Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication Year
File Type

Articles 691 - 720 of 7596

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Advancing Qualitative Inquiry In Agricultural Communications: An Analysis Of Theories, Methodologies, And Standards For Quality, Karli Yarber May 2024

Advancing Qualitative Inquiry In Agricultural Communications: An Analysis Of Theories, Methodologies, And Standards For Quality, Karli Yarber

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation offers a deep dive into the evolving landscape of qualitative research within the field of agricultural communications. Through a trio of research articles, this research critically assesses the application of theories, methodologies, and standards for quality across studies published in six disciplinary journals from 2003 to 2023. The first manuscript explores the theoretical frameworks guiding qualitative research in agricultural communications, uncovering a diverse but scattered theoretical underpinning with Framing, Diffusion of Innovations, and Uses and Gratifications Theory emerging as the most prevalent. The second manuscript meticulously examines the methodologies employed, revealing a growing acceptance and application of qualitative …


As You Lay There In Your Blood, Eden Shulman May 2024

As You Lay There In Your Blood, Eden Shulman

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

As You Lay There in Your Blood is a novel consisting of six interconnected stories, as well as a novella. The novel follows Levi Sterne, a Jewish bodybuilder in rural Colorado, who deals with issues surrounding mental illness, family history, and the legacy of trauma. The novel explores themes of religion—particularly contemporary modes and forms of Judaism—as well as the relationships people develop from traumatic and difficult pasts. The novel follows Levi from his childhood and details the moment at which, at age 15, he’s abandoned by his mother. The stories then follow other important moments in Levi’s life, including …


Developing Anisotropic Soft Matter As Functional Materials To Interface With Biological Systems, Homa Ghaiedi May 2024

Developing Anisotropic Soft Matter As Functional Materials To Interface With Biological Systems, Homa Ghaiedi

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Liquid crystals (LCs) constitute a subset of soft matter possessing hybrid characteristics from both liquid and crystalline phases. In this state, the center of masses remains uncorrelated similar to an isotropic phase, while the long axis of molecules aligns in parallel, resulting in molecules exhibiting orientational and positional order, either individually or concurrently. The directional alignment inherent in LCs arises from the asymmetrical shape and structure of the constituent molecules, causing a spontaneous self-assembly into ordered phases. This cooperative molecular behavior manifests distinctive optical features when subjected to cross polarizers. The remarkable sensitivity of LCs to external stimuli, including temperature, …


Navigating The Black Nuances: Analyzing And Understanding The Intersectional Perspectives Of Black Transgender Arkansans Utilizing Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs, Kayla Alford May 2024

Navigating The Black Nuances: Analyzing And Understanding The Intersectional Perspectives Of Black Transgender Arkansans Utilizing Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs, Kayla Alford

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This thesis evaluates the current needs of the Black Transgender community in Northwest and Central Arkansas. The participants of this study were asked 40 questions based on each tier of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. The participants of the study were three Transgender men, two Transgender women, and three non-binary individuals. Eight semi-structured interviews were completed utilizing narrative theory to expound on the personal experiences and duality of being Black and Transgender through a personal lens. The findings of this study were categorized into eight themes, which were basic needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-realization, essence of being Transgender, lack …


Evaluating The Effects Of A Noninvasive, Commercial-Grade Neurofeedback Technology And Mindfulness On Sleep Quality In Elite Athletes, Sydney Anne Hammit May 2024

Evaluating The Effects Of A Noninvasive, Commercial-Grade Neurofeedback Technology And Mindfulness On Sleep Quality In Elite Athletes, Sydney Anne Hammit

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Abstract Proper sleep is a vital element in the lives of elite athletes due to its effects on recovery, performance, and mental and emotional health. However, despite the importance of sleep quality, elite athletes are experiencing notable difficulties with both sleep quantity and quality. While sleep is necessary for all individuals, it is specifically essential for elite athletes. Sleep quality issues can be accompanied by both physical and psychological struggles, which is concerning for the population of elite athletes who are struggling with sleep quality at higher rates than the general population. Despite the increasing awareness of sleep quality struggles …


