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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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A Web Based Forensic Information Management System., Sriram Govindarajulu Jan 2005

A Web Based Forensic Information Management System., Sriram Govindarajulu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The focus of this work was on the design and implementation of a web based forensic information management system for the West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory (WVSPFL). The software tool enables law enforcement agents to submit crime information to the Forensic Laboratory via a secure Internet connection. The tool also enables each of the nine units of WVSPFL to process the information electronically. Online electronic forms were created to mirror the existing paper based forms, making the transition easier. The existing processes were standardized and streamlined, there by minimizing information inconsistency. The crime information once gathered is automatically uploaded …

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A Comparison Of Forest Soils Exhibiting Various Degrees Of Nitrogen Availability: Do Tree Species Matter And Which Nutrients Are Limiting In Nitrogen Rich Environments?, Stephen E. Gress Jan 2005

A Comparison Of Forest Soils Exhibiting Various Degrees Of Nitrogen Availability: Do Tree Species Matter And Which Nutrients Are Limiting In Nitrogen Rich Environments?, Stephen E. Gress

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Regions downwind of industrial and agricultural pollution receive high amounts of nitrogen (N) deposition. Some forested regions now exhibit symptoms on N saturation, which is N availability in excess of biotic demand. This phenomena and the evidence that trees alter soil in ways that may influence N saturation is the basis of my research. My thesis consists of three parts: (1) Testing the association between tree species and soil properties: Can larger-scale patterns be found under individual trees?; (2) Phosphomonesterase activity in violets (Viola rotundifolia) found in watersheds exhibiting varying levels of nitrogen availability: What lies beyond nitrogen saturation?; and …

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Investigation Of The Effects Of Thermal Enrichment And Acid Mine Drainage On Sensitive Aquatic Biota In The Stony River, Grant County, West Virginia., Christopher D. Horn Jan 2005

Investigation Of The Effects Of Thermal Enrichment And Acid Mine Drainage On Sensitive Aquatic Biota In The Stony River, Grant County, West Virginia., Christopher D. Horn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent surveys have indicated that populations of fishes and crayfish are small in the Stony River, Grant Co., WV. The Stony River is influenced by thermal enrichment and acid mine drainage (AMD) within a 13 km stream reach, downstream of Mt. Storm Lake. In an attempt to determine the influence of each anthropogenic disturbance on these affected taxa, studies of their distribution and survival were undertaken. A crayfish trapping survey was conducted along a gradient of thermal and AMD influences in the Stony River system. Cambarus bartonii was the only species captured, although two subspecies of C. bartonii living in …

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Spatial Characterization Of Pollution Sources: An Analysis Of In-Stream Water Quality Data From The Potomac Headwaters Of West Virginia., A. Andrew Macqueen Iv Jan 2005

Spatial Characterization Of Pollution Sources: An Analysis Of In-Stream Water Quality Data From The Potomac Headwaters Of West Virginia., A. Andrew Macqueen Iv

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The relationship between land cover characteristics and water pollutant concentrations in surface water was evaluated for 10 sub-basins in the Potomac Headwaters Region of West Virginia. Using water quality data collected between 1998 and 2004 by the West Virginia Department of Agriculture (WVDA), mean and median in-stream concentrations of fecal coliform, total phosphorus, and nitrate nitrogen were determined for specific periods of time during the sampling period. Land use categories were evaluated on a basin-wide and a floodplain-specific scale. The percentages of forest, agriculture, cropland and urban land were determined. In addition, erodibility, organic matter content and permeability were aggregated …

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Crisis Management: The Effective Use Of Image Restoration Strategies When An Organization/Individual Is Faced With A Crisis., Anthony Lewis Martin Jan 2005

Crisis Management: The Effective Use Of Image Restoration Strategies When An Organization/Individual Is Faced With A Crisis., Anthony Lewis Martin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This paper examines strategies and ethics in the field of public relations for establishing a reputation with key stakeholders of an organization. This paper also explores how a properly maintained reputation helps when a crisis erupts and what strategies are used when dealing with a crisis. The second half of this paper is a qualitative content analysis. The pilot study examines an entire year of New York newspaper coverage of The American Red Cross and controversies concerning funds they collected after the events that took place on September 11, 2001. The greater research examines evening television news coverage dealing with …

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Geospatial Framework For Water Quality Impact Assessment: Corridor H., Jennifer R. Mcgee Jan 2005

Geospatial Framework For Water Quality Impact Assessment: Corridor H., Jennifer R. Mcgee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

