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Management Strategies To Improve Indigenous Meat Goat Productivity In Semi-Arid Areas Of Southern Africa, L R. Ndlovu
Management Strategies To Improve Indigenous Meat Goat Productivity In Semi-Arid Areas Of Southern Africa, L R. Ndlovu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The semi-arid areas of southern Africa are characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with sandy soils which result in severe fluctuations in feed quality and quantity. Goats are an important component of farming systems in these areas but their meat production is constrained by shortage of feed in the dry season. Young goats are particularly vulnerable and management systems that prevent weight loss during the dry season are needed. Positive growth rates in kids· aged 8-60 weeks were obtained in response to feeding 200-400 g of Dolichos lablab (a drought-tolerant fodder) or Acacia lorti/is pods (a naturally occurring feed …
Herbage Yields Of Barley And Hungarian Vetch Or Hairy Vetch At Different Seeding Rates, M Munzur
Herbage Yields Of Barley And Hungarian Vetch Or Hairy Vetch At Different Seeding Rates, M Munzur
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In a 2-year trial under dryland conditions on fallow land, an experiment was conducted to determine herbage quantity and quality of the mixtures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) or hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) grown at different seeding rates. Barley-vetch seeding rates were %: 100-0, 80-20, 60-40, 40-60, 20-80, 0-100. Seeding rates at 100% were 300 and 200 viable seeds/m2 for barley and vetches, respectively. Mean herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were different (P<0.05) among seeding rates with a 2-year average yield of 2058- 4742 kg DM/ha and 233-508 kg CP/ha. Botanical composition of the mixtures, based on weight, was generally 24-48% and 20-43% for Hungarian vetch and hairy vetch respectively, The best seeding rates in terms of herbage yield and crude protein yield were 20-80 or 40- 60, which are those equivalent to 60-160 or 120-120 seeds/m2 for barley and vetches, respectively. Mixtures of barley-vetches gave a better performance than barley or vetches grown alone.
An Approach For Testing The Ecological Amplitude Of Herbage Cultivars, B D. Campbell
An Approach For Testing The Ecological Amplitude Of Herbage Cultivars, B D. Campbell
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A technique is described for testing the response of cultivars to environmental factors using crossed, controlled gradients of mineral nutrient supply and simulated grazing. The usefulness of the technique was tested by growing the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivar Melle and the cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar Sylvan in isolation and in a complex mixture on the matrix. Contour maps of the frequency of tillers of the cultivars after 2 years' growth indicated that Melle is better suited to high fertility, heavily stocked sites. The technique may be useful as a compact, standardised method for cultivar testing.
Botanical Composition, Improvement Intervention And Cattle Weight Gain Of Natural Pastures Of Western Ethiopia, L Gizachew, A Tadesse, A Hassen
Botanical Composition, Improvement Intervention And Cattle Weight Gain Of Natural Pastures Of Western Ethiopia, L Gizachew, A Tadesse, A Hassen
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The dominant indigenous grass and legume species in the highland (above 2000 m) and mid-altitude (1600-2000 m) parts of western Ethiopia were determined. Grasslands in the high altitude contain a higher proportion of a nutritious grass and legume species than grasslands in the mid altitude. Fertiliser, manuring and legume oversowing improved dry matter yield and live-weight gains of grazing animals. Incorporating forage legumes into natural pastures by oversowing is the best pasture improvement strategy.
