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- Grazing (259)
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Implications Of Grazing Experiments Which Employ Only One Grazing Level Per Treatment, David I. Bransby
Implications Of Grazing Experiments Which Employ Only One Grazing Level Per Treatment, David I. Bransby
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Stocking rate is one of the most powerful driving variables in grazing ecosystems, but its influence on animal production is mediated through effects on pasture sward state, and associated effects on quantity and quality of forage consumed by animals. Consequently, confounding important sward state characteristics with treatments in grazing experiments will often mask treatment effects and lead to erroneous conclusions. While this problem has generally been recognized (e.g. Mott and Lucas, 1952; Wheeler et al. 1973 ; Hodgson, 1985), attempts to overcome it appear to be less than satisfactory. The aim of this paper is to discuss methods of stocking …
A Standard Livestock Unit (Slu) For Defining Stocking Rate In Grazing Studies, D J. Minson, P C. Whiteman
A Standard Livestock Unit (Slu) For Defining Stocking Rate In Grazing Studies, D J. Minson, P C. Whiteman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The weight of animals and hence their intakes vary between grazing experiments and at different stages of the same study but the results are often presented as though these differences do not affect grazing pressure (Roberts, 1980). Thus we have sheep/ha and cattle/ha, with no indication of the effects that differences in intake and hence grazing pressure might have on the pasture/animal interaction. Pastures are utilized by different classes of stock and there is a need to have a common basis for comparing their productivity. These problems would be overcome by the use of a Standard Livestock Unit (SLU).
Evaluation Of Tree Legumes Species At Different Agroclimatic Zones Of Indonesia, Mas'ud Panjaitan, R Jessop, W W. Stur
Evaluation Of Tree Legumes Species At Different Agroclimatic Zones Of Indonesia, Mas'ud Panjaitan, R Jessop, W W. Stur
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The population of Indonesia is over 145 million and more than 56 % of them earn their living from agriculture (Bi. Stat. Ind., 1983). A major problem in the development of improved animal production has been the shortage of feed and the generally low nutritive value of tropical forages which limit livestock production in Indonesia (Asian Agriculture Survey, 1969). The production of feed of adequate quality for ruminants is an important consideration particularly for small holders. In many situations, nitrogen fixing legume trees can be used as a high protein feed supplement which improves the utilization of grasses and crop …
Utilization Of Native Mediterranean Fodder Trees By Dairy Goats, M Meuret
Utilization Of Native Mediterranean Fodder Trees By Dairy Goats, M Meuret
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Few data are available on utilization of fodder trees and shrubs by lactating goats. In most cases, predictions of animal performances on the basis of recommendations obtained from standard reference trials, do not correspond with production results achieved on the farm. Using measurements in digestibility cages and on rangelands (chromic oxide marker), we recorded intake, apparent digestibility of diets and performances of goats well used to rangelands and browsing fresh oak foliage (Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens).