West Virginia University’s Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering has been collecting water quality samples from streams that are anticipated to be impacted by the construction of Corridor H. With four active watersheds totaling 43 sites and 20 parameters being monitored, a large amount of data has been collected. In order to easily and quickly understand the general trends in the water quality, bar graphs were generated to represent the yearly averages of each parameter for each site. In order to understand the geospatial correlation between sites within a watershed, maps of each watershed were generated utilizing Geographic Information Systems …

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Empathic Adolescents: Associations With Religiosity And Spirituality., Bethanie Renee Morris Jan 2005

Empathic Adolescents: Associations With Religiosity And Spirituality., Bethanie Renee Morris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study evaluated religiosity, spirituality, and empathy to provide further clarification on their relations. As shown in the research, religiosity, spirituality, and empathy are generally related to favorable effects in adolescents when examined alone. Therefore, it is important to recognize how these constructs interact together. Four hundred twenty-eight adolescents completed self-report questionnaires that assessed levels of religiosity, spirituality, and empathy. Participants’ religiosity and spirituality were assessed using a scale devised by the researchers and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980, 1995) was used to measure empathy. Adolescents who reported greater levels of involvement in religious services had greater levels …

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Trying To Get It Right: Striving To Integrate Formalized Acting Methods In The Character Development Of Theresa Bedell In Rebecca Gilman's "Boy Gets Girl"., Jennifer Moses Jan 2005

Trying To Get It Right: Striving To Integrate Formalized Acting Methods In The Character Development Of Theresa Bedell In Rebecca Gilman's "Boy Gets Girl"., Jennifer Moses

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In April 2004, I was given the opportunity to portray Theresa Bedell in West Virginia University’s production of Boy Gets Girl. The following document details all of the steps involved in the process of developing this character. My primary methodology was the Stanislavski method because his methods require the actor to constantly strive to find the truth when developing characters.

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Effect Of Enamel Bleaching On Bond Strength Of Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vivo And In Vitro Study., Joseph M. Mullins Jan 2005

Effect Of Enamel Bleaching On Bond Strength Of Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vivo And In Vitro Study., Joseph M. Mullins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objectives: To 1) determine if enamel bleaching affects the in vivo survival rate and in vitro bond strength of orthodontic bracket adhesive; 2) determine the mode of bracket failure in vivo and in vitro 3) determine if an in vitro anti-oxidant such as sodium ascorbate can reverse the compromised bonding. Methods: I. The in vitro study utilized one hundred and five (105) extracted human premolars from a jar. The teeth were randomly divided into seven groups: 1 control group; 4 groups that were exposed to varying amounts of 2 bleaching agents for varying time periods; 2 groups were also exposed …

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Comparison Of 9.5 Mm Superpave And Marshall Wearing I Mixes In West Virginia., Jason W. Nelson Jan 2005

Comparison Of 9.5 Mm Superpave And Marshall Wearing I Mixes In West Virginia., Jason W. Nelson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

West Virginia currently uses the Superpave mix design method for high traffic volume roads and the Marshall method for other highways. This research evaluated the differences between these methods for asphalt concrete wearing course materials; Marshall Wearing I and Superpave 9.5 mm. Mixes were developed for light, medium and heavy traffic using 100 percent limestone and a blend of limestone and natural sand aggregates. Asphalt Pavement Analyzer evaluation demonstrated the mixes developed under either method have similar rutting potential. The optimum asphalt content of the mixes varied between the Marshall and Superpave methods. There was not a consistent trend that …

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An Exploration Of Mentoring In Athletic Training Clinical Education: Establishing A Preliminary Model Based On The Grounded Theory., Michelle Lynn Panseri Jan 2005

An Exploration Of Mentoring In Athletic Training Clinical Education: Establishing A Preliminary Model Based On The Grounded Theory., Michelle Lynn Panseri

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Context: The concept of mentoring is not generally discussed within athletic training literature, although the importance is recognized by educators. Most definitions of mentoring are very ambiguous and lack specific conclusions. In addition it is not known if mentoring occurs and when and how it occurs within the clinical education setting in athletic training. Objective: To understand the prevalence of mentoring within the clinical education setting, as well as approved clinical instructors (ACI) preparedness to become mentors to athletic training students (ATS). Setting: West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia Design: This is a prospective descriptive study, which is based in …

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An Analysis Of The Shifts In Cultural Flows Between The United States And Germany, 1890-1929., Misty D. Rodeheaver Jan 2005

An Analysis Of The Shifts In Cultural Flows Between The United States And Germany, 1890-1929., Misty D. Rodeheaver

