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Using Hba1c To Diagnose Diabetes In The Uc, Davis-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rat Model, Yu Henry Huo, Jennice Herrera, Kimber L. Stanhope, James L. Graham, Peter J. Havel D.V.M., Ph.D., Audrey J. Stone, Michelle L. Harrison

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

With disease progression, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to debilitating complications arising from damage to nerves and blood vessels. Importantly, investigations focusing on T2DM progression have the capacity to distinguish individuals at greater risk for these severe complications through the identification of predictive biomarkers. Hence, the accurate diagnosis of T2DM is critical to such investigations. UC Davis (UCD) T2DM rats are born without diabetes and develop the disease over time with a similar pathophysiology to that in humans. This unique rat model allows researchers to investigate predictive biomarkers linked to the progression of T2D; however, such investigations require an …

Effects Of 8-Week Ketogenic Diet On Anthropometrics, Body Composition, Metabolic Parameters, And Psychological Factors In Young Obese Population, Hayden G. West, Soon-Mi Choi, Frank B. Wyatt, Michael W. Olson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obese have a significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI), which can be associated with poor nutritional intake and sedentary lifestyles. The ketogenic diet is a form of a dietary intervention which is often implemented for metabolic syndrome individuals such as obese populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of a ketogenic diet on anthropometrics, body composition, metabolic parameters, and psychological factors in young obese population. METHODS: Seven young obese participants (n=7, height (cm); 174.8 ± 10.9, weight (kg); 105 ± 20.7, BMI (kg∙m^-2); 34.6 ± 4.8) completed an 8-week intervention with …

Associations With The Number Of Well-Known Grocery Stores, Gyms, And Parks To Median Household Income, Sara Le, Edward Merritt Phd, Vanessa Mikan Phd

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Segregated neighborhoods are linked to the environmental exposures, education and behavior of their residents. Access to exercise and nutrition resources are dependent on whether or not residents are able to afford it or not. PURPOSE: To identify the associations between the location of nutrition and exercise resources to household income. METHODS: Selective Zip codes in the Austin Area were used to identify the median household income through an online search where data is collected from the U.S. Census. Selective grocery store companies and gyms were found through an online search of their website “store locator.” Neighborhood parks were identified by …

Impact Of Menstrual Phases On Stress Markers: A Pilot Study, Bailey C. Weishaar, Hunter S. Waldman, Kyle T. Patek, Matthew J. Mcallister

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: Previous research has shown that different phases of the menstrual cycle may impact biometrics such as markers of stress and inflammation [e.g., cortisol (CORT), interleukin-6] as well as body composition. However, there is scarce literature regarding markers of stress and oxidative stress such as salivary a-amylase (sAA), immunoglobin-A (SIgA) and uric acid (UA), in relation to the four different menstrual phases. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of menstrual phases on sAA, CORT, UA and SIgA. METHODS: 21 pre-menopausal women with regular menstrual cycles (n=9) oral contraceptive users (OC) and ( …

Measurement Of Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Rer) With Oral Versus Oronasal Breathing After Sports Drink Mouth Rinse, Meeshti Shethia, Edward Merritt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), is often used to determine the balance of carbohydrate and fat oxidation during exercise. However, introducing carbohydrates into the mouth and pharynx could possibly influence the value while not actually changing the whole-body metabolism. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if a sports drink mouth rinse during steady-state (SS) exercise affects RER. METHODS: Eleven participants exercised at steady state in 4 different, randomized conditions while respiratory gases were analyzed: 1) Breathing through the mouth after water rinse; 2), breathing through the mouth …

Kinetic Chain Rehabilitation In A Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patient, Melissa D. Long, Erin D. Dorrel

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CASE HISTORY: The patient’s chief complaint was decreasing ROM and pain noticed after conservative orthopedic treatment in the dominant (left) elbow. After extensive evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) at 9 years old. PHYSICAL EXAM: Upon physical therapist examination, it was determined that she had deficits throughout the entire left upper extremity and quadrant. Findings include signs and symptoms of Upper Cross Syndrome including pectoralis muscle group tightness, weakness of deep neck flexors with overuse of sternocleidomastoid and scalenes group, weakness of posterior shoulder and upper back including lower trap, middle trap, and all …

Geranylgeraniol Supplementation Mitigates Muscle Atrophy With Mitochondrial Quality Improvement In Diabetic Rats, Nigel C. Jiwan, Casey Appell, Rui Wang, Chwan-Li Shen, Hui-Ying Luk