Phenols As Defensive Compounds In Birch (Betula Spp.) Metabolism Of Platyphylloside In Goats, Rabbits And Hares, R T. Palo, G Iason, P G. Knutsonn
Phenols As Defensive Compounds In Birch (Betula Spp.) Metabolism Of Platyphylloside In Goats, Rabbits And Hares, R T. Palo, G Iason, P G. Knutsonn
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Herbivores of the boreal forest like moose (Alces alces), hares (Lepus spp.) and birds (Tetranoidae) use birch as a major feed source. The tree is of medium preference to the animals and is low in available nutrients for most of the year. Apart from a high amount of lignified cell walls it also contains considerable amounts oflow molecular phenolic substances (Palo, 1984). A herbivore feeding on birch could thus be excepted to ingest large amounts of phenols. These are in general enough fat soluble to enter animal cells expected to ingest large amounts of …
Rumen Degradation Of Various Grass Species At Different Stages Of Growth, L J. Halliday
Rumen Degradation Of Various Grass Species At Different Stages Of Growth, L J. Halliday
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The species and cultivars sown depends on the farming system practiced. These developing swards are however, always invaded by native species including Agrostis, Paa and Festuca spp. which are generally referred to as 'weed' grasses. While the merits of Lolium spp. are well documented (Minson et al. 1960; Norton, 1982) information on the weed grasses is limited (Haggar, 1976). The potential for milk and meat production is dependent on the supply of utilizable nutrients to the animal's tissues which in turn is largely governed by the ability of rumen microbes to degrade plant cell walls. Although the degradability of dry …
Feed Evaluation Using Mobile Dacron Bags And Influences Of The Diet Composition, H Anzola, F N. Owens
Feed Evaluation Using Mobile Dacron Bags And Influences Of The Diet Composition, H Anzola, F N. Owens
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The Mobile Nylon Bag (MNB) technique has been used successfully in protein nutrition studies with swine (Sauer et al., 1983) to determine amino acid availability from protein in specific feedstuffs. Canadian researchers also have tested this technique to predict site of digestion in ruminants (Kirkpatrick and Kennelly, 1987). Differences in small intestinal digestion may explain why animal responses differ to dietary protein sources which have similar ruminal escape values (Owens, 1986). The MNB holds promise to appraise the intestinal availability of undegraded dietary protein though further developmel).t and testing are needed. The objective of this experiment was to examine the …
Forage Quality Of Coast Cross 1 Bermudagrass On Intestinal Digestion Of Dietary Amino Acids, G Coto, Hanna Meier, Patrica Malgarez
Forage Quality Of Coast Cross 1 Bermudagrass On Intestinal Digestion Of Dietary Amino Acids, G Coto, Hanna Meier, Patrica Malgarez
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The aim of this work was to study the digestibility of dietary amino acids found in the fibrous material, considering the quality of the forage offered as the sole feeding source.
Nitrogen And Organic Matter Disappearance In The Digestive Tract Of Sheep Grazing Three Winter Foggages, W A. Van Niekerk, H H. Meissner, E B. Spreeth, I S. Conradie
Nitrogen And Organic Matter Disappearance In The Digestive Tract Of Sheep Grazing Three Winter Foggages, W A. Van Niekerk, H H. Meissner, E B. Spreeth, I S. Conradie
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Animal production in the tropics and subtropics is limited by poor intake. This results because of high cell wall content and poor digestibility of tropical forages (Minson & McLeod, 1970). During the dormant (winter) season these negative effects were exaggerated. Also, N declines resulting in a further reduction in intake. The questions addressed here were whether winter foggage of improved subtropical pastures could be beneficial and secondly, how three species adapted to the drier areas of South Africa, compare in this regard.
Comparison Of Laboratory Methods For Estimating Herbage Digestibility, Francoise Riviere, P Maupetit, G Blanchard
Comparison Of Laboratory Methods For Estimating Herbage Digestibility, Francoise Riviere, P Maupetit, G Blanchard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Forages are an important source of nutrients for ruminants and recently interest has been shown in using forages for a greater proportion of the nutrients in ruminant production. The feeding value of forages mainly depends on their digestible organic matter contents. Feeding of forages to animals is the most accurate method of evaluation but such trials are expensive and very slow. Many laboratory procedures have been developped for estimating forage nutritive value. Recently, near infrared reflectance has been developped to provide a fast and reliable alternative method. The aim of the study is to compare laboratory methods of forage evaluation …
Determination Of Forage In Vivo Digestibility By Nirs, R Biston, P Dardenne, C Demarquilly
Determination Of Forage In Vivo Digestibility By Nirs, R Biston, P Dardenne, C Demarquilly