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis examines the period from the last decade of the nineteenth century to the start of the Great Depression to explore the dynamics of popular cultural flow from the United States and Germany. World War I serves as the medium for the emergence of drastic changes in the popular cultural structures of both states. This paper underscores the influence of the war as a seminal event transforming the cultural exchange between America and Germany, as well as provides an analysis of several cultural modes of expression such as music, film, architecture, and the press. Prior to World War I, …

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The Ecological Need For Prescribed Fire In Sequoia And Kings Canyon National Park, United States Of America., Chad E. Rowan Jan 2005

The Ecological Need For Prescribed Fire In Sequoia And Kings Canyon National Park, United States Of America., Chad E. Rowan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Introdution Forests throughout the West may require prescribed fire or thinning to reduce fire hazard and restore ecological processes. Aim The purpose of this study is to identify areas outside the range of historical variability based on the Time Since Last Fire (TSLF) relative to pre-Euroamerican fire return intervals. These areas with long TSLF relative to the historic fire return interval have high fire hazard and would be given high priority for prescribed burns. Location This study was performed in topographically rugged terrain ranging in elevation from 485 to 4,392m in the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, California, USA. …

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The Relationships Of Trait Learning Relevance With Teacher Communication Behaviors And Learning Outcomes., Vicki E. Bennett Jan 2005

The Relationships Of Trait Learning Relevance With Teacher Communication Behaviors And Learning Outcomes., Vicki E. Bennett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This investigation explored the relationship of trait learning relevance to teacher communication behaviors and student outcomes. The operationalized student outcomes were student affect for teacher, student affect for course content, and student motivation. The operationalized teacher communication behaviors were teacher clarity, teacher immediacy, and teacher socio-communicative style (assertiveness and responsiveness). Learning relevance was operationalized through use of questions based on Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Theory, five educational relevance questions scaled using the generalized belief scale, and a modified organizational orientation scale. Previous research has yielded inconsistent results in relation to the nature of students’ perceptions of state learning relevance and learning outcomes. …

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Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (Pgf(2alpha))-Independent And -Dependent Regulation Of The Bovine Luteal Endothelin System., Ekta Choudhary Jan 2005

Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (Pgf(2alpha))-Independent And -Dependent Regulation Of The Bovine Luteal Endothelin System., Ekta Choudhary

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The genes of the endothelin system are the potential targets for regulation by prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and have been studied in greater detail. The effects of a luteolytic dose of PGF2α on the mRNA encoding endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE1), pre-pro endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the ET receptors ETA, ETB, and in bovine corpus luteum (CL) collected during the early, mid or late luteal phases were examined. The effects of treatment with PGF2α on ECE-1 protein, big ET-1 and the biologically active mature ET-1 were examined. Most importantly, the direct activity of ECE-1 was determined. Based on the results it is suggested …

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An Examination Of Celebratory Violence: Wvu Football Season 2004., Sara Lynn D'Agostino Jan 2005

An Examination Of Celebratory Violence: Wvu Football Season 2004., Sara Lynn D'Agostino

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study of celebratory violence represents an application of applied research in partial fulfillment of a masters degree. By and large students, alumni, college administrators as well as sport reporters and sport scholars have voiced their frustration about student riots at Colleges and Universities. As a qualitative study, this paper focused on the nature of fan behavior among college students at West Virginia University Football games in the 2004 season. Specifically, the study focuses on fans emotions, behavior and language, commonly referred to as celebratory violence at college football games. Results have been arranged into four chapters that form the …

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Vietnam After "Vietnam": An Analysis Of International Coverage In "The New York Times"., Ai Than Hoang Jan 2005

Vietnam After "Vietnam": An Analysis Of International Coverage In "The New York Times"., Ai Than Hoang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Content analysis of 597 Vietnam stories published by the New York Times in eight years (1985, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001) found the coverage of Vietnam shrank gradually in each decade. Long and front-page stories accounted for very low percentages in the sample, though the paper did not give Vietnam an increasingly lower priority in front-page placement and length. The coverage of postwar Vietnam was essentially neutral in the text but biased in its choice of topics. Vietnam news had a distinct American orientation, and remained largely politically and Washington driven. These findings indicate the New York Times …

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Microstructure Evaluations And Thermomechanical Properties Of Spinel (Magnesium Aluminum Oxide) Dispersed Molybdenum Alloys., Chee Kiat Lee Jan 2005