Effects Of Quantity And Pattern Of Herbage Removal On Botanical Composition Of A Temperate Pasture, W Harris
Effects Of Quantity And Pattern Of Herbage Removal On Botanical Composition Of A Temperate Pasture, W Harris
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Ryegrass-white clover (Lolium perenne L.- Trifolium repens L.) pasture was cut in continuous and .rotational patterns to provide herbage for 15, 20 and 25 ewes/ha. A comparison was made with grazed pasture. Dead matter content from rotational management decreased as stocking rate increased, but was high for high stocking rate continuous management when herbage requirements were high. Ryegrass decreased and clover content increased under continuous . management particularly as stocking rate increased. Unsown species • increased markedly under continuous management at high stocking. Changes of ryegrass and clover content under grazing were less than' under cutting possibly owing to …
Structure Of Plant Communities In A Pastoral System In Northern Spain, I Alonso, A Garcia
Structure Of Plant Communities In A Pastoral System In Northern Spain, I Alonso, A Garcia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Six grassland communities on different soil types in northern Spain were analysed for species life-form and growth form composition, diversity, height and above-ground biomass in relation to grazing. Hemicryptophytic life-form was the most characteristic form. The grasslands on calcareous soils showed the greatest diversity values and the lowest peak above-ground biomass. Grasses were more abundant in siliceous soils than in calcareous soils, but in all communities the group "other families" was dominant.
Ruminant Animal Production From Forages: Present Position And Future Opportunities, David E. Beever
Ruminant Animal Production From Forages: Present Position And Future Opportunities, David E. Beever
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The utilisation of forages by ruminants for the synthesis of meat and milk is often below expectations both in terms of the quantity and the composition of the product. Recognising that the nutrition of the ruminant is complicated by the need to meet the requirements of the host animal and its rumen ecosystem, it is now possible to identify the causes of some of these inefficiencies and to develop suitable strntegies to overcome them. This paper attempts, through a review of the mechanisms of carbohydrate and protein utilisation in the rumen and in the animal tissues, and identification of the …
Implications And Improvements In Nutritive Value On Plant Performance And Grassland Management, D Clark, J R. Wilson
Implications And Improvements In Nutritive Value On Plant Performance And Grassland Management, D Clark, J R. Wilson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lignin modification is one method of improving plant nutritive value and is used to illustrate methods and consequences of plant manipulation. The effect of modifying lignin organ, tissue or enzyme levels on plant performance is inferred from recent scientific work on a range of species. Selection for higher whole plant digestibility is sometimes negatively correlated with plant yield. However, there is sufficient variation in both characters that improvement new not inevitably lead to decreased yield. Cultivars selected for low leaf strength or more digestible stems usually have lesser amounts of sclerenchyma and vascular tissue with less lignin and thinner walls. …
Investigations On Energetic Utilization Of A Range Of Fresh, Dried And Ensiled Forages By Wether Sheep, W Jentsch
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The energy utilisation of 29-38 fresh (frozen), dried and ensiled forages was measured In respiration calorimeters with adult wether sheep. Forages were fed alone and in combination with cereals. There were no differences in energetic feed values (digestible and metabolizable energy , as well as efficiency of energy deposition) between fresh and dried forages, Feeding values of silages fed as a sole diet tend to be lower than those of all other rations; the efficiency of energy deposition was on an average 4.2% less than the predicted values.
Nutritional Quality Of Ryegrass Pastures For Finishing Lambs In Southern Africa, D V. Paulsmeier, J H.F Meyer
Nutritional Quality Of Ryegrass Pastures For Finishing Lambs In Southern Africa, D V. Paulsmeier, J H.F Meyer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A comparison between ryegrass, clover and a ryegrass-clover mixture was made in terms of animal production and possible limitations on intake. The occurrence of bloat on leguminous pastures restricts the use of these species in pasture systems in southern Africa. Highest average daily gains of 215 g were obtained on the clover pastures while average daily gains on ryegrass were I 63 g. Low specific gravity of the rumen content of sheep grazing pure clover, 0.62 kg/I, indicated gas formation in the rumen. On the ryegrass-clover mixture,· the influence of the lower degradability of ryegrass (P= S3.8%) effectively eliminated possible …
Comparative Study Of Four Varieties Of Cowpea. 2. Nutritive Value And Voluntary Intake, M A. Gabra, K M. Ghobrial
Comparative Study Of Four Varieties Of Cowpea. 2. Nutritive Value And Voluntary Intake, M A. Gabra, K M. Ghobrial
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Pour varieties of cowpea (Vigna spp.) were sown lo study the effect of varieties on nutritive value and voluntary intake by sheep in 4 metabolism trials. Results showed that the feeding value as total digestible nutrients, starch value (SV) and digestible crude protein (DCP) of the different varieties were 63.05-65.61 %, 56.22-58.50% and 12.64-13.08%, respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive with sheep fed green forage. The voluntary intake from SV and DCP by sheep could cover the maintenance requirements from energy and protein with surplus for production.