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The forage energetic value determination has always been and remains a important issue. It consists in predicting the Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD). Measuring In Vivo OMD on animals is time and money consuming. To predict OMD in laboratory, different chemical, microbiological and enzymatic methods are used. The articles published on the use of Near InfraRed Spectrometry (NIRS) indicate that this method can improve OMD determination efficiently (Norris, 1983; Shenk, 1977; Biston, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1988). The research work carried out in the Station de Haute Belgique in collaboration with INRA in Theix, has defined the efficiency of these technics for …
Enzymatic Solubility And Other Analytic Parameters Predicting Digestibility In Grasses Of Middling Food Value, J Silva Colomer, M Zarate, J C. Guevara, C Fransinelli
Enzymatic Solubility And Other Analytic Parameters Predicting Digestibility In Grasses Of Middling Food Value, J Silva Colomer, M Zarate, J C. Guevara, C Fransinelli
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
For a long time, laboratories techniques have been applied to predict "in vivo" digestibility. Among the biological methods, those basing on rumen fluid are the most used in the nutrition laboratories (Osbourn and Siddons, 1980). These techniques, however, present difficulties as the necessity of maintaining rumen-fistulated donor animals, variations in ruminal activity and high cost. For these reasons, the capacity of enzymatic solubility to predict digestibility has been studied in the last few years in different forages : hays, cereal straws, silages and pellets (Aerts et al., 1977 ; Rivero Yeas, 1985), agricultural byproducts (Aerts, 1977; Aguilera and Molina, 1986) …
Use Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy To Assess Nutritional Status Of Cattle Diets On Rangelands, J W. Stuth, E D. Kapes, R K. Lyons
Use Of Near Infrared Spectroscopy To Assess Nutritional Status Of Cattle Diets On Rangelands, J W. Stuth, E D. Kapes, R K. Lyons
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
There are two principal means for assessing the quality of grazing ruminant diets, analysis of extrusa from esophageally fistulated animals or indirect estimates from fecal analysis. Wet chemistry methods are well documented for the former but have proven to be of limited value regarding the latter. It is the purpose of this research to determine the suitability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating diet crude protein (%) and organic matter digestibility (%) directly from extrusa and indirectly from feces.
Monitoring The Nutrition Of Grazing Cattle With Near-Infrared Analysis Of Feces, S W. Coleman, J W. Stuth, J W. Holloway
Monitoring The Nutrition Of Grazing Cattle With Near-Infrared Analysis Of Feces, S W. Coleman, J W. Stuth, J W. Holloway
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The nutrition of grazing animals is difficult to assess because of the difficulty in determining the amount and quality of the ingested forage. Although many techniques have been proposed for sampling the grazed forage, none offer quantitative estimates of diet quality and intake for individual animals in large numbers. The feces excreted by animals contain undigested residues of the diet consumed along with products of animal and microbiological origin. The objective was to determine if near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to developed spectral indices from feces which describe the quantitative and qualitative attributes of the diet over a range …
Predicting Organic Matter Digestibility Of Forage By Two Pepsin-Cellulase Methods, Jocelyne Aufrere, C Demarquilly
Predicting Organic Matter Digestibility Of Forage By Two Pepsin-Cellulase Methods, Jocelyne Aufrere, C Demarquilly
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In vivo organic matter digestibility (OMd) of forage is very variable. That of standing forage varies, depending on species, growth cycle number and more especially stage of development or forage age, between 49 and 86 p. 100 according to the 1 719 samples of grasses, legumes and permanent pastures studied on sheep in our Laboratory (Demarquilly and Andrieu, 1987). Variation may also be caused by conservation method, particularly hay-making. Since net energy value depends closely on OMd, a good knowledge of the latter is indispensable in the preparation of animal diets. It is also important in the choice of crop …
Evaluation Of King Grass Clones (Pennisetum Purpureum) Obtained By Tissue Culture. Iii. Quality Of The Mutants, R S. Herrera, J Lauzan, R O. Martinez, M Monzote, R Cruz
Evaluation Of King Grass Clones (Pennisetum Purpureum) Obtained By Tissue Culture. Iii. Quality Of The Mutants, R S. Herrera, J Lauzan, R O. Martinez, M Monzote, R Cruz
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Two ofthe main aspects of the forages used in bovine cattle nutrition are yield and its quality. More recently, Martinez et al. (1986) observed the possibility of modifying some indices by the in vitro tissue culture. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate some quality indice of Pennisetum clones obtained by tissues culture.
