw, Chrispina Alphonce
A Syntactic Analysis Of Relative Clauses In The Southern Cushitic Language, Iraqw, Chrispina Alphonce
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The article offers an account of the syntax of relative clauses in Iraqw, a Southern Cushitic language of the Afroasiatic Micropylum spoken in northern Tanzania. It examines the structure of relative clauses, relativization strategies, relative markers and noun phrase accessibility hierarchy (AB). Using the descriptive research design, coupled with the qualitative approach, data were generated through elicitation. 8 informants were sampled through snowball technique to inform the study. Text collection was also done to identify relative clauses. The analysis of the data obtained revealed the following: (i) Iraqw displays postnominal relative clause, the feature that is common in most of …
Early Childhood Care And Education In Water-Scarcity Villages In Tanzania: The Case Of Ng’Hong’Onha Village, Dodoma, Lyabwene Mtahabwa
Early Childhood Care And Education In Water-Scarcity Villages In Tanzania: The Case Of Ng’Hong’Onha Village, Dodoma, Lyabwene Mtahabwa
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This article presents findings from a study that adopted a concept of the best interests of the child to investigate stakeholders’ experiences in different water-scarcity contexts in relation to the care and education of children by using the case of one village in Dodoma region. Three objectives guided the study: (a) establishing the extent of water scarcity and its causes in relation to early childhood service delivery; (b) documenting the effects of water scarcity on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE); and (c) examining efforts made by village members to curb water scarcity. The study gathered data from a sample …
Tanzanian Adolescents In The Digital Age Of Cell Phones And The Internet: Access, Use And Risks, Hezron Zacharia Onditi
Tanzanian Adolescents In The Digital Age Of Cell Phones And The Internet: Access, Use And Risks, Hezron Zacharia Onditi
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This study explored cell phones and internet access, use, and potential risks among Tanzanian secondary school adolescents. A total of 778 students aged 14-18 in Form I to Form IV responded to a self-report questionnaire, and a subset of 20 participants participated in semi-structured interviews. Results revealed a remarkable uptake of cell phones and internet technologies among Tanzanian adolescents. In particular, whereas about 50% of the students reported to own cell phones (nearly 60% own simcards), 76% admitted using cell phones at home, and 86% reported to connect to the Internet. Results showed that male and older adolescents seem to …
The Role Of Bilingualism On Affix Borrowing: The Case Of Nominal And Verbal Derivation In Chimalaba, Hamisi Amani, Abel Y. Mreta
The Role Of Bilingualism On Affix Borrowing: The Case Of Nominal And Verbal Derivation In Chimalaba, Hamisi Amani, Abel Y. Mreta
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This paper describes an interesting case of the role of bilingualism on affix borrowing from Kiswahili into Chimalaba. The data were collected through interviews, previous collected corpora, native narratives and targeted elicitations. Thomason’s (2001), Borrowing Scale (BS) and the Principle of Functional Explanation (PFE) guided the analysis. The BS predicts the level of intensity of contact with possible socio-historical factors for borrowing of particular structural features, whereas the PFE through a Multi-Causation Model (MCM) specifies the interplay of factors in promoting structural borrowing in a hierarchy. The findings indicate that bilingualism plays an intermediary role in promoting affix borrowing in …
An Investigation Of Performance In National English Language Examinations In Tanzania: A Curriculum Processes Perspective, Gastor Mapunda
An Investigation Of Performance In National English Language Examinations In Tanzania: A Curriculum Processes Perspective, Gastor Mapunda
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This paper is a result of observations of teachers, employers and language researchers that many Tanzanian students who are at the ordinary level of secondary education have not been doing well in their national English language examinations. The results became worse in the 2012 examinations. The current study focused on curricula processes, namely syllabus preparation, teacher preparedness for handling syllabus demands, examination processes, and how all these are coordinated. Using semi-structured interview, questionnaire, and documentary review methods, the findings reveal that there are inefficiencies when it comes to engaging some important stakeholders such as teachers, parents, and learners. Additionally, the …
Whose Names Are In Science Textbooks? Justifying The Need For Critical Pedagogy In Tanzania Science Classrooms, Mjege Kinyota, Patrick Severine Kavenuke
Whose Names Are In Science Textbooks? Justifying The Need For Critical Pedagogy In Tanzania Science Classrooms, Mjege Kinyota, Patrick Severine Kavenuke
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