Microstructure Evaluations And Thermomechanical Properties Of Spinel (Magnesium Aluminum Oxide) Dispersed Molybdenum Alloys., Chee Kiat Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Molybdenum based alloys are ductilized by dispersing MgAl2O4 or NiAl2O4 spinel particle. These additions of spinel particles getter impurities, such as Nitrogen, from the base alloys which render its ductility. The introduction of fine dispersions has also been postulated to improve ductility in body centered cubic (BCC) metals such as Mo, by acting as a dislocation source or reducing dislocation pile ups at grain boundaries. The spinel particles, on the other hand, would also act as local notches, crack initiation sites, which are detrimental to the ductilization. Further improvement of material processing, therefore, is very important. The objective of this …

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"Oleanna" And The Road To Wisdom., Andrew H. Lyons Jan 2005

"Oleanna" And The Road To Wisdom., Andrew H. Lyons

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Oleanna, originally written and produced in 1992, was presented by WVU’s Division of Theatre and Dance in September 2004. While I initially perceived the challenges of playing John as rather straightforward, I soon learned that there is a great deal more to Mamet’s character than I gave him credit for. Oleanna proves an excellent example of Mamet’s use of elliptical dialogue, especially in the telephone calls, and although I initially approached this as a purely technical challenge I was delighted to find very real creative challenges lurking within. The same is true of the role that status plays in the …

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Assessment Of Constructibility And Serviceability For Straight And Skewed Steel I-Girder Bridges., Andrew Hayes Jan 2005

Assessment Of Constructibility And Serviceability For Straight And Skewed Steel I-Girder Bridges., Andrew Hayes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Recent changes to the AASHTO specifications for steel bridge design have incorporated specific provisions for handling lateral flange bending in I-shaped steel girders. The primary reason for the inclusion of this effect is to allow for a unification of design provisions for both straight and curved girders. In tangent bridges and in bridges with a small degree of skew the influence of lateral flange bending in the fully composite condition in positive bending are negligible. This is predominantly due to restraint offered by the deck and the diaphragm action offered by the deck in lateral load events. However, during construction …

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A Study On The Impact Of Visual Stimuli On Initial Saccades., Sruti Ramnath Jan 2005

A Study On The Impact Of Visual Stimuli On Initial Saccades., Sruti Ramnath

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The ballistic movement of the human eye to comprehend a scene is known as saccades. Saccadic eye movements have been studied by researchers to understand their role in visual cognition. These eye movements are key to providing the brain with visual information that aids in the interpretation and perception of the scene being viewed. Though saccades are primarily task driven, it has been theorized that the first few saccades are triggered by low-level image properties that are inherent in a scene. Determining and evaluating these properties would enhance the understanding of visual cognition and, thus, benefit the development of “eye-friendly” …

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Analysis Of Physiological Partners Of Protein Kinase Ck2 In Drosophila Melanogaster, Umesh C. Karandikar Jan 2005

Analysis Of Physiological Partners Of Protein Kinase Ck2 In Drosophila Melanogaster, Umesh C. Karandikar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

CK2 is a highly conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase composed of catalytic (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits. The enzyme targets proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as DNA replication, transcription, translation, cell cycle progression, and development. However, very little information is available on either the regulation of this enzyme or its role during development. These two aspects of CK2 have been addressed using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model organism. The first study (chapter 2) addresses the isolation and characterization of SSL, an ortholog of CK2beta. Using combinatorial approaches, we find that SSL associates …

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Numerical Analysis Of Seepage In Earth Slopes, Kishan Kakarla Jan 2005

Numerical Analysis Of Seepage In Earth Slopes, Kishan Kakarla

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Seepage is one of the most prominent factors in causing slope stability problems. Installation of longitudinal drainage trenches along the face of the slope can be an alternative solution to reduce the seepage.;The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the longitudinal drains in reducing the seepage, by using MODFLOW, a three dimensional finite difference groundwater flow model. The influence of various parameters on the performance of longitudinal drains was investigated. These parameters include the trench spacing (w), seepage depth (h), slope angle (theta), length of slope (L) and soil type (K). Numerical analysis was performed for …

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Tabu Search Heuristics For The Dynamic Facility Layout Problem, Wen-Hsing Liu Jan 2005

Tabu Search Heuristics For The Dynamic Facility Layout Problem, Wen-Hsing Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The facility layout dramatically influences the efficiency of material handling within a manufacturing system. In order to ensure optimal performance within a manufacturing system, the facility layout should reflect changes throughout time. However, the static facility layout problem with constant material flows between departments may not be a realistic scenario because a manufacturing facility is a dynamic system that constantly evolves. In other words, product demand constantly changes over time. As a result, the dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) considers these changes and is defined as the problem of assigning departments to locations during a multi-period planning horizon such that …

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Validating A Neural Network-Based Online Adaptive System, Yan Liu Jan 2005