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

With diabetes, skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control (mitochondrial fusion, fission & macro-autophagy) is impaired. Geranylgeraniol (GG) is shown to have a protective effect on preventing mitochondrial damage and muscle health; however, the effect of GG on a diabetic model is not known. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of GG on mitochondrial quality control and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three diet groups: control diet (CON), high-fat diet with 35 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (HFD), and HFD with 800 mg/kg body weight of GG (GG). Due to the limited sample, a …

Special Olympics Fitness Assessment Project, Vanessa G. Garza, Victoria I. Moreno

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Fitness is an important aspect of the Special Olympics mission. Physical activity, adequate nutrition, and hydration enhance athletes’ sports performance and improve health and overall quality of life. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is under a service contract, assist Special Olympics International in data collection to evaluate the effectiveness of their Fit 5 program intervention. Analyze the health and fitness status of the Rio Grande Valley Special Olympics Athletes and the effectiveness of the Fit 5 program in the area. METHODS: Participant eligibility were current special Olympic athletes aged 18 and older in the Rio Grande Valley area. Forty-six …

Effect Of Single Vs Accumulated Bouts Of Exercise On Body Composition, Fitness, And Resting Metabolic Rate, Katherine Jankevicius, Alex Alvara, James Rowe

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To examine how the effects of accumulated exercise compare to continuous exercise on body composition, VO₂max, and metabolic rate. METHODS: Mildly active males (n = 4) and females (n = 5) were randomly selected to perform either 1) continuous exercise consisting of one 30-minute bout of Tabata (1-bout), 2) accumulated exercise consisting of two 15-minute bouts of Tabata (2-bout), or 3) no exercise (control). Both exercise groups performed Tabata three times per week for 4 weeks. Each group had three participants (2 males and 1 female) with the exception of the 2-bout group which had 3 …

The Effects Of Body Composition On Resting Metabolic Rate Among College Aged Students, Natalie A. Delgadillo, Frank Wyatt, Michael W. Olson, Soon-Mi Choi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the measure of daily energy expenditure while the body is at rest. RMR is becoming more useful in order to measure the energy demands in both athletes and non-athletes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the RMR among college aged students, along with their body compositions in order to determine if there is a correlation between body fat percentage and RMR. METHODS: Participants in this study included 19 students at Midwestern State University between the ages of 19-25. (n = 19; female = 12; male = 7). Participants were asked prior …

Comparison Of Actual Versus Recommended Intake Of Collegiate Athletes Across Gender And Season At A Small Division I University, Benjamin C. Garza, Terah Ege, Sofia Ramos, Brittanie L. Lockard

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Collegiate athletes often struggle to consume foods that provide adequate energy and nutrition to fuel their demanding physical performance and recovery needs. The increased energy expenditure during in- versus off-season training may further hinder an athlete’s ability to meet recommended intake guidelines. PURPOSE: to assess Division I student-athlete nutrition intake (calories, protein, carbohydrates, and fat) throughout training seasons of the 2019-2021 school years. METHODS: From 2019-2021, 29 athletes (male: n=9, Wt=76.9 ± 2.2kg, LBM=66.0 ± 6.7kg; female: n=20, Wt=68.6 ± 3.7, LBM=51.4 ± 1.7kg) completed 3-day intake (ASA24) logs monthly. Body composition (InBody 570, BIA) and sport nutrition …

Case Presentation For Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Corali V. Medico, Vered Arbel, Terry Nicola, Tal Amasay

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CASE HISTORY: The patient is a 54-year-old female who presented to the orthopedic clinic to evaluate a sharp burning pain in her left lower leg. She stated that the pain started eight months after an Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) surgery of her left tibial plateau and had progressively gotten worse. She was prescribed gabapentin and oxycodone for pain and experienced minimal relief with gabapentin. Additionally, she applied analgesic gel which seems to have the most help along with the narcotic. She stated that stabbing and shooting pain radiated from her left lateral proximal tibia down to her …

Case Presentation For Axillary Nerve Injury, Anthony Williams, Vered Arbel, Terry Nicola, Tal Amasay

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CASE HISTORY: The patient is a 21-year-old male experiencing upper extremity numbness and tingling in the right deltoid. He began to experience these symptoms after a football injury and was seen by a doctor who referred him to a sports medicine specialist one month after the injury. The injury occurred during a football game, where he was struck by an opponent on the right inferior axillary region. The patient lost mobility of his right arm immediately following his injury, however, regain minimal mobility a week later. Right arm was checked for dislocation or any fractures, and none were found. …

