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The Relationship Of Demographic And Psychological Variables To Career Maturity Of Junior College Student-Athletes., Alan S. Kornspan Jan 1997

The Relationship Of Demographic And Psychological Variables To Career Maturity Of Junior College Student-Athletes., Alan S. Kornspan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the career maturity of junior college student-athletes. Specifically investigated was the relationship of demographic (e.g., gender, age, race, and year in school) and psychological variables (e.g., athletic identity, career self-efficacy, and career development locus of control) and their relationship to career maturity. Participants included 259 (74 females and 178 males) junior-college student-athletes. Overall, 145 freshmen and 114 sophomores completed the survey. The majority of the participants (n = 185) were Caucasian and 74 were African-American. Each student-athlete completed a survey packet consisting of the demographic information questionnaire, the Career Maturity Inventory, the …


Prescriptive Authority And Psychology: A Delphi Study., Clarence Craig Farmer Jan 1997

Prescriptive Authority And Psychology: A Delphi Study., Clarence Craig Farmer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Even though the American Psychological Association has formally endorsed that appropriately trained psychologists be afforded prescriptive authority (APA, 1996b, 1996c), this issue continues to be divisive within the profession. In an attempt to further assess disagreement between psychologists regarding this issue as well as explore areas of agreement, a two round Delphi study was used to predict the probability and desirability of specific occurrences if prescriptive authority is obtained within the next 10 years. A 37 statement Delphi questionnaire was developed from the literature addressing psychologists obtaining prescriptive authority. Twenty-two experts (11 in favor of psychologists obtaining prescriptive authority and …


Implementation Of Collaborative Problem-Based Learning In The Classroom: A Focus On Group Dynamics In Relation To Self-Esteem And Skill Acquisition Through The Generation Of A Web Page., Lynn Allison Dombrowski Jan 1997

Implementation Of Collaborative Problem-Based Learning In The Classroom: A Focus On Group Dynamics In Relation To Self-Esteem And Skill Acquisition Through The Generation Of A Web Page., Lynn Allison Dombrowski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this research was to provide information concerning group dynamics and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to school teachers and counselors to determine if student behaviors have any influence on acquiring skills and knowledge. In addition, self-esteem was measured and crossed with group dynamics. Prior to the research study, Consent and Assent Forms had to be signed by students and one parent or guardian. Students were provided an overview of the project including a packet of handouts which consisted of a project timeline of day to day activities, daily task assignments, and instructions on learning Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) and …


Effects Of Peer-Mediated Instructional Mnemonic Modeling Strategies On Learning Geographic Locations By Sixth-Grade Social Studies Students., Kimberly Bryan Jennings Jan 1997

Effects Of Peer-Mediated Instructional Mnemonic Modeling Strategies On Learning Geographic Locations By Sixth-Grade Social Studies Students., Kimberly Bryan Jennings

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to examine the effects of peer-mediated instructional mnemonic modeling strategies on learning geographic locations by sixth-grade social studies students. Experimental and control group scores, time-based memory retention, structural level of intervention, and experimental group attitudes were analyzed following the 10-week study. One teacher and 84 sixth-grade social studies students participated in the study. Experimental group students experienced peer-mediated mnemonic modeling activities during their regularly scheduled social studies classes while the control group received traditional geographic instruction only, which involved participation in the map outlining instructional process. Peer models were trained by the teacher as to the …


Perimenopause: A Phenomenological Study Of Women And Health Care Providers In Rural Areas., Patricia Ann Kraft Jan 1997

Perimenopause: A Phenomenological Study Of Women And Health Care Providers In Rural Areas., Patricia Ann Kraft

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Using a four step phenomenological approach for inquiry, the researcher explored and interpreted data obtained from the lived experiences of sixteen perimenopausal women and eight health care providers living in rural areas. A purposive sampling technique was utilized. Participation was on a voluntary basis. Data collection procedures included a face-to-face semi-structured taped interview and completion of a demographic questionnaire. Following analysis of the data, twenty-two common essences were identified from intuiting of the interview data. These essences were classified into six major themes which integrated all the realities of the participants. The findings of the study revealed six major themes …


A Prospective Self-Monitoring Investigation Of Naturally Occurring Reinforcement Of Exercise Behavior., Leighann Hock Forsyth Jan 1997

A Prospective Self-Monitoring Investigation Of Naturally Occurring Reinforcement Of Exercise Behavior., Leighann Hock Forsyth