The Effect Of Plant Population Density And Fertilizer Nitrogen On The Performance And Quality Of Maize For Silage, E O. Asare, A.A K. Adjepong-Yamoah
The Effect Of Plant Population Density And Fertilizer Nitrogen On The Performance And Quality Of Maize For Silage, E O. Asare, A.A K. Adjepong-Yamoah
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Ghanaian soils are inherently low in Nitrogen (N) content especially in grassland areas and where the forest has been cleared for cultivation. The diet of Ghanaians is very low in protein, and more meat protein is needed. Livestock production is empeded when during the long dry season livestock lose weight, get diseased or die because of insufficient forage. This limits animal protein available for Ghanaians. Forage conservation in the rainy season for use during the drought period is suggested, and for this, silage preparation has been found most practicable .. Means of improving the yield and quality of forages in …
Le Lupin (Lupinus Sp.) Dans L'Alimentation Animale: Note Preliminaire Sur La Composition Chimique Et La Valeur Energetique De Cultivars Pauvres En Alcaloides, Angelina Cavaliere, Andrea M.R Lanza, L Postiglione, F Intreieri
Le Lupin (Lupinus Sp.) Dans L'Alimentation Animale: Note Preliminaire Sur La Composition Chimique Et La Valeur Energetique De Cultivars Pauvres En Alcaloides, Angelina Cavaliere, Andrea M.R Lanza, L Postiglione, F Intreieri
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Le Lupin est une plante qui contient un taux eleve d'alcaloi:des. Ceux-ci ont constitue jusqu'a present la plus importante limite a l'emploi des graines de cette espece dans l'alimentation du betail. Ces dernieres annees, des recherches ont ete effectuees qui tendent a la selection de varietes de lupin doux, parmi lesquelles se distinguent celles obtenues par Postiglione et al. Les resultats du present travail portent sur la composition chimique et sur la valeur energetique de ces lignees et varietes.
Inhibitory Effect Of Penicillin Like Metabolites Of Paecilomyces Carneus On In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility Of Grasses, T Eiriksson, O Gudmundsson, S Olafsson, A Taylor
Inhibitory Effect Of Penicillin Like Metabolites Of Paecilomyces Carneus On In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility Of Grasses, T Eiriksson, O Gudmundsson, S Olafsson, A Taylor
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Insufficient growth of lambs grazed on lowland mires in Iceland is well documented but not clearly understood (Gudmundsson, 1988). It is also well established world wide that toxic substances which occur on grassland pastures can cause ruminal disorder and retard animal growth (Culvenor, 1987). Such toxins may be inorganic in nature, but more frequently, they are organic metabolites, for example fungal toxins either on the topsoil either on or within the plant. In Nova Scotia, Canada, where ill-thrift is common, researches have confirmed an interaction between fungal flora of soils and metabolism of rumen bacteria (Brewer et al., 1979; Liss …
Evaluation Of New Varieties Of Fodder Beet (Majoral And Poly Productiva) As New Summer Forages In Egypt, M S. Nowar, S M. Abd El-Baki, I F. Marie, A A. Zaki
Evaluation Of New Varieties Of Fodder Beet (Majoral And Poly Productiva) As New Summer Forages In Egypt, M S. Nowar, S M. Abd El-Baki, I F. Marie, A A. Zaki
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Interest in fodder beet has increased dramatically in many parts of the world. Owing to its yield during summer season in Egypt, time during which shortage of green and succulent forage occurs, interest in its cultivation started early (Ghoneim, 1967 and Abou El-Hassan et al., 1971). Fodder beet has improved cows condition and milk yield and quality (Kocisova, 1976; Burckhardt, 1979; De Brabander et al., 1981 and Pearce, 1983). Fodder beet can considerably increase the farm total energy production. However, to grow it successfully the farmer must have an « arable» mentality (Pearce, 1983). The present research was conducted to …
Nutritive Value Of Some Grass Species In Hungary, J Varhegyi
Nutritive Value Of Some Grass Species In Hungary, J Varhegyi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Demarquilly and Weiss (1970), Becker and Nehring (1969), Aman and Lindgren (1983) etc. reported data for the digestibility and nutritive value of different grass species. The present paper reports the chemical composition and the digestibility of the following species grown in Hungary: smooth brome-grass (Bromus inermis), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). The data were obtained during long term investigation from 1975 to 1983, but crested wheatgrass from 1980-83.