Textbooks are the most important teaching and learning resources in education in most developing countries, including Tanzania. However, researchers in education have tended to ignore critical issues related to textbooks. For example, while Africa, as a continent, has contributed a lot to the development of science and technology, it is unfortunate that African scientists and their achievements do not feature in science textbooks used in African schools. This paper seeks to explore critical aspects in science textbooks that are often taken for granted, such as names of scientists cited in those textbooks. Additionally, the question of what are the stereotypes …
The Writer And Africa’S Post-Colonial Crisis: Ideology, Language And Representation In Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’O’S A Grain Of Wheat, Nicholas Kamau-Goro
The Writer And Africa’S Post-Colonial Crisis: Ideology, Language And Representation In Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’O’S A Grain Of Wheat, Nicholas Kamau-Goro
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This article attempts a re-reading of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat within the broader context of Africa’s cultural history. Faced with the reality of the failure of the post-colonial state to deliver on the promises of independence, the author is confronted with a dilemma: how does he transcend the disillusion and sense of despair engendered by this failure? To answer this question, I read the novel through the prism of post colonial theory to illustrate how Ngũgĩ’s attempts to mediate Africa’s post-colonial crisis precipitates a review of his ideological stances leading to a jettisoning of the liberal humanist …
Meaning And Meaning-Extension Of The Verb Kata In Kiswahili, Devet Goodness
Meaning And Meaning-Extension Of The Verb Kata In Kiswahili, Devet Goodness
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This paper presents an analysis of the verb ‘kata’ in Kiswahili. It examines the semantic behavior of the verb ‘kata’. It pays attention to the semantic expansion of the verb ‘kata’ when it co-occurs with different nouns to create metaphorical meanings. In this paper, it is shown that the verb ‘kata’ is extremely productive and allows as many meanings as possible when it co-occurs with different nouns. The findings show that the semantic features of the verb kata change depending on the features of the objects, and whether they are in metaphorical or concrete contexts. It is found that the …
The Nature Of Conditional Sentences In Nyakyusa, Amani Lusekelo
The Nature Of Conditional Sentences In Nyakyusa, Amani Lusekelo
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The mechanisms utilized to introduce conditional construction in Nyakyusa are partly similar to the patterns available in some Bantu languages because its protasis is introduced by the word lıınga. The counterfactual marker angali introduces the apodosis of the counterfactual sentences, similar to Zulu and Swahili. The main difference is that Nyakyusa differentiates reality and unreality situations primarily through TAM formatives. For instance, realistic situations manifest in future and present tenses while unrealistic events are primarily indicated by remoteness in past tense.
Towards An Anglophone African Literature Praxis: A Case Of A Literary Linguistic Conundrum And The Teaching Of African Letters, Michael Andindilile
Towards An Anglophone African Literature Praxis: A Case Of A Literary Linguistic Conundrum And The Teaching Of African Letters, Michael Andindilile
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
This article attempts to bring together various strands vital in the study and teaching of Anglophone African literature in an increasingly globalised world, which no longer has the luxury of ignoring the rich literatures from this unique continent often given an unwarranted bad name. It looks beyond the literary-linguistic conundrum to examine how the most can come out of the interpretation and teaching of Anglophone African literatures, primarily drawing on examples from Chinua Achebe’s oeuvre. It primarily argues that the increasingly transnational world has heightened the need to study and teach literatures from traditionally non-English contexts in the language, English, …
Facebooking The Tanzanian Elections: Citizen And Party Campaigners In The Social Media Ecosystem, Deodatus P. Shayo
Facebooking The Tanzanian Elections: Citizen And Party Campaigners In The Social Media Ecosystem, Deodatus P. Shayo
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The 2015 presidential election cycle in Tanzania featured social media networks in electoral campaigning. Citizen and party campaigners emerged and used Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram and WhatsApp mobile instant-messaging application to recruit and mobilise voters. This article attempts to examine the most recent explosion of citizen and party election campaigners on Facebook. The analysis focuses on their engagement with Facebook campaigns, and whether the use of this social media platform amplified the promotion of presidential candidates. The findings indicate that some presidential candidates were hardly visible on Facebook and could not get citizen and party campaign-initiated support. Some were actively …