Voluntary Intake And Rumen Degradation By Sheep Of Mature Pods Of Medicago Truncatula Cv. Paraggio, R Valizadeh, E D. Carter, N G. Yates
Voluntary Intake And Rumen Degradation By Sheep Of Mature Pods Of Medicago Truncatula Cv. Paraggio, R Valizadeh, E D. Carter, N G. Yates
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The voluntary intake and rumen degradation of Medlcago trumcatula cv. Paraggio barrel medic pods harvested after both good and poor growing seasons were measured with Merino wethers. Voluntary intake measurements on 18 sheep were made during the last 12 days of a 3. week period. The degradation characteristics of the whole pods, seeds and hulls were measured by incubating samples (in nylon bags) for 24, 48 and 72 h in the rumen of 4 sheep fitted with rumen fistula and given a maintenance ration. The voluntary dry matter (DM) and organic matter intakes were 1837 and 1734 g/sheep/day for the …
Comparison Of Digestibility Of Sorghum Silage By Sheep And By Heifers With Special Reference To The Hemicellulose Monosaccharides, Osamu Kawamura, Shigeyuki Tanaka, Takashi Miaki, Kazuo Shinkai
Comparison Of Digestibility Of Sorghum Silage By Sheep And By Heifers With Special Reference To The Hemicellulose Monosaccharides, Osamu Kawamura, Shigeyuki Tanaka, Takashi Miaki, Kazuo Shinkai
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) and corn are the most popular summer forages in south-west Japan. In this experiment, the digestibilities of sorghum silage were determined by adult sheep and by heifers. The digestibilities of all proximate components by heifers were higher than by sheep, Non-structural carbohydrates were almost completely digested by sheep, in contrast to heifers which excreted a portion of the grain undigested. Neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin digestibilities for heifers were higher than those for sheep. Heifers digested each hemicellulose monosaccharide better than sheep, Sheep and heifers differed by the largest extent …
Sustainability Of African Farming Systems With Particular Reference To Soil Fertility, Multiple Cropping Systems And Weed Ingress In Smallholder Systems In Humid Tropical Africa, Bede N. Okigbo, Elly N. Sabiti
Sustainability Of African Farming Systems With Particular Reference To Soil Fertility, Multiple Cropping Systems And Weed Ingress In Smallholder Systems In Humid Tropical Africa, Bede N. Okigbo, Elly N. Sabiti
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Africa continues to face a food and agricultural crisis, the effects of which are sometimes exacerbated by drought and civil strife. The food crisis is the result of the inability of African countries in the humid tropical areas and other zones to produce enough food to satisfy escalating demand, owing largely to rapid population growth and pressures of modernisation. Furthermore, the inability of these countries to earn adequate incomes and the lack of food security, especially in some countries suffering from drought, civil strife or war, has resulted in increasing reliance on food aid to fulfil their food import requirements. …
Sustainability Of Forage-Livestock Production In Smallholder And Plantation Systems, F A. Moog
Sustainability Of Forage-Livestock Production In Smallholder And Plantation Systems, F A. Moog
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Smallholder crop production and plantation systems in south-east Asia provide great opportunities for the expansion of the livestock industry in the region. Weeds and crop residues associated with crop cultivation are utilised efficiently with integration of fodder species in cropping systems. Native vegetation and introduced forage species under plantation support and increase animal production, respectively. Some socioeconomic factors and policies affecting utilisation of grasslands and plantations in relation to smallholder productions are discussed.