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present investigation was based on operant theory. A prospective six-week self-monitoring design was utilized to examine naturally-occurring reinforcing and punishing effects of cardiovascular exercise in a college-aged sample of healthy women. The sample consisted of exercise initiators ({dollar}{dollar}6 months of regular exercise). Seven rewarding exercise effects emerged from factor analysis of the self-monitoring form (i.e., mood improvement, goal achievement, physical performance enhancement, exercise "high", praise from others, social affiliation, and appearance changes). Results indicated that both groups produced similar ratings for the exercise reward factors, but some factors were significantly more rewarding than others to the sample as a …


Role Of Patient Empowerment In Enhancing Medical Care Outcomes: Development And Validation Of A Framework., Krithika S. Venkataraman Jan 1997

Role Of Patient Empowerment In Enhancing Medical Care Outcomes: Development And Validation Of A Framework., Krithika S. Venkataraman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The overall goal of the study was to assess the characteristics of empowered type II diabetes patients and delineate an operational definition of empowerment. In addition, the study explored the role of empowerment on diabetes self-management, quality of life, and selected health resource utilization of these patients. The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I, "empowerment" was operationalized into two domains: "first stage" and "second stage." Additionally, it was found that these two domains had three subdomains each. The "first stage" of empowerment subdomains were: (i) instrumental beliefs, (ii) outcome expectancy, and (iii) perceived self-efficacy; while the "second …


Intensive Supervised Probation And Institutional Placements For Adjudicated Youth: A Closer Look., Cleaster Marie Jackson Jan 1997

Intensive Supervised Probation And Institutional Placements For Adjudicated Youth: A Closer Look., Cleaster Marie Jackson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the alarming rate of school violence and teen crime public outcry demands that we look for immediate remedies to make schools and communities safe. One solution which has received public support is the current trend to solve this problem by building more juvenile facilities to house these youth. This short term fix, which has been referred to as an "out of sight out of mind mentality" creates other concerns such as loss of educational dollars to public schools and highlights the lack of commitment to provide effective programs to meet the needs of challenging students. The purpose of this …


Religiousness And Adjustment In Dementia Caregivers., George David Allen Jan 1997

Religiousness And Adjustment In Dementia Caregivers., George David Allen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It was the aim of this dissertation to determine if and how religiousness in family members caring for relatives suffering from dementia affects the mental health of family caregivers. To that end two theories were presented for testing in the form of path models. These theories were based on stress-process cognitive theory as adapted to the dementia caregiver situation. In this theory caregiver strain (mental distress) was thought to be mediated by cognitive appraisal, and appraisal to be influenced by contextual characteristics, personal and family resources, and stressors. Model one proposed that intrinsic religious orientation would mediate between the burdens …


Evaluation Of West Virginia Medicaid's Prior Authorization Policy For Anti-Ulcer Medications: Economic And Recipient Outcomes., Ambarish Jayant Ambegaonkar Jan 1997

Evaluation Of West Virginia Medicaid's Prior Authorization Policy For Anti-Ulcer Medications: Economic And Recipient Outcomes., Ambarish Jayant Ambegaonkar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Escalating drug costs and advent of managed care led WV Medicaid to implement the prior authorization policy for anti-ulcer medications (18% of 1994 expenditures). The study's purpose was to determine the policy's effect on utilization and expenditures of anti-ulcer medications and healthcare services such as inpatient hospitalizations, physician and outpatient hospital services (Phase I). The study also assessed the policy's effect on Medicaid recipient outcomes (Phase II). For Phase I, 36 months of Medicaid paid claims data (20 months pre-policy and 16 months post-policy) were analyzed for continuously eligible non-Medicare recipients. The policy's effects on utilization and expenditure time series …


Family Firo Model Perspectives On Physical Spouse Abuse: An Exploratory Study., Antoinette Sgarlata Wiseman Jan 1997

Family Firo Model Perspectives On Physical Spouse Abuse: An Exploratory Study., Antoinette Sgarlata Wiseman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Control is often a central concept in the explanation and treatment of physical spouse abuse. This study examined the usefulness of W. J. Doherty's and N. Colangelo's Family FIRO Model in explaining issues of control in physically aggressive couple relationships. The model is an adaptation of W. Schutz's Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation theory, which predicts the interpersonal fit in relationships from the satisfaction of the partners' intrapersonal inclusion, control, and affection needs. In further describing these needs, Doherty and colleagues place issues related to control in separate need areas, which could affect the initial focus of treatment. Thirty couples recruited …


Male Adolescent Sex Offenders: The Relationship Between Early Victimization And Subsequent Offense Patterns., Mark Steven Metz Jan 1997