Systemic Effect Of Organizational Capitals On Parent Commitment In Youth Soccer, Paul Kimbrough May 2024

Systemic Effect Of Organizational Capitals On Parent Commitment In Youth Soccer, Paul Kimbrough

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study evaluates how soccer parents perceive the offerings of the soccer team on which their child plays. The study uses the systems perspective of Flora & Flora’s Community Capitals Framework to analyze family commitment to the team. The study subjects were parents of soccer players ages 12 and older who play for teams and participate in competitive travel soccer teams. Parents are classified based on their geographic location and team level. Questionnaires were administered at a series of travel soccer tournaments in March 2024. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. Parents were found to value the total …


In-Service Needs Of Selected Arkansas Agriculture Teachers Related To Precision Agriculture Systems, Henry Ofosu Akwah May 2024

In-Service Needs Of Selected Arkansas Agriculture Teachers Related To Precision Agriculture Systems, Henry Ofosu Akwah

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Precision Agriculture (PA) entails the use of computer technology, including software and hardware, together with good agronomic practices to effectively utilize resources available to growers. PA may enhance profitability, sustainability, resilience, and efficiency when implemented successfully. The aim of this study was to identify, assess, and describe the PA in-service needs of selected high school agriculture teachers in Arkansas. Forty-four teachers participated in the study, recruited through convenience sampling during the annual Arkansas agriculture in-service workshop held at Camp Couchdale in July 2023. A survey instrument was developed, and all forty-four participants provided complete responses. The survey included twenty-nine PA …


Geomorphic Analysis Of The Lower Arkansas River, Usa, Matthew Edwards May 2024

Geomorphic Analysis Of The Lower Arkansas River, Usa, Matthew Edwards

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The Arkansas River is one of several large and important river systems stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. It meanders across the Great Plains for ~1000 km before plunging into a mountain-bound valley, confined by the Ozarks to the north and Ouachitas to the south. The geologic history of the Arkansas River is poorly understood and crudely constrained to sometime between ~60 Ma and 100 Ka. Questions remain concerning its path(s), potential integration of the upper and lower sections, and overall history. The combination of knickpoint and chi (χ) mapping, tributary grain size analysis, tensile strength testing, …


Determination Of Factors Influencing Microbial Food Safety Risks Of Additive Manufacturing And 3d Printing Of Food, Allyson Nichole Hamilton May 2024

Determination Of Factors Influencing Microbial Food Safety Risks Of Additive Manufacturing And 3d Printing Of Food, Allyson Nichole Hamilton

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The burgeoning field of 3D food printing introduces opportunities for customizing the physicochemical properties of food, offering tailored solutions in color, shape, and texture. Despite its potential, the implications of this technology on food safety, particularly the efficacy of manufacturer-recommended cleaning protocols for stainless steel food ink capsules, the transferability of pathogens from a contaminated food ink capsule into the food ink based on macronutrient composition of the food, and the impact of storage conditions on pathogen viability, have not been thoroughly investigated. This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of these aspects, focusing on the control of foodborne pathogens and …


Hardware Trojan Detection Utilizing Graph Neural Networks And Structural Checking, Hunter Nauman May 2024

Hardware Trojan Detection Utilizing Graph Neural Networks And Structural Checking, Hunter Nauman

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced exponential growth, particularly in the complexity and scale of hardware designs. To sustain this growth, faster development cycles and cost-effective solutions have been the focus for many companies. One strategy to maintain this growth is through the incorporation of third-party intellectual property (IP) into the IC design process. Outsourcing the production of sub-components reduces development time and enables faster time-to-market, however, this approach also introduces the threat of Hardware Trojans. Hardware Trojans, defined as any malicious modification or addition to an IC, pose significant security risks due to their small size, low activation …