Problems And Prospects For Forage Improvement And Utilization In Ghana, W S. Alhassan, P Barnes
Problems And Prospects For Forage Improvement And Utilization In Ghana, W S. Alhassan, P Barnes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
About 70% of the Iota! land area of Ghana is potential grazing land. Mosl ruminant livestock feed is from range, Pasture research in Ghana started in 1938 with the establishment of various native grass and legume collections. These included the grasses Vetiveria fulvilbarbis and Andropogon canalicultaus and the shrubs Griffonia simplicifolia (Leguminosae) and Grewia carpinfolia (Tiliaceae). Considerable success has been made in the introduction and screening of exotic grasses and legumes including Cenchrus ciliaris and various Stylosanthes spp. Very few studies have been conducted on forage utilisation. With the growing awareness of agro-forestry schemes, there are prospects for improved forage …
Nutrient Cycling Via Forage Litter In Tropical Grass-Legume Pastures, R J. Thomas, M Fisher, C Lascano, I M. Rao, M Ayarza, N Asakawa
Nutrient Cycling Via Forage Litter In Tropical Grass-Legume Pastures, R J. Thomas, M Fisher, C Lascano, I M. Rao, M Ayarza, N Asakawa
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Monthly rates of litter production were compared in pastures of Brachiaria dictyonenra either alone or in associations with Centrosema acutifolium or Stylosanthes capitata at low (I) medium ( 1.5), or high (2.0 animals/ha) stocking rates. Even though litter biomass at the start of grazing differed between treatments, after 3 months' grazing there were no differences either between grass or grass-legume pastures or between stocking rates in monthly rates of litter production. There were large differences in the quality of pasture litter however, the associations having 3- to· 4-fold greater concentrations of N, P and Ca compared with grass-only pastures …
Advances In Pasture Research And Education In Cuba, F Funes
Advances In Pasture Research And Education In Cuba, F Funes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Although some pasture research has been carried out since the beginning of the century, during the last 30 years important advances in pasture research and education have been attained in Cuba, In 1962 the first experimental s1ation specializing in pastures was created; at present there are 3 national centers and 15 research stations in different provinces of Cuba, with more than 200 scientists, 400 1echnicians and approximately 500 workers. Moreover, further research at the universities and technological schools are carried out. Every 5 years national research programs co-ordinated by the Academy of Sciences in search of solutions to the main …
Land Use Transition In The Grazing Areas Of Narok District, Kenya, W N. Wamicha, V P. D'Costa
Land Use Transition In The Grazing Areas Of Narok District, Kenya, W N. Wamicha, V P. D'Costa
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This work underscores the need for land use transitions in the Kilgoris and Lolgorien divisions of the Narok district, Because of the competition for grass between livestock and wildlife in addition to low technology used by the farmers, concentration of livestock in the area is very low (I SU/3 ha). Although the area is in agroclimatic zones (1-111), with high to medium potential for agricultural production, less than 40% is under cultivation. The main objective of this study was therefore to analyse the environmental and economic aspects of the potential agricultural production in the area. Animal production has ��en found …
Impact Of White Clover Cultivars On Nitrogen Fixation And Livestock Production In New Zealand Hill Pasture, D F. Chapman, A D. Mackay, B P. Devantier, N Dymock
Impact Of White Clover Cultivars On Nitrogen Fixation And Livestock Production In New Zealand Hill Pasture, D F. Chapman, A D. Mackay, B P. Devantier, N Dymock
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Growth, nitrogen fixation and animal production of pastures based on the white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars Grasslands Tabora or Grasslands Huia, and of unamended pastures containing the "resident" clover ecotype, were compared In a self-contained systems experiment on moderate to steep, low-fertility hill country. Put-andtake stocking of hoggets was used to assess animal production, with stocking rate determined by a feed budget model. Tabora- and Huiabased pastures had higher white clover contents than resident pastures over the first 3 years of measurement, and Tabora-based pastures fixed 4591, more N than resident pastures over 1 full year. Benefits in …