Male Adolescent Sex Offenders: The Relationship Between Early Victimization And Subsequent Offense Patterns., Mark Steven Metz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Twenty-three (23) incarcerated male adolescent sex offenders participated in structured interviews about their experiences as both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault. Data were analyzed for indications that some perpetrators use their offenses to reenact their victimization experiences in an effort to achieve mastery over their own sexual traumata. Data were also evaluated for evidence of differential victimization histories by molesters and rapists. Significant relationships were found between victimization and offense experiences, including the selection by offenders of victims who were the same race as the perpetrators against them, the recurrence in offenses of two types of sexual activity--simulated intercourse …


Integrating Technology Education Concepts Into China's Educational System., Faxian Yang Jan 1997

Integrating Technology Education Concepts Into China's Educational System., Faxian Yang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The problem of this study was to develop a strategy for integrating technology education concepts within the Chinese mathematics and science curricula. The researcher used a case study as the basic methodology. It included three methods for collecting data: literature review, field study in junior and senior secondary schools in America and China, and interviews with experienced educators who were familiar with the status of technology education programs in the selected countries. The data came from the following areas: Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, China, and five states in the United States: Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York. The …


Lived Experiences Of Male Nursing Students With Caring., Patricia Jean Young Jan 1997

Lived Experiences Of Male Nursing Students With Caring., Patricia Jean Young

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Fifteen male nursing students from four baccalaureate nursing schools in West Virginia participated in this phenomenological study. The phenomena of interest was the lived experiences of male student nurses related to caring. Demographic data was obtained in the interview process. Semistructured interview questions were used in the individual interviews, which were all audiotaped. The methodology used was based on the Swanson-Kauffman and Schonwald method, which entailed the four step process of bracketing, analyzing, intuiting, and describing. Five themes were identified. The Primacy of Caring was the first theme. Characteristics of caring, the origins of caring, the lived experiences of caring …


A Signal Detection Analysis Of Body Image Distortion Among Women With Bulimia Nervosa., Lynda Anne Szymanski Jan 1997

A Signal Detection Analysis Of Body Image Distortion Among Women With Bulimia Nervosa., Lynda Anne Szymanski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The clinical conceptualization of body-image distortion among persons with eating disorders typically emphasizes sensory disturbances and de-emphasizes nonsensory, environmental variables. The present study examined body-size misperceptions using a signal detection paradigm in 20 women with bulimia and 20 women without present symptomology or history of an eating disorder. First, subjects estimated their body sizes using a video distortion camera. Second, each subject judged how similar or dissimilar each of 192 distorted and undistorted images was to her actual body size using a 5-point rating scale. The second phase of the study was repeated with one-half of the subjects given instructions …


Identity Management And Decision-Making Strategies Of Lesbian Women At Various Stages Of Identity Development: An Ethnographic Study., Joy Sharon Whitman Jan 1997

Identity Management And Decision-Making Strategies Of Lesbian Women At Various Stages Of Identity Development: An Ethnographic Study., Joy Sharon Whitman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This was a qualitative study designed to explore how women at various stages of lesbian identity development manage and make decisions about managing their identities. Management of identity was explored in terms of how women came out or stayed hidden and how they made decisions to both disclose and conceal. It used Cass' (1979) Stage Allocation Measure, based on her model of homosexual identity development, as a means to categorize women at various stages of lesbian identity development. Twenty-five adult women were individually interviewed, using a semi-structured interview schedule. In addition, participants agreed to maintain a journal for one month …


A Comparative Study Of Alma Mater Support Between First-Generation Alumni And Other Alumni., Susan Elaine Bohna Jan 1997

A Comparative Study Of Alma Mater Support Between First-Generation Alumni And Other Alumni., Susan Elaine Bohna

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary purpose of this study is to identify and compare the support of first-generation college graduates with other college graduates in terms of their gift support patterns and frequency of giving to their alma mater. A descriptive study design was used to analyze the data collected through the survey. The primary purpose of this research was to identify aspects of first-generation alumni resulting in reliable information for fund raisers to make better decisions regarding prospect cultivation. To conduct this study, survey instruments were sent to 400 alumni from the undergraduating class of 1975 from West Virginia University. These included …


A Comparative Study Of The Development Of Educational Psychology In China And America., Huiping Liu Cervenka Jan 1997

A Comparative Study Of The Development Of Educational Psychology In China And America., Huiping Liu Cervenka