Ꮝꮘꮝꮩꮝꮣꭲ Ꭴᏸꭷꭲ Ꮢꭹ Ꭲꮎꭸ Ꭱꭿ: Reclamation Stories Of Indigenous Graduate Students At A Native American Serving Nontribal Institution, Sky B. Wildcat May 2024

Ꮝꮘꮝꮩꮝꮣꭲ Ꭴᏸꭷꭲ Ꮢꭹ Ꭲꮎꭸ Ꭱꭿ: Reclamation Stories Of Indigenous Graduate Students At A Native American Serving Nontribal Institution, Sky B. Wildcat

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The experiences of Indigenous graduate students in higher education are underrecognized in research and scholarship. Similarly, the experiences of Indigenous students, undergraduate or graduate, within Native American Serving NonTribal Institutions (NASNTIs) are largely excluded from research and scholarship. Although NASNTI designation is only dependent on the Indigenous undergraduate student population at an institution, the stories shared through this research signify the importance of considering Indigenous graduate students experiences at a NASNTI. The conceptual framework consisted of four core foundations as outlined by Kovach (2021), including ᎦᏚᏩ (ga-du-wa) knowledge, relational accountability, the Indigenous community of the NASNTI, and the situating of …


Gaseous Ozone To Improve The Microbial Safety Of Spices, Seeds, And Nuts, Arshpreet Kaur Khattra May 2024

Gaseous Ozone To Improve The Microbial Safety Of Spices, Seeds, And Nuts, Arshpreet Kaur Khattra

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Due to the increasing number of reported outbreaks of pathogens in low-moisture foods (LMFs), there is a need to investigate novel non-thermal gaseous technologies to increase the microbiological safety of spices, nuts, and seeds without compromising the product quality. The objective of this study was to inactivate Salmonella spp. in different spices, seeds, and nuts using gaseous ozone treatment and evaluate the suitability of Enterococcus faecium as a potential surrogate for Salmonella. Each food product (dried basil leaves, black peppercorn, chia seeds, and walnuts) was separately inoculated with a 5-strain Salmonella and E. faecium cocktail and equilibrated to water activity …


Generalizations Of The Hardy Spaces And The Schwarz Boundary Value Problem, William L. Blair May 2024

Generalizations Of The Hardy Spaces And The Schwarz Boundary Value Problem, William L. Blair

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

We prove that many of the boundary properties associated with functions in the classic holomorphic Hardy spaces on the complex unit disk are present in Hardy classes of solutions to certain nonhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann equations and higher-order generalizations of these equations. Also, we explicitly solve generalizations of the Schwarz boundary value problem on the complex unit disk and the upper-half plane when the boundary condition is in terms of boundary values in the sense of distributions.


Exploring The Effects Of Mindful Nature Walks On College Student Anxiety, Grace Young May 2024

Exploring The Effects Of Mindful Nature Walks On College Student Anxiety, Grace Young

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Individuals pursuing a degree in higher education face challenges that lead to greater levels of anxiety than that of the general U.S. adult population. This disparity, further heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic, presents a need for higher education institutions to search for ways to address this spike in student anxiety and other mental health concerns. This mixed-methods study explored mindful nature walks as a low-cost and easily accessible way for college students to reduce levels of experienced anxiety. Using validated quantitative measures, this study examined the impact of three weekly, consecutive 30-minute mindful nature walks on state and general anxiety …


Risk, Protection And Mental Health Among Incarcerated People, Cecilie Froulund Jensen May 2024

Risk, Protection And Mental Health Among Incarcerated People, Cecilie Froulund Jensen

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Approximately 40 percent of incarcerated adults experience some history of mental illness, whereas prevalence in the general population is less than 20 percent (Criss & John, 2023). The Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI) is a self-reported survey, examining numerous aspects of prisoners’ life. It has been used to quantify the prevalence of both physical and mental health problems, however, little or no examination regarding the underlying health determinants has been done. The current study assessed state prisoners in the United States and examined both risk and protective factors (historical and current) and their relationships to mental health. The results showed …