Millet Based Cropping Systems With Forage Legumes For Improving Nutritive Values Of Crop Residues In The Sahelian Zone, C Renard, M Garba
Millet Based Cropping Systems With Forage Legumes For Improving Nutritive Values Of Crop Residues In The Sahelian Zone, C Renard, M Garba
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The crop residues from sorghum and pearl millet represent an important potential feed resource. In 1981, 55.2 and 51.4 million tons of crop residues were produced from sorghum and pearl millet respectively (Kossila, 1985). Pearl millet is the most prevalent cereal in the Sahel and farmers usually leave millet stover in the field after grain harvest. Grazing livestock then walk through the fields and eat first the leaves and later the stalks. Farmers also use millet stalks as fuel, and for construction. During the long Sahelian dry season, cattle rely mostly on crop residues for their subsistence and in dry …
Utilization Of Lignin According To Christian As An Internal Marker For Assessing Digestibility Of Temperate Grasses With Or Without Supplementation In Adult Rams, A Thewis, F Rodriguez, E Francois, N Bartiaux-Thill
Utilization Of Lignin According To Christian As An Internal Marker For Assessing Digestibility Of Temperate Grasses With Or Without Supplementation In Adult Rams, A Thewis, F Rodriguez, E Francois, N Bartiaux-Thill
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Use of indigestible plant constituents as internal markers as opposed to fecal index methods and in vitro techniques, has the distinct advantage of measuring digestibility directly in vivo and in the pasture. Lignin and acid insoluble ash are the most frequently employed markers. Grass contaminated by soil renders the method using insoluble ash rather unreliable, while lignin as reported by Fahey and Jung (1983) also presents problems it is either partially digested or gives positive fecal recovery by binding of endogenous constituents of indeterminate nature. It would seem however that results obtained are directly related to analytical method used (Rodriguez, …
The Effect Of Supplementation Of Setaria Grass With Cassava Or Gliricidia Leaves On Growing Sheep, S S. Sitorus
The Effect Of Supplementation Of Setaria Grass With Cassava Or Gliricidia Leaves On Growing Sheep, S S. Sitorus
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In tropical areas, grasses are the main forage offered to ruminant, eventhough they have low quality such as native grass crude protein of about 7-12 %, and napier grass about 9-14 %. Recently in Indonesia, plantation of setaria grass was introduced especially in transmigration and watershed areas, regardless its nutritive value, and its influence on animal performances. Similar with other grasses, setaria grass has a low nutritive value and when fed alone can not meet the production requirements. More over, Jones et al. (1970) reported that cattle with setaria in a grazing system can lead to the death due to …
Nutritive Value And Production Of Cool-Season Under Two Harvest Regimes, T Kunelius
Nutritive Value And Production Of Cool-Season Under Two Harvest Regimes, T Kunelius
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In Atlantic Canada, Phleum pratense L. is the predominant grass species grown for conserved feed and pasture. Although P. pratense is a persistent grass species under 2 cut systems (Kunelius and McRae, 1986) it does not perform adequately under intensive management. Secondary grasses for the Atlantic region include Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca pratensis L., Bromus inermis Leyss., and Lolium-Festuca hybrids. There is considerable interest in the performance and quality of secondary grasses and those of Lolium-Festuca hybrids in particular, under various management regimes. In this experiment the growth and quality of several cool season grasses were determined under four and …
Change In Composition And Quality Of A Temperate Species Mixed Pasture Grazed Over Three Years At Two Stocking Rates With And Without Nitrogen Fertilizer, K Betteridge, D A. Haynes, J R. Sedcole
Change In Composition And Quality Of A Temperate Species Mixed Pasture Grazed Over Three Years At Two Stocking Rates With And Without Nitrogen Fertilizer, K Betteridge, D A. Haynes, J R. Sedcole