Validating A Neural Network-Based Online Adaptive System, Yan Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Neural networks are popular models used for online adaptation to accommodate system faults and recuperate against environmental changes in real-time automation and control applications. However, the adaptivity limits the applicability of conventional verification and validation (V&V) techniques to such systems. We investigated the V&V of neural network-based online adaptive systems and developed a novel validation approach consisting of two important methods. (1) An independent novelty detector at the system input layer detects failure conditions and tracks abnormal events/data that may cause unstable learning behavior. (2) At the system output layer, we perform a validity check on the network predictions to …

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Three Essays On Immigration And Outsourcing, Arsen V. Melkumian Jan 2005

Three Essays On Immigration And Outsourcing, Arsen V. Melkumian

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation includes essays on legal and illegal immigrations and outsourcing. Chapter 1 introduces the paths that economics has blazed into in the areas of legal and illegal immigration and outsourcing. The first essay, in Chapter 2, presents a Cournot duopoly model of a domestic unionized firm and a foreign firm, where the domestic firm has an option to shift all of its production abroad. An increase in the bargaining power of an employment oriented union will increase domestic output and utility of the union.;The second essay, in Chapter 3, examines illegal immigration in the U.S. from Mexico using annual …

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Modeling Operational Forestry Problems In Central Appalachian Hardwood Forests, Yaoxiang Li Jan 2005

Modeling Operational Forestry Problems In Central Appalachian Hardwood Forests, Yaoxiang Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Because of the species diversity, varied site conditions and growth rates, it is really challenging to manage the central Appalachian hardwoods. Examining the harvesting techniques and interactions among stand, harvest, and machines is becoming a concern to the researchers in the region. A simulation system was developed to aid these efforts by estimating the productivity, cost, and traffic intensity of different harvesting configurations under a variety of harvesting prescriptions and stand conditions.;Stands used in the simulation were generated by using the stand generator that was validated by comparing the generated stands with the actual mapped stands statistically. Results indicated its …

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Comparison Of Numerical Simulation To Existing Experimental Data Involving Downwash Wake Reduction For The V-22 Osprey, Brian O'Hara Jan 2005

Comparison Of Numerical Simulation To Existing Experimental Data Involving Downwash Wake Reduction For The V-22 Osprey, Brian O'Hara

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It is of interest to develop numerical techniques to simulate the implementation of blowing slots on a V-22 Osprey airfoil in order to alleviate downwash. In order to develop these techniques, two separate experiments were simulated and the numerical results were compared with the experimental data. The first experiment used in comparison was performed by Fort F. Felker at the NASA's AMES Research Center in 1990. The second experiment was done by Chad Riba and Gerald M. Angle at West Virginia University in 2003.;The commercially available RNG k-e turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment found in Fluent 6.1 was used …

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Investigation Of Soil-Geosynthetic Interface Properties, Jonathan Niemiec Jan 2005

Investigation Of Soil-Geosynthetic Interface Properties, Jonathan Niemiec

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate and gain a better understanding of soil-geosynthetic interface properties. By using two pullout devices, designed specifically for this research study, and a direct shear device the behavior of soil-geosynthetic interfaces and pullout resistance has been investigated. The two pullout devices contained pullout boxes with dimensions 18&inches; x 12&inches; x 6&inches; (45.7cm x 30.5cm x 15.2cm) and 48&inches; x 18&inches; x 6&inches; (122cm x 45.7cm x 15.2cm). Instrumentation for measuring load and displacement was completed. Normal stresses on the soil-geosynthetic interface were applied by using rubber airbags, which were built to fit the …

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Mass Spectrometry Of Metallothionein Adducts As Candidate Biomarkers Of Styrene Oxide And 1-Phenylpropylene Oxide, Sandra G. Tarr Jan 2005

Mass Spectrometry Of Metallothionein Adducts As Candidate Biomarkers Of Styrene Oxide And 1-Phenylpropylene Oxide, Sandra G. Tarr

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Metallothioneins (MT) are cysteine-rich intracellular proteins that sequester epoxides, such as the genotoxic styrene metabolite, styrene oxide (SO). Covalent adduct formation by the ring-opening of SO and its homologue, 1-phenylpropylene oxide (trans), with MT forms stable complexes that potentially may serve as biomarkers for epoxide exposure. MT was reacted with SO and trans-phenylpropylene oxide (PPO) separately in water. Mass spectra of adducts were obtained using electrospray ionization with positive-ion detection in an ion trap mass spectrometer. MS/MS analysis established the covalent nature of the complexation. Further experiments were conducted to determine the site of adduct formation. Molecular modeling was used …

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