Does Having A Glucose Peak Time Within 30 Minutes Of Glucose Ingestion Indicate Better Metabolic Flexibility?, Joshua Labadah, Ali Mossayebi, Jehu Apaflo, Victoria Rocha, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Metabolic flexibility is the ability of the body to physiologically adapt to fuel oxidation in response to fuel availability assessed by change in respiratory quotient (DRQ) from fasted to glucose/insulin-stimulated states. Glucose peak time describes the time of the highest plasma glucose concentration during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Peak time >30 minutes has been associated with increased odds of prediabetes compared to peak times ≤30 minutes. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine if glucose peak time withing 30 minutes of glucose ingestion during an OGTT is indicative of better substrate utilization. METHODS: Sixty-two …

Gender Difference In The Relationship Of Fatigue Index, Anaerobic Power And Capacity To Body Composition And Bone Mineral Status In Non-Athletes, Ali Mossayebi, Jehu N. Apaflo, Joshua Labadah, Victoria Rocha, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The fatigue index is considered an important indicator of anaerobic fitness. The lower the fatigue index, the greater the ability of the body to maintain its power output through an anaerobic performance. The Wingate test is widely used by coaches, athletes, and researchers to measure lower body power, anaerobic capacity, and fatigue index. Body composition is considered an important component of anaerobic fitness, it is not clear how gender may influence the relationship between body composition and anaerobic fitness. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand how gender may impact the relationship between body composition and anaerobic …

Biphasic Glucose Curve Morphology Reflects Better Glucose Tolerance And Substrate Utilization, Jehu Narh Apaflo, Joshua Labadah, Ali Mossayebi, Victoria Rocha, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The shape of glucose curve during an oral glucose tolerance test is a plausible risk factor for insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders and could be a potential biomarker for predicting risk for developing diabetes. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the glucose tolerance and substrate utilization between monophasic and biphasic glucose curve morphologies. METHODS: A total of 50 subjects (33/17 male/female; Age: 27 ± 7.74 years; BMI: 27.7 ± 4.97 kg/m²) without diabetes were tested for a two-hour oral glucose tolerance after ingesting 75g of glucose drink. Blood glucose levels were measured at time points …

Lifestyle Factors Affecting Android Fat In Hispanic Residents Of The Rgv, Alexandro Rodriguez, Ryan D. Russell, Smaran Marupudi, Gabriel Figueroa, Jaime Rodriguez, Saraswathy Nair, Jimmy Gonzalez, Yu Lun Tai

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Approximately 79% of the Hispanic population in the Rio Grande Valley (HPRGV) are overweight or obese. As such, this population also have ~3x the type 2 diabetes (T2D) rates than the US average. Distribution of adipose tissue, affected largely by genetics and lifestyle (diet and physical activity, has been identified as a key-marker for T2D risk among apparently healthy individuals. However, the relationship of lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity on android fat in healthy young Hispanics of the RGV has not been completely explored. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is …

Metabolic Flexibility In Healthy Hispanics In The Rio Grande Valley With And Without A Family History Of Type 2 Diabetes, Jaime Rodriguez, Ryan D. Russell, Gabriel A. Figueroa, Alexandro Rodriguez, Smaran Marupudi, Yu Lun Tai, Sara Swathy, Jimmy Gonzales

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has several comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, elevated lipid profile, microvascular complications, and impaired metabolic flexibility (MF: the ability to switch substrate use upon stimulation). Further, healthy Caucasians with a family history of T2D (FH+) have impaired MF similar to T2D, suggesting impaired MF could be an early-detection tool to identify at-risk populations. Hispanics of the Rio Grande Valley have ~3x the T2D rates as the US average, and have ~79% of the people in this region are either overweight or obese. However, patterns of MF in this population have not been addressed. Purpose: The …

Insulin-Induced Increase In Anabolic Capacity Is Blunted By Autophagic Inhibition In L6 Myotubes, Sean T. Stanelle, Patrick J. Ryan, Megan H. Lewis, Selina Uranga, Colleen L. O'Reilly, Jessica M. Cardin, James D. Fluckey