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Animal production is not only affected by pasture mass and its seasonal distribution but also by the composition and quality of the consumed pasture (Rattray and Clark, 1984). Legumes have a higher nutritive value than grasses, but may be suppressed by application of artificial nitrogen (N) when soil N status is low (Ball and Field, 1982). Nutritive value of pasture falls as it matures due to a rise in fibrous tissue and a decline in digestibility, and mineral and protein content (Ulyatt, 1978). However, vegetative growth can be prolonged and quality maintained by greater utilisation of pasture in late spring …
Evaluating Forage Quality As Animal Production Per Unit Of Forage And Land Area, D A. Rohweder, L Miller
Evaluating Forage Quality As Animal Production Per Unit Of Forage And Land Area, D A. Rohweder, L Miller
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The need to more adequately express feed value in forages and, that will communicate this value among agricultural scientists, agri-business clientele and producers has long been recognized world wide. Modern dairy, beef and sheep producers are becoming increasingly concerned about forage quality ; its translation into animal products per unit land area ; and its effect along with forage yield on enterprise profits. The Hay Marketing Task Force-Forage Analysis Subcommittee organized by the American Forage and Grassland Council in 1975 proposed hay standards based on in vivo digestible dry matter or energy availability (DDM) and dry matter intake (DMI) predicated …
Animal Performance As Effected By Herbage Availability And Quality In Semi-Arid Southern African Grassland, J E. Danckwerts
Animal Performance As Effected By Herbage Availability And Quality In Semi-Arid Southern African Grassland, J E. Danckwerts
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Rotational grazing with beef cattle is widely advocated and practised under commercial pastoralism in semi-arid grassland in southern Africa. Since animal performance is largely a function of the quality and quantity of forage ingested, changes in herbage quality and availability in these situations are likely to have an important influence on animal production. The objective of this paper is therefore to quantify changes in the quality of herbage ingested by beef cattle at different times of the year and as grazing pressure increases within periods of occupation on rotationally grazed semi-arid grassland in southern Africa. The effect of these changes …
The Intake And Digestibility Of Dry Mature Subterranean Clovers, G B. Taylor, R C. Rossiter, D B. Purser, W J. Collins
The Intake And Digestibility Of Dry Mature Subterranean Clovers, G B. Taylor, R C. Rossiter, D B. Purser, W J. Collins
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Although sheep grazing dry subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture may maintain body weight for the early part of summer, they usually lose weight during late summer and autumn, with consequent adverse effects on productivity (Purser, 1980). A decline in the digestibility of clover during plant senescence (Hume and Purser, 1975) is believed to be an important component of the reduced nutritive value of this dry feed. In a survey of dry mature stem material from a range of early flowering subterranean clover genotypes, Taylor et al. (1987a) found that in vitro digestibility ranged between 41 and 62 % …
Forage Production And Nutritive Value Of Cynodon Spp. Under Grazing In Puerto Rico, L E. Tergas, Y Q. Cabrera, A Sotomayor Rios
Forage Production And Nutritive Value Of Cynodon Spp. Under Grazing In Puerto Rico, L E. Tergas, Y Q. Cabrera, A Sotomayor Rios
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Livestock production in the tropics is highly dependent on forages to meet the nutritional requirements of grazing cattle. However, seasonal fluctuations on dry matter production and nutritive value are limiting factors affecting animal performance and production. Stargrass Cynodon nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis is a highly productive grass recommended for intensive management in the humid tropics of Puerto Rico (Vicente-Chandler et al., 1974). Bermuda Cynodon dactylon and Stargrass produced high yields of quality forage and persisted under intensive grazing in the humid northern coastal plains of Puerto Rico; however, the average production of both grasses was related to rainfall distribution, decreasing during …