Significance Of Seed Size And Level Of Hard Seededness On Survival Of Medic Seeds Ingested By Sheep, F Squella, E D. Carter
Significance Of Seed Size And Level Of Hard Seededness On Survival Of Medic Seeds Ingested By Sheep, F Squella, E D. Carter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
One experiment tested the effects of 2 seed sizes (from small and large pods) and 2 levels of hnrdseededness (low and high) on survival of Medicago truncatula Oaerln. cv. Paraggio seeds in whole pods fed to sheep. A maximum survival of 6.6% was obtained for the viable seed output/total seed input when the small pod size (small seeds) with the highest level of hard seed was fed to the sheep. Dy contrast, there was only n 1.1 % survival when the large pod size (larger seeds) with the lowest level of hard seed was fed to sheep. A second experiment …
Evaluation Of Grazing-Tolerant Alfalfa Cultivars, J H. Bouton, S R. Smith Jr, C S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann
Evaluation Of Grazing-Tolerant Alfalfa Cultivars, J H. Bouton, S R. Smith Jr, C S. Hoveland, M A. Mccann
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) does not persist under continuous stocking with grazing animals. The creeping-rooted cultivars developed in the past were low yielding and varied in grazing persistence. The method and results of a breeding effort to develop and test high yielding, grazing-tolerant alfalfa cultivars are reported here. Replicated small plots within grazing paddocks subjected to intensive,continuous stocking with beef cattle (Bos indicus) over 2 years were used for selection and testing. This procedure was successful in producing the Alfagraze cultivar; and when used to test for grazing persistence among available cultivars, Alfagraze was consistently the most …
Bromus Stamineus- A Potential New Species For Pastures In Dry Regions Of New Zealand, A V. Stewart
Bromus Stamineus- A Potential New Species For Pastures In Dry Regions Of New Zealand, A V. Stewart
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Bromus stamineus Desvaux is a fine-leaved perennial species closely related to prairie grass (B. willdenowil Kunth). It differs primarily by having a greater number of smaller tillers and excellent tolerance to close grazing. Such characteristics provide it with considerable potential in drier east coast districts of New Zealand. The release of the first cultivar of this species, Grasslands Gala grazing brome, is enabling this potential to be developed. Further research is required to determine the precise role of this species.
The Value Of Adapted, Annual Ryegrasses For Subtropical Dairy Production, K F. Lowe, T M. Bowdler, G K. Reason, R J. Moss
The Value Of Adapted, Annual Ryegrasses For Subtropical Dairy Production, K F. Lowe, T M. Bowdler, G K. Reason, R J. Moss
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Cutting and grazing experiments were conducted in a subtropical environment to determine whether a relationship existed between differences measured in ryegrass cultivars from cutting experiments and milk production differences under grazing. Differences in dry mauer (OM) production under cutting between the standard annual ryegrass for the subtropics (Grasslands Tama) and a cultivar selected for superior performance under subtropical conditions (Midmar) averaged 31 %, differences in feed on offer under grazing averaged 21 %, while milk production differences averaged 10% in a 2-year study. The results indicate that increases in OM yield measured in cutting experiments will be consistent wlth differences …
Evaluation Of Dwarf Napiergrass, W W. Hanna, W G. Monson, G M. Hill
Evaluation Of Dwarf Napiergrass, W W. Hanna, W G. Monson, G M. Hill
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), a robust perennial bunchgrass with high yield potential, rapidly loses quality and palatability without proper management as it matures. In 1985 and 1986, 2 dwarf napiergrass cultivars (Mott and Tift Nl29) and 2 tall cultivars (Merkeron and Tift N68) were evaluated for yield, quality and agronomic characteristics. Dwarf cultivars yielded about 1/3 as much as tall cultivars. Percentage leaf was 60-76 for dwarf cultivors and 43-46 for tall cultivars. Average In vitro dry matter digestibility (lVDMD) of whole plants was similar among cultivars except for Tift N68 which tended to be lower (605, 594, 610 …
Plant Improvement: The Evaluation And Extension Processes, A S. Laidlaw, K.F M. Reed
Plant Improvement: The Evaluation And Extension Processes, A S. Laidlaw, K.F M. Reed