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Insulin is an anabolic hormone that acts on skeletal muscle cells to stimulate protein synthesis, an effect that is enhanced by the availability of amino acids. While autophagy within the cell provides an intracellular source of amino acids to support anabolism, little is known about how this pathway impacts the insulin-induced increase in anabolic capacity within skeletal muscle cells. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of autophagic inhibition in cultured L6 myotubes in conjunction with insulin stimulation in vitro. METHODS: Differentiated, cultured L6 myotubes were treated for 24 hours with or without insulin (100 nM) …

Autophagy Is Required For The Anabolic Response To Muscle Contraction, Patrick J. Ryan, Sean T. Stanelle, Megan H. Lewis, Selina Uranga, Colleen L. O'Reilly, J William Deaver, Jessica M. Cardin, James D. Fluckey

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise is a key stimulus in regulating the behavior and metabolism of skeletal muscle, with exercise inducing muscular growth through activation of the anabolic mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR). Separately, there is mounting evidence that exercise increases autophagy (one of the main routes by which intracellular proteins are degraded) and that the autophagic process may indeed be required for adaptations to exercise training. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of autophagy inhibition on mTOR signaling and cellular anabolism after muscular contraction. METHODS: Cultured L6 myotubes were to exposed to electrical pulse stimulation using a stimulator set to deliver bipolar pulses …

Athlete Perceptions Of Flavored, Menthol-Enhanced Energy Gels Ingested Prior To Running In The Heat, Roxanne M. Vogel, Christopher J. Stevens, Christian Swann, Megan L. Ross

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Thermal perception during exercise is known to influence endurance performance and the onset of fatigue. L-menthol, an organic compound derived from peppermint, evokes a cooling sensation through its action on TRPM8 channels which also respond to cold stimuli. Recent work identified that the internal application of menthol-enhanced fluids can be ergogenic during exercise in the heat. Hence, the addition of menthol to energy gels may be practical and beneficial for athletes. PURPOSE: To determine athlete acceptability and preferences for flavored energy gels with different menthol concentrations. METHODS: With a randomized, crossover, and double-blind placebo-controlled design, 27 endurance athletes …

Sports Analytics In Ncaa Division Iii Men’S Soccer: A Case Of Practical Application Of Gps Metrics, Madison Lecher, Hiroki Matsuo, Grant Morgan, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sports performance analysis has become an essential tool for coaches as it provides evidence for more educated decisions. However, objective measurement is essential for that process. Recently, GPS metrics have become very popular in soccer as they provide quantifiable data on identified key performance indicators (KPIs). Making inferences from raw data is a common challenge for practitioners. PURPOSE: To analyze and interpret the game data from 2020-21 season to answer the head coach’s questions of a) What is the profile per position (Center Back, Full Back, Deep Midfielder, Winger, Attacking Midfielder, and Striker) based on seven specific KPIs identified …

Relationship Between Body Composition, Diet, And Food Addiction In Young Adult Females, Abigail Fitzgibbons, Claire Timon, Britney Burnam, Jose M. Moris, Yunsuk Koh

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Addictive behavior in relation to food is often a consistent variable with obesity and aberrant eating. However, body composition alone is not a strong indicator of food addiction, rather is associated with other factors such as quality of diet, making the compulsive behavior difficult to diagnose. Eating disorders are widespread amongst young adult females and warrant further investigation. PURPOSE: To identify various factors that may attribute to food addiction symptoms in young adult females. METHODS: The study consisted of twelve physically healthy females (age = 20.8 ± 1.6 yr and BMI = 21.9 ± 1.6 kg/m²). …

Shoulder Arthroscopy After A Proximal Humeral Fracture Malunion: Athlete Care And Clinical Medicine In Middle-Aged Athletes, Anna Mcduffie, Nikolaos Gravvanis, Georgios Tsikouris, Theofanis Papadakis, Lisa A. Vicencio, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Malunion of the proximal humerus is operationally defined as healing of the fractured bone in a non-anatomical position, resulting in a painful and disabling deformity (e.g., a bone being shorter than normal, twisted or rotated in a bad position, or bent), which affects the range of motion (ROM) and functional movement. A correction and functional restoration are often needed in athletes, since their profession requires superior physical functioning. Shoulder arthroscopy has evolved dramatically over the past 15 years and has been used in cases of malunion of the humerus in athletes. However, there is a scarcity of evidence concerning middle-aged …

Estimation Of Visceral Fat Via Ultrasound Sonography, Jose M. Moris, Tomas Chapman-Lopez, Yunsuk Koh

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Although visceral fat (VF) can be quantified via computed tomography or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), their application for frequent VF assessment is limited because both methods are radiating in nature. Research suggests that ultrasound imaging can be used to predict VF safely without the risk of radiation exposure. However, the complexity and/or lack of replicability limits such application. PURPOSE: To develop an easy-to-replicate ultrasound protocol and a regression model that can accurately estimate VF area (VFA, cm²). METHODS: Thirty healthy adults (9 males and 21 females, age: 23.2 ± 7.4 yr, body mass index: 22.3 ± …

Facilitation Of Mental Health In Undergraduate, Adventure-Sport Curricula Students: The Effect Of Mental Toughness, Wheels Pelton, Hiroki Matsuo, Grant Morgan, Steven Maynard, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mental toughness (MT) has been positively associated with academic/physical performance and mental health (MH). Adventure sports studies involve exposure to exploratory and risk-taking activities aiming to facilitate positive psychological outcomes. Although such programs are frequently promoted for this purpose, there is a lack of empirical evidence concerning the effects of such a curriculum on the levels of MT/MH in undergraduate students. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of an adventure-sport curriculum on the levels of MT/MH of first-year (FY), and non-FY (NFY) undergraduate students of an expeditionary (EXP) studies program and compare it to FY students of another program (FWL). …

Association Between Efficiency Of Movement Patterns And Basketball Performance: An Exploratory Study, Claudia Fountain, Ali Boolani, Samuel Amsbaugh, Hiroki Matsuo, Grant Morgan, Andreas Stamatis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Basketball is a sport that requires players to execute a variety of multidirectional movements that have technically-skilled components of both offense and defense. While research has explored the relationships between a) strength and conditioning measures and basketball performance and b) strength and conditioning measures and measurements of movement efficiency, at this time we are unaware of any research that has investigated if movement efficiency and basketball performance are inter-related. PURPOSE: To explore the association between efficiency of movement and basketball performance. METHODS: Pre-season, participants (n=17) were recruited from a men’s and women’s NCAA Division 1 basketball team. Spatio-temporal …

Nutrient Adequacy In Endurance Athletes, Kamiah Moss, Andreas Kreutzer, Austin J. Graybeal, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Yan Zhang, Ryan R. Porter, Meena Shah

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Adequate nutrition is critical to optimal performance in endurance athletes. However, it remains unclear if endurance athletes are consuming enough energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if endurance athletes are meeting their nutritional requirements and whether it varies by gender. METHODS: Endurance athletes (n=44), 39.0±14.2 y, participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed using the five-step multiple-pass 24-hour recall method, a validated measure, that involved asking the participants to recall in detail the type and amount of foods and beverages they consumed the previous day. Energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes …

Intrinsic Anthropometric Factors Associated With Bone Stress Injuries In Collegiate Runners: New Risk Metrics & Novel Field Screening Tools, Pranav Gadangi, Aaron Carbuhn, Daniel Yu, Lawrence Magee, Patrick Mcculloch, Bradley Lambert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Lower extremity bone stress injuries (BSI) (i.e. pelvis, femur, tibia) are common in distance running athletes relative to other sports. PURPOSE: To (1) characterize bone mineral density (BMD), body composition (BComp, DXA), and anthropometric parameters in D1A collegiate runners presenting with and without BSIs during a collegiate season and (2) develop BMD prediction models with an accompanying mobile application for novel noninvasive field prediction of BMD and BSI risk. METHODS: Distance runners (n = 79; 42♂, 37♀) from a single university track and field team were retrospectively enrolled into study. The runners completed a DXA scan during fall screening (August-November). …

Examining The Relationship Between Trait Energy And Fatigue And Feelings Of Depression In Young Healthy Adults, Marc-Antoine D. Harris, Lauren Nesshoever, Ashley Carpenter, Selina Sampieri, Jennifer Keefer, Chelsea C. Yager, Andrew C. Pickett, Matthew L. Smith, Ali Boolani, Andreas Stamatis, Zacharias Papadakis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Depression is usually co-morbid with fatigue. However, we are unaware of studies exploring the relationship between trait energy and fatigue and feelings of depression. Recent evidence suggests that energy and fatigue are two distinct moods. PURPOSE: To examine the association between trait mental and physical energy and fatigue and feelings of depression, within an otherwise healthy young adult cohort. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, healthy respondents (n=495) completed a series of self-reported surveys measuring depression, lifestyle factors (sleep, diet, physical activity), and trait mental and physical energy and fatigue. Using a step-wise regression, we controlled for demographics and …