High Performance Silicon Carbide Based Converters For Powertrain Electrification, Nan Lin May 2024

High Performance Silicon Carbide Based Converters For Powertrain Electrification, Nan Lin

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

With the increasing concern towards environment protection, electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have become popular in recent years. They not only help reduce carbon emissions, but also come with other benefits such higher efficiency and better user experience. Many countries and vehicle manufactures have made their plans to keep up with this trend in vehicle electrification. Powertrain is an assembly of components in a vehicle that pushes it forward. As for EVs and HEVs, their powertrains are composed of one or more power electronics converters, which are significant to the system. Silicon carbide MOSFETs have shown superior …


The Kids Aren’T Alright: Examining The Spatial Concentration Of Drug Crime Near Schools In Little Rock, Arkansas, Jason Neeley May 2024

The Kids Aren’T Alright: Examining The Spatial Concentration Of Drug Crime Near Schools In Little Rock, Arkansas, Jason Neeley

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

In the last two decades, violence and death stemming from drug activity has become a concern to communities across the country. Increasingly, policymakers and law enforcement agencies have sought to understand where drug activity is located, including in and around schools, and why some places are more susceptible to drug problems than others. The current study explores two related questions: (1) How do drug crimes spatially pattern around schools? and, in turn, (2) What are the neighborhood-level predictors of the concentration of drug crime? Focusing on Little Rock, Arkansas, I examine the spatial distribution of drug offenses and overdoses within …


Talking About Aphasia: A Social Media Analysis Of What Individuals With Aphasia And Communication Partners Convey About Functional Discourse, Anna Williams May 2024

Talking About Aphasia: A Social Media Analysis Of What Individuals With Aphasia And Communication Partners Convey About Functional Discourse, Anna Williams

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study aimed to blend what we know about aphasia and functional communication. Specifically, how individuals with aphasia are functionalizing communication on the social media platform of YouTube. Extensive clinically significant literature exists on functional communication within speech-language pathology that provides practical guidance for clinical applications. Moreover, an emerging theoretical framework on functional communication and aphasia has sparked fresh insights, particularly from the perspective of individuals with aphasia. This perspective holds promise for exploring how individuals and their families leverage social media for functional communication. This study aims to integrate established clinical research findings on functional communication with the evolving …


Partial Immersion Using Body Bags For Treating Exertional Hyperthermia, Diane Olivia Zashin May 2024

Partial Immersion Using Body Bags For Treating Exertional Hyperthermia, Diane Olivia Zashin

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Context: Research suggests that ATs lack compliance with EHS management and do not adopt gold-standard recommendations for EHS. Body bags filled with ice and water may offer an alternative method of cold-water immersion (CWI) that is more portable and accessible than rigid cold tubs. Anecdotally, this treatment has been used successfully in ambulances and at mass participation events for exertional heat illness treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whole-body cooling rates when using body bags (BB) to facilitate partial CWI to treat exertional hyperthermia. Methods: Nine (8 male) participants (24 ± 4y, 175 ± 7cm, 83.6 ± …


A Mixed Methods Exploration Of Interoceptive Awareness In Adults Who Stutter, Hazel Malcolm May 2024

A Mixed Methods Exploration Of Interoceptive Awareness In Adults Who Stutter, Hazel Malcolm

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Stuttering is commonly described as a disorder of speech fluency characterized by primary speech behaviors that are judged by external observers to be typical of stuttering, including part-word repetitions, prolongations, and blocks (i.e., silent prolongations or postural fixations). Despite wide use in the field of speech-pathology, definitions focusing on these ‘primary’ behaviors have also been criticized as ‘surface’ or ‘perceptual’ definitions that favor the experience of a listener over that of the speaker. Recent qualitative evidence suggests that, when asked, adults who stutter (AWS) instead define stuttering as an internal feeling or awareness of being ‘stuck’ that is surrounded by …


A 10 Kv Sic Mosfet Power Module With Optimized System Interface And Electric Field Distribution, Xiaoling Li May 2024