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Registration and evaluation systems throughout the world range from voluntary registration to compulsory schemes involving assessment of taxonomic and agronomic characteristics. Evaluation can be confined to agronomic tests simulated under grazing management or extended to feeding-value trials. Criteria include adaptation to climate and soils, persistence and seasonal growth, annual dry matter production, resistance to pests and diseases, and association with beneficial organisms. The need for stress (e.g. drought, low nutrients, acidity, salinity, heat or cold) to be given more emphasis in programmes in specific localities is suggested. In developing regions the emphasis is screening a wide range of grasses and …
Breeding Grasses For Adaptation To Environmental Problems, M O. Humphreys, M W. Humphreys, H Thomas
Breeding Grasses For Adaptation To Environmental Problems, M O. Humphreys, M W. Humphreys, H Thomas
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Hybrids between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) accessions from Romania and Hungary were produced in an auempt to improve cold lolerance. Winter survival of hybrids was poorer than expected on the basis of parent performance. In a second breeding programme, introgression of genes from toll fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam,) was achieved using pentaploid hybrids between letraploid Italian ryegrass and hexaploid all fcscue and backcrossing twice to diploid Italian ryegrass, Good response to selection for improved drought tolerance was obtained in backcrossed progeny. It appears that in breeding for improved tolerance to …
Relative Performance Of Three Cultivars Of Late-Heading Perennial Ryegrass Continuously Stocks By Ewes And Lambs, H Clark
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Three cultivars of late-heading perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were continuously but variably stocked with ewes and lambs so as to maintain steady state sward conditions. Net herbage production (NHP) was estimated by following the turnover of tissue on individually marked tillers and monitoring tiller numbers. Animal productivity was measured as lamb live-weight gain and ewe liveweight change and utilised metabolisable energy (UMB) estimated. The cultivars were S23, Melle and Mascot which were categorised outclassed, recommended and rejected, respectively, by the UK's National Institute of Agricultural Botany, NHP rankings for the cultivars (S23==100) were Melle 104 and Mascot 95 …
Grassland Investigation And Mapping Using Remote Sensing In Northern China, Liu Fuyuan, Li Znegyuan, Han Jinaguoguez, Xia Jingxin
Grassland Investigation And Mapping Using Remote Sensing In Northern China, Liu Fuyuan, Li Znegyuan, Han Jinaguoguez, Xia Jingxin
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A large area of grassland in north China is an important resource for animal production, The grassland vegetations of north China were investigated and mapped by means of remote sensing from 1986 to 1990, We adopted various multiple information and multitime phase satellite images which were taken to allow optical and computer processing for complicated cases and difficult areas of grassland classification, The grasslands were divided into 8 different types and 50 groups according to surface features of Landsat images, ecological environment and vegetation analysis, The warm shrub and herbosa grassland, which ls distributed mainly in the rocky mountainous regions, …
Effect Of Manipulative Management Options On A Degraded Pasture Within The Astrebla Spp. Grazing Lands Of Western Queensland, J J. Bushell, J A. Reynolds, D C. Cowan, D G. Phelps, J A. Milson
Effect Of Manipulative Management Options On A Degraded Pasture Within The Astrebla Spp. Grazing Lands Of Western Queensland, J J. Bushell, J A. Reynolds, D C. Cowan, D G. Phelps, J A. Milson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A reduction in Aslrebla spp., and an increase in less palatable and less desirable forbs (Malvastmm americanum Psoralea cinerea), was identified as a problem in some paddocks of the Astrebla grazing lands of central western Queensland's clay soils. To determine possible rehabilitation for these pastures and assist the recovery of Astrebla spp,, a 2-year experiment was conducted near Muttaburra, Queensland (460 mm average annual rainfall), Six main treatments (nil, tine ripping, herbicide, slashing, fire, and a pioneering grass) were combined in a 6x2x2 split piot structure with grazed/not grazed and with additional Astrebla lappacea seed sown/not sown. Interim …