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Some people argue that Western psychology and Asian psychology are fundamentally different and irreconcilable. Western psychology is scientific and analytic-reductionistic, while Asian psychology is concerned with man's harmony{dollar}\\...{dollar} (in Paranjpe et al, 1988, p18). This study examines and compares the scientific roots of Western psychology and the humanistic roots of Asian psychology in an attempt to determine commonality between Chinese and American educational psychology. A historical comparative method is used in this study. Two approaches, the personalistic and the naturalistic are employed to examine the development of educational psychology in China and America. Results show that Western psychology has been …


Current College And University Serious Student Problems: A Study Of Attitudes And Perceptions Of Chief Student Affairs Officers And Student Leaders At Research I Universities., Melanie Jeanne Cook Jan 1997

Current College And University Serious Student Problems: A Study Of Attitudes And Perceptions Of Chief Student Affairs Officers And Student Leaders At Research I Universities., Melanie Jeanne Cook

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitudes and perceptions of chief student affairs officers and student leaders at Research I universities of serious student problems and the impact on the design and implementation of student services programs, policies, and procedures. Separate questionnaires were sent to chief student affairs officers and elected student leaders at Research I universities. These questionnaires asked the respective groups to identify current serious student problems on their campus. For comparative purposes, chief student affairs officers were also asked to identify serious student problems in the past and next five years. In addition, they …


Inter-Rater Reliability, Sensitivity To Student Growth, And Concurrent Validity Of The Competent Learner Repertoire Assessment Level Two., Joseph Wesley Deem Jan 1997

Inter-Rater Reliability, Sensitivity To Student Growth, And Concurrent Validity Of The Competent Learner Repertoire Assessment Level Two., Joseph Wesley Deem

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study is to determine if two independent raters can reliably score the Competent Learner Repertoire Assessment Level 2 (CLRA), if the CLRA is sensitive to student growth over time, and to analyze if the CLRA concurs with another adaptive behavior assessment. To answer these questions the behavior of approximately 159 preschool students in a large Southern California school district will be assessed with the CLRA. The researcher proposes to evaluate inter-observer reliability by comparing scores on each CLRA item. The scores will be recorded by each of four teacher, associate teacher (paraprofessional aides) pairs across a …


Comparison Of Male And Female Osteopathic Student Perceptions Of The Status Of Women In The Osteopathic Medical Education Environment., Carolyn Bailey Thompson Jan 1997

Comparison Of Male And Female Osteopathic Student Perceptions Of The Status Of Women In The Osteopathic Medical Education Environment., Carolyn Bailey Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions held by female and male osteopathic students in regard to the status of women in the osteopathic medical education environment. Three general categories were examined: family/career conflict, professional representation, and gender discrimination. A sample of 576 students finishing their second year of education at five osteopathic medical schools in the United States was surveyed with a final return rate of 69.44%. Schools were selected by purposive sampling and data were analyzed using general linear models. The focus of the analysis was to compare the perceptions females and males reported regarding …


Role Expectations And Predictions Of Trends For Human Resource Development At Small, Private Colleges And Universities Within The Southern Regional Education Board Area., Beth Ann Triplett Jan 1997

Role Expectations And Predictions Of Trends For Human Resource Development At Small, Private Colleges And Universities Within The Southern Regional Education Board Area., Beth Ann Triplett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to identify the role expectations, reporting hierarchy, years in role and trends in human resource development (HRD) as reported by the person responsible for HRD in small, private colleges and universities within the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) geographic area. The population for this study was all the four-year, small, private schools in Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) states (N = 200). Each institution in the sample was mailed a copy of the HRD Roles Survey, an instrument developed for the purpose of this research. The survey was based on data from the American Society for …


Burnout And Depression Among Roman Catholic Secular, Religious, And Monastic Clergy., Stephen Gerard Virginia Jan 1997

Burnout And Depression Among Roman Catholic Secular, Religious, And Monastic Clergy., Stephen Gerard Virginia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Burnout and depression among Roman Catholic secular, religious order, and monastic (Cistercian) priests was investigated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Additionally, a Self-Report-Inventory was included (SRI) requesting information on demographics as well as four categories of predictor variables (vocational satisfaction, social support, spiritual activities, and physical environment) associated with burnout and depression. All participants were randomly selected from the National Catholic Director. The survey yielded a return rate of 90.67% with 63.11% completing the survey. Secular clergy reported significantly greater emotional exhaustion than did monastic clergy. Secular priests also had significantly …


The Relationships Of School Organizational Health And Teacher Commitment To Student Achievement In Selected West Virginia Elementary Schools., Louis Kent Watts Jan 1997

The Relationships Of School Organizational Health And Teacher Commitment To Student Achievement In Selected West