A 10 Kv Sic Mosfet Power Module With Optimized System Interface And Electric Field Distribution, Xiaoling Li

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation introduces a holistic and systematic design methodology tailored to the 10 kV silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET power modules to achieve multi-objective optimization with enhanced electric-field (E-field) distribution, minimized common-mode (CM) parasitic capacitance, and reduced system-level parasitic inductances. The proposed approach encompasses two innovative techniques: 1) an electric-potential-oriented module-system interface to reduce system-level parasitic inductance while maximizing insulation capability; 2) stacked substrates with patterned middle layer copper to alleviate the E-field concentration at the triple-point and reduce the maximum E-field without compromising on thermal resistance. The effectiveness of these innovative approaches is substantiated through the development of a 10 …


A Mobile Application Intervention For Insomnia Among College Students, Veronica Floyd May 2024

A Mobile Application Intervention For Insomnia Among College Students, Veronica Floyd

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Previous studies have found that the prevalence of insomnia among college students is high. This has implications for students mental and physical well-being, academic performance, and the onset of more chronic insomnia symptomology. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is the front-line treatment for insomnia, but cost and time are often barriers to treatment access. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a more cost-effective self-guided version of CBT-I (via mobile application). Fifty-five college students, who were mostly women (82%) and mean age 19.3 (SD = 2.3) years with moderate insomnia symptoms were …


Determination Of Ileal Digestible Phosphorous Values In Various Inorganic Sources Meat And Bone Meal Sources, Jay Hampton May 2024

Determination Of Ileal Digestible Phosphorous Values In Various Inorganic Sources Meat And Bone Meal Sources, Jay Hampton

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Concerns around the economic and environmental consequences of suboptimal or excess dietary P levels in broiler diets has led to increased interest in determining ileal P digestibility values for feed ingredients. Therefore, two experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P in various inorganic phosphates and meat and bone meals (MBM) using the direct method. In both EXP 1 and 2, ileal samples were collected at 22 d post-hatch from birds fed semi-purified diets based on dextrose and corn starch containing test ingredients and one N and P free (NPF) diet for …


Evaluating The Association Between Daily Fluctuations In Sleep And Blood Pressure, Mara Egeler May 2024

Evaluating The Association Between Daily Fluctuations In Sleep And Blood Pressure, Mara Egeler

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Hypertension is a major contributing factor for heart disease, with nearly half of US adults meeting criteria. While studies have begun to examine the relationship between insomnia and blood pressure (BP), little is still known regarding the relationship between daily fluctuations in sleep and BP. This study aimed to provide further clarification on the role insomnia plays in the development of hypertension, including the impact that daily fluctuations in sleep have on fluctuations in BP. Participants included 61 adults from the greater Northwest Arkansas area (63.9% White, 67.2% Female, 30-79 y) who completed 10 consecutive days of sleep and blood …


Characterizing The Role Of Chemo-Mechanical Couplings In The Activation Process Of Proteins That Undergo Conformational Changes, Ugochi Isu May 2024

Characterizing The Role Of Chemo-Mechanical Couplings In The Activation Process Of Proteins That Undergo Conformational Changes, Ugochi Isu

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Proteins are not static entities; rather, they are dynamic macromolecules that undergo conformational changes to perform their biological functions. These structural transitions are often coupled to chemical events such as lipid interactions, or changes in the cellular environment. Understanding the intricate interplay between chemical perturbations and the resulting mechanical response is crucial for elucidating the activation mechanisms of proteins. This dissertation aims to characterize the role of chemo-mechanical couplings in the activation process of two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 (mGluR1). We employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the conformational landscapes of …


Navigating Transitions: Utilizing Autoethnographic Writing Prompts To Support Nontraditional College Students, Brijet Lynn Beazer May 2024

Navigating Transitions: Utilizing Autoethnographic Writing Prompts To Support Nontraditional College Students, Brijet Lynn Beazer

