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Unpalatable Perennial Grass Invasion In Central-East Argentina Native Grasslands: Processes, Implications And Recovery, Roberto A. Distel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In temperate semiarid central-east Argentina, unpalatable perennial grasses (UPG) have been steadily invading native grasslands formerly dominated by palatable perennial grasses (PPG). The objective of this contribution is to provide a synthesis of underlying processes and implications of UPG invasion, as well as recovery strategies. Results have shown that heavy selective grazing on PPG reduces their superior competitive ability. Gaps formed due to reduced competition by PPG provide safe sites for UPG establishment. The development of large, long-lived tussock of UPG, in combination with high standing crop accumulation, impairs PPG establishment even in absence of grazing. UPG produce sclerophyllous tissues, …

Mechanics Of Combining Divergent Herbivores In Cultivated Pastures, James P. Muir, William D. Pitman, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., Jamie L. Foster, Mércia V. F. Dos Santos

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sustainable intensification of cultivated pastures is needed in ruminant production if we are to feed a growing world population expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050. Planting pastures of diverse, and therefore more productive and resilient, plant species has been proposed and researched. Despite illustrative examples from wild grasslands (Hofmann, 1989) and rangelands (Glimp, 1988), very little research and even less application of multiple herbivore species (MHS) in cultivated pastures has followed. We review the specific mechanics of divergent domesticated ruminants and theorize how these could best be combined to sustainably intensify meat, milk and fiber production from cultivated pastures …

Bermuda Grass Hay Did Not Improve Performance Of Stocker Calves Grazing Annual Ryegrass At A High Stocking Rate, Guillermo Scaglia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From the nutritional standpoint, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) can provide up to 32% crude protein which is approximately twice what a fall-weaned calf requires at that point in life (250 kg) with observed daily gains of 1 to 1.5 kg (Scaglia et al., 2009). Approximately 15% of the N that similar calves consumed while grazing cool season pastures is retained and 60% is excreted in urine (NRC, 1996). This lack of efficiency might be corrected by limiting access to ryegrass (high N content) while keeping cattle on low quality hay when off the pastures. The objective of …

Effects Of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application On Verano Stylo (Stylosanthes Hamata) For Fodder Production In Semi-Arid Nigeria, B. S. Malami, B. Usmani, S. A. Maigandi, A. Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Profitable ruminant livestock production in Nigeria is often constrained by an inadequate. Although natural grazing lands provide most forage for most animals, these pastures like those throughout most of the tropical world, are grossly deficient in energy, crude protein and minerals, particularly during the dry season, and so cannot meet the requirements for meat and milk production (Akinolai et al. 2010). Sown pastures have proved to a valuable technology to improve livestock nutrition. However, a major limitation to the use of sown tropical species is infertile soil. This is certainly the case in the north western region of Nigeria where …

Dry Matter Yield Of Promising Panicum Maximum Genotypes In Response To Phosphorus And Liming On Brazilian Savannah, Gustavo J. Braga, Giovana A. Maciel, Allan K. B. Ramos, Marcelo A. Carvalho, Francisco Duarte Fernandes, Liana Jank

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Soil fertility of the Brazilian savannah Cerrado is naturally poor. Extensive areas of pastures located in the central part of territory are cultivated with Brachiaria grasses which are less demanding for soil nutrients and lime (Rao et al. 1998). On the other hand, Panicum maximum cultivars such as the high yielding Mombaça grass recommended to intensive beef and dairy cattle systems (Euclides et al. 2008), must be seeded with a higher amount of fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P). Consequently there is an effort for selection of P. maximum genotypes with low P demand and high responsiveness. The objective of …

Effect Of Grazing On Soil Fertility And Trace Elements Of Temperate Desert Steppe In Northwestern China, T. Jiao, J. P. Wu, W. X. Cao, J. Qi, S. G. Zhao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grazing is the dominant land use of temperate desert steppe in northwestern China. It is well established that the grazing process has impacts on plant production and biodiversity (Li 1997), but less is known about the effects of grazing chemical characteristics of grassland soils. Livestock feeding activities, especially the provision of supplementary sources, may influence pasture nutrient cycle, and in turn change the chemical composition of the grassland soil (Rong et al. 2001). Soil fertility may be affected by the type use and grazing intensities because these may cause alterations in soil physical and chemical properties as well as …

Effects Of Se And Co Combined Fertilizer On Production Of Alfalfa, Xiao Guo, Xiao-Lei Jie, Hua-Feng Hu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Selenium(Se) and cobalt (Co) are important essential trace elements for forage and animal production (Yang et al. 1998, Arvy 1993). The supplementation of Se in animal diet significantly increases Se-Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px ) activities in the liver, testes, spermatozoa and seminal plasma (Abdelrahman et al.1998), Selenium is also a key component of a number of functional seleno-proteins. GSH-Px is the best characterized of the family of selenoproteins. In Henan Province, the fine grass and green milk production zones are mainly distributed along the riverbank of the Yellow River where soils are sandy and sterile with lower Se and Co …

Leaf Nitrogen And Phosphorus Stoichiometry Of Natural Plant Community And Restorable Plant Community In The Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, Mingwei Luo, Yuying Shen, Zhenggang Guo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The human engineering activities (highway, railway, cable, gas line and high line construction) has a negative impact on the alpine grassland ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), and the natural restoration of plant community in land used for engineering construction is an important part of the rehabilitation of the degraded alpine grassland ecosystem. Previous studies have shown that the plant species and community diversity relationship in natural plant community and restorable plant community vary with the elevation (Guo et al. 2007) and restoration duration of land for engineering construction is more than 20 years at present (Ma et al …

Impact Of The Last Grazing Time On The White Clover/Grass Swards Performance, Jonas Šlepetys, Alvyra Slepetiene

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Winter survival and longevity of grasses depend not only on the weather conditions but also on the state of grasses in the autumn, when their wintering shoots and roots are intensively accumulating reserves of nutrients (Stout, 1987; Sardana and Narwal, 2000). The long-term productivity of the sward depends on the species composition of grasses, frequency of use, nitrogen fertilisation, and timing of the last cut. The effects of these various factors on the sward can be very diverse in various geographic locations (Van Keuren, 1988; Taneja et al., 1994; Sollenberger and Newman, 2007). When utilising pastures in the regions of …

Feed Intake And Diet Selection By Sheep On Rangeland At Two Phenological Stages In North Kordofan State, Sudan, Mohammed F. M. Fatur, Babo Fadlalla, Abdelaziz K. Gaiballa

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

North Kordofan is a leading State of Sudan in animal and range resources. Animal production is traditional and extensive, depending on natural rangeland. Sheep rank first in importance amounting to about 12.9 million heads. This study was conducted at El Demokeya Forest Reserve, North Kordofan State, Sudan at two range sites, protected and open. The objectives were to determinate feed intake and assess the plant species selected by sheep and development of preference indices for use in managing the rangeland.

Weeds Forage Potential For Ruminant Feeding: Chemical Composition And Kinetics Of Rumen Degradation, Víctor Rovalino-Núñez, Marcos A. Barros-Rodríguez, Javier Solorio-Sánchez, Hernán Zurita-Vásquez, Carlos Sandoval-Castro, Geovanny Velasteguí-Espín, Daniela Sánchez-Gavilanes, Diego Cadena-Yanchapaxi, Jorge Vega-Chariguaman, Sixto Mayorga-Paredes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Systems of ruminant production in the Andean highlands of Ecuador are dominated by monoculture grasses, where producers do not allow association with other plants such as weeds. These systems have small areas of land and the peasants would be wasting feed resources (association) with high nutritional content and secondary compounds that may be beneficial for feeding ruminants improving the nutritional value of grassland. In this context, Castelán et al. (2003) mention that the use of weeds in ruminant nutrition by small producers in temperate areas of Mexico, it becomes the main natural forage resource for livestock to feed round …

Assessing Nutritive Value And Economics Of Baby Corn Fodder (Zea Mays) Production Compared To Qpm And Hybrid Maize During Winter Season, J. J. Gupta, A. Dey

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions both as grain and fodder. In India, maize is the third most important food crops after rice and wheat. According to an estimate it is cultivated in 8.7 m ha (2010-11) mainly during Kharif season which covers 80% area. In recent past, some new varieties of maize like quality protein maize (QPM) and baby corn have been introduced in the region considering its better economic returns (baby corn as food-feed crop) and nutritional quality over normal maize. In the last …

Effects Of The Supplementation Of Brewers’ Grain Silage Or Wheat Bran With And Without Urea On Meat Quantity And Quality In Mongolian Grazing Lambs, Gantumur Chuluunbat, Seishi Yamasaki, Bayaraa Baasanjalbuu, Puruv Tsedevdorj

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural open pastures occupy approximately 80% of the land in Mongolia and have traditionally supported the pastoral livestock production system. After the collapse of socialism and the introduction of a market economy more than two decades ago, the total number of animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, horses, camels, as well as grazing pressure on pastures has increased (National Statistical Office of Mongolia, 2014). Despite this, the number sharply decreased twice during the cold seasons of 2000/2001 and 2010/2011 by a dzud. The dzud is the Mongolian name for an abnormal winter weather condition in northeast Asia, characterized by snowy and …

Evaluation Of Nutritive Value Of Azolla Pinnata, Sunil Dutt Choudhary, Sheela Choudhary, Poonam Yadav, Manish Kumawat

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The water fern Azolla, which grows in association with the blue-green algae Anabaena azollae, a nitrogen fixing organism, is the most promising from the point of view of ease of cultivation, productivity and nutritive value. It grows naturally in stagnant water of drains, canals, ponds, rivers, marshy lands. Azolla can be used in animal feed and it is a potential feed ingredient for livestock; it is an income generating crop. Azolla is easily propagated but requires abundant standing water, relative humidity of 85-90%, pH of 4.5-6.5, salinity between 90-150 mg/L and adequate phosphorus for its nutritional needs. It is …

Non-Conventional Silage For Arid Region, P. K. Malaviya, Dinesh Mishra, A. K. Patel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Thar is one of the most heavily populated desert areas in the world and the main occupations of the people living here are agriculture and livestock production. Agriculture is not a dependable proposition in this area due to erratic rains and occurrence of frequent droughts. A large number of farmers in Thar Desert depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood. Animal husbandry, trees and grasses, intercropped with vegetables or fruit trees, is the most viable farming system for arid, drought-prone regions (Anonymous, 2012a,b). Further, livestock sector is expected to emerge as an engine of agricultural growth in the 12th plan …

Evaluation Of Grass Bales Stored Under Cover And Plinth System Of Storage, P. N. Dwivedi, P. K. Pathak, C. S. Sahay

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The feed and fodder requirement for dairy animals is primarily met by roughages, green fodder and homemade concentrate mixtures. Roughages are high in crude fibrous material which essentially consists of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and to some extent lignin. Livestock production is backbone of Indian Agriculture and source of employment in rural areas for centuries. To meet the demand of feeding these huge livestock population an adequate supply of feed throughout the year is the prerequisite for successful animal production programmes.

A huge gap between demand and supply of feed and fodder exists in our country. This huge gap between requirement and …

Efficacy Of Laccases Obtained From The White Rot Basidiomycete Schizophyllum Commune-Ni 07 In Enhancing The In Vitro Digestibility Of Crop Residues For Ruminants, Vidya Pradeep Kumar, Manpal Sridhar, Chandrashekar Naik

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Crop residues like maize stover, finger millet straw, wheat straw, rice straw, etc. generally constitute the main dietary component for animals. The rumen microbial utilization of these crop residues is hindered by the presence of lignin, which limits its overall digestion process and can significantly influence animal performance, because it is resistant to most of the enzymatic hydrolysis by microorganisms. In nature lignin is degraded by lignolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (WRF). These residues can thus be converted into high quality feed by means of fungal delignification improving their nutritive value. Fungal ligninolysis breaks down the cellulose-hemicellulose matrix liberating …

Plant C, N, P Stoichiometry Was Effected With Nitrogen Deposition On The Loess Plateau, China, Shulan Su, Xudong Li, Decao Niu, Haiyan Wen, Huige Han, Caixia Wu, Hua Fu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The mass ratio of C:N:P (Carbon: Nitrogen: Phosphorus) in plant tissue can reflect the utilization efficiency of these basic elements (Piao et al. 2005). Additionally, the N:P ratio in plant tissue can be used to detect nutrient limita-tions as N, P or both are most often the driving force for ecosystem development and change (Koerselman and Meuleman 1996). N deposition has been increasing dramatically and it has great influence on the productivity, stability and nutrient supply conditions in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem in recent years (Wang and Yu 2008). Many scholars have focused on the C:N:P stoichiometry of …

Short-Term Effects Of Phosphorus Application On Phosphorus Content In Soil And Dominant Species Under Ungrazed And Grazed Conditions In The Tibetan Plateau, Yajing Guo, Zhengang Guo, Yuying Shen, Xianzhi Wang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Phosphorus (P) availability in soils is an important indicator for health and growth in plants. The available phosphorus (AP) content of alpine meadow soil in northern China is low. Previous studies of alpine meadow have reported that soil nutrient levels have been significantly improved after a 9-year enclosure (Wu et al. 2010b) whereas continuous grazing over 19 years reduced total P (TP) by 25% in a Leymus chinensis steppe (Li 2001). Many studies have shown that the application of P fertilizer can improve dry matter production and forage quality in cultivated grasslands (Shi et al. 2007). However, the …

Evaluation Of Macro And Micro Mineral Concentration Of Some Common Forages Of Dausa District Of Rajasthan, Sheela Choudhary

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The Rajasthan state is blessed with huge livestock population but the fodder availability is limited in this region. To deal with scarcity the locally available tree leaves and forages are provided to the livestock. Fodder tree/shrub legumes have the potential for alleviating some of the feed shortages and nutritional deficiencies experienced in the dry season on small holder farms. Tree leaves are rich in protein, carotene and minerals and contribute a sizable amount of edible biomass and has been considered as a potential source of sustenance since ages for raising livestock, particularly sheep and goat which are principle grazing animals. …

Nutritional Values And Economics Of Leguminous Blocks As Goat Feed, P. K. Sampatrao Takawale, S. S. Jade, S. D. Ghorpade

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rearing of ruminant animals i.e. sheep and goats, especially is hampered by the seasonal availability of good quality and quantity of feeds such that during the dry season months, the little available forage is of low quality. The consequences are weight loss, low birth weight, low resistance to disease and reduced animal performance (Fajemisin et al., 2010). One potential way for increasing the quality and availability of feeds for smallholder ruminant animals in the dry season may be through the use of fodder trees and shrub legumes. Leaf protein sources obtained in leaf vegetables, legume trees, fodder trees and …

Mineral Content Of Leguminous And Non-Leguminous Crop Residues Vis A Vis Their Requirement In Animals, K. K. Singh, M. M. Das, Asim Kumar Misra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The need of mineral for growth, reproduction and production as well as normal physiological functions of animal body is well recognized. In most of the tropical and sub-tropical countries crop residues constitute the major feed resource in the livestock. The concentration of macro and trace minerals in crop residues depend on various factors including genetic and species of plant viz., leguminous and non-leguminous (Singh et al., 1997). Further, limited information is available currently on different types of crop residues. Therefore, in the present study was under taken to see the macro and micro mineral status of some leguminous and non-leguminous …

In-Vitro Fermentation Study Of Some Grasses Utilized By Camels In Arid Ecosystem, Ashok Kumar Nagpal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Camel, the ship of desert feeds on a variety of feeds and fodders of grasses, crop residues and shrubs/bushes. The various types of feeds and fodders are the source of nutrient supply upon which depends the production performance of the animal. It is, thus, essential to create the data base of feeds and fodders and their nutrient contents for the formulation of balanced ration for the animals. The analysis of proximate components and detergent fibre components are generally done to get idea about the nutrient availability to the animal. In vivo evaluation provides the real picture of feeds and fodders …

Prediction Of The Chemical Composition And Fermentation Parameters Of Fresh Coarse Italian Ryegrass Haylage Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Hyung Soo Park, Sang Hoon Lee, Ki Choon Choi, Ji Hye Kim, Jong Geun Kim, Gi Jun Choi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is an annual forage grass species which is widely cultivated in South Korea. It grows extensively in the southern part of the country and is an important component of winter forage for livestock. Each year, in Korea, over one million hectares of Italian ryegrass is converted to round bale haylage. Quality control is an important field in forage utilization research and marketing, and involves the estimation of forage nutrient content. Wet chemistry is the traditional method used to analyze the nutrient content of forage. However, this technique is often destructive, expensive, and time consuming, …

Milk Production And Nutrient Efficiency Of Lactation Goats On Diet Containing Linseed Cake, Mustard Cake And Guar Korma With Urea In Concentrates, Manoj Kumar Tripathi, Prabhat Tripathi, Ravindra Kumar, U. B. Chaudhary, D. L. Gupta, Ramkesh Meena

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Protein supplements, those conventionally used in goat feeding includes oil meals of ground nut, soybean meal, linseed and til etc., which are very costly and their availability is limited for ruminant feeding as these are most used in pig and poultry rations. However, mustard (Brassica juncea) oil meal is available in plenty at cheaper prices but their utilization in goat feeding is limited due to its bitterness (Pailan and Singhal, 2007), which arises upon degradation of glucosinolate contents of mustard (Tripathi and Mishra, 2007). Ruminant animals have unique capability of bioconversion of nonprotein nitrogen substances into microbial protein, …

Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics Of Integrated Crop-Pasture Systems With Annual And Perennial Forages, Maria V. Pravia, Armen R. Kemanian, José A. Terra

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Increased demand for food and bioenergy crops and the subsequent intensification of crop production creates a challenge for the conservation of natural resources in Latin America and the world. In Uruguay, no-till cash-crop production area has increased from 0.4 to 1.5 million ha in the last decade (DIEA 2011) mostly at the expense of pastureland through expanding grain production to soils with lower land use capability. Production systems based on crop-pasture rotations shifted to a longer annual cropping phase with a shorter pasture phase, or to continuous annual crop-ping. Long-term experiments in the country have shown that the rotation of …

Tiller Population Stability Of Aruana Guineagrass Subjected To Cutting Severities And Fertilized With Nitrogen, Alessandra A. Giacomini, Karina Batista, Maria T. Colozza, Waldssimiler T. Mattos, Luciana Gerdes, Ivani P. Otsuki, Joaquim C. Werner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tiller appearance, death and survival rates determine the persistency of each grass species and their herbage accumulation. The balance between these factors may vary with frequency and intensity of grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Separated analysis of data on tiller appearance and survival or death may not indicate if tiller population is stable in a given time, that is, if tiller appearance in relation to tiller survival is large enough to maintain tiller population stable. In order to avoid that, an integrated analysis of tiller appearance and death was used, the tiller population stability index (SI), as defined by Bahmani …

Effect Of Different Additives On Fermentation Characteristics Of Fodder Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L) Moench] Compared To Co-3 (Pennisetum Perpureum X Pennisetum Americarnum), Ayesha Abeysinghe, Sujatha Premaratne, G. G. C. Premalal

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Milk production plays a vital role to overcome the nutritional poverty in all aged groups of people. But there are many kinds of constraints to sustainable milk production in Sri Lanka. The biggest problem is high cost of feeding of dairy animals due to high price of compounded feeds, lack of knowledge on methods of low-cost feed supplementation and seasonal fluctuations in ruminant feed resources. Less availability of good quality green forages has led to low productivity from national dairy herd of Sri Lanka during the dry season (Premaratne and Premalal, 2006). Silage production is one of the most popular …

Effect Of Growth Stage On The Macro Mineral Concentrations Of Forbs And Grasses In A Semi-Arid Region Of Sudan, Sahar Ezzat, Babo Fadlalla

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Ruminants grazing forages in severely mineral-deficient areas may be more restricted by this condition than by inadequacy of energy or protein. Mineral imbalances in soils and forages are responsible for low production and reproduction in grazing livestock. As grazing livestock are not usually offered mineral supplements apart from common salt, they depend upon forages for their requirements. However forages rarely fully satisfy all mineral requirements. Mineral intakes of livestock are influenced by the factors that determine the mineral content of plants and their seeds. The concentrations of minerals in plants depend largely on plant genotype, soil environment, climate and stage …

The Effect Of Different Types Of Inoculants On The Characteristics Of Alfalfa, Ryegrass And Red Clover-Ryegrass-Timothy Silage, Vilma Vrotniakiene, Jonas Jatkauskas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Silage inoculants based on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated improvements in energy and nutrient recovery from grass and legume silages by lowering the pH and shifting the fermentation towards lactic acid production, by reducing storage losses due to spoilage and by increasing the aerobic stability during feed-out. There are different mixtures of strains currently on the market.

The present study was conducted according to the Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft Guidelines for the testing of silage additives in order to assess which mixtures of lactic acid bacteria would have a greater potential to improve fermentation profile of alfalfa, perennial ryegrass and red …