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This study explores the transition nontraditional students undergo as they embark on their college journey and the unique challenges they face. Leveraging autoethnographic writing prompts as an intervention strategy, the project employed a participatory approach over virtual platforms to capture the tapestry of experiences and connect participants to form a supportive community. Participants included older individuals with work experience, some who experienced parenthood, or those returning after an extended break. Through crafted prompts, individuals shared their academic journey, balancing work, and family responsibilities. The reflections gathered provide valuable data, offering insights into the challenges and triumphs of nontraditional students. The …


Understanding Video Modeling Adoption: Perspectives Of Special Education Teachers, Support Specialists And Transition Consultants, Hayot Tuychiev May 2024

Understanding Video Modeling Adoption: Perspectives Of Special Education Teachers, Support Specialists And Transition Consultants, Hayot Tuychiev

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative study investigates the knowledge, perceptions, and adoption factors of special education teachers and support specialists regarding video modeling (VM) as a vocational intervention for high school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Grounded in Rogers' theory of innovation diffusion, the research explores their understanding of VM, its perceived effectiveness, and the factors influencing its adoption or rejection.This qualitative study investigates special education teachers' knowledge, perceptions, and adoption factors related to Video Modeling (VM) as a vocational intervention for high school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Grounded in Rogers' theory of innovation diffusion, the research explores teachers' understanding …


Geochemical Analysis Of Basement Rock As A Potential Metal Source In Mississippi Valley-Type Ores, Southern Midcontinent U.S.A., Mackenzie Moorhead May 2024

Geochemical Analysis Of Basement Rock As A Potential Metal Source In Mississippi Valley-Type Ores, Southern Midcontinent U.S.A., Mackenzie Moorhead

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) ores are epigenetic, sedimentary hydrothermal base metal deposits that exist worldwide with type localities in the midcontinent United States. These Permian-aged sulfide ores represent an extraordinary concentration of economic metals, Pb and Zn. Ore deposits occur in vast districts that have a rich mining history. The Pb and Zn from these deposits account for 24% of worldwide reserves. The geologic processes responsible for MVT ore genesis are not fully understood, especially the sourcing of ore constituents. In the midcontinent, the Ouachita Orogeny expelled saline hydrothermal brines in response to high rates of subsidence. These fluids migrated through …


The Effects Of Instructed Task Prioritization On Dual-Task Cost In Older Adults, Megan D. Jones May 2024

The Effects Of Instructed Task Prioritization On Dual-Task Cost In Older Adults, Megan D. Jones

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Concurrently performing motor and cognitive tasks, also known as dual-tasking (DT), is a daily activity being shown to produce decrements in gait and cognitive performance in older adults (OA) (Bootsma-van der Wiel et al., 2003; CDC, 2023; Kenny et al., 2017). Determining if OAs can cognitively flex attention allocation between motor and cognitive tasks during DT activities offers insight into how to educate older adults on improving activities of daily life (Della Sala et al., 1995; Mac-Auliffe et al., 2021; Montero-Odasso et al., 2012). Purpose: To evaluate changes in DTC in older adults during DT walking with instructed task prioritization …


The Causes And Consequences Of Behavioral Plasticity In Anti-Predatory Defense And Mate Choice In Tropical Butterflies, Sushant Potdar May 2024

The Causes And Consequences Of Behavioral Plasticity In Anti-Predatory Defense And Mate Choice In Tropical Butterflies, Sushant Potdar

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Behavioral plasticity, where individuals change their behaviors in response to varying environmental and social conditions, affects major evolutionary trajectories. But how individuals change these behaviors under certain social situations, and what the genetic causes and consequences of such behavioral changes are in response to social environments are yet to be fully understood. I address these questions in the context of anti-predatory behaviors (chapter 1), and mate choice (chapters 2, 3, 4) in tropical butterflies. In the context of anti-predatory behaviors, I found predator-specific behavioral changes in toxic Heliconius butterflies, suggesting variance in predation pressures and butterfly recognition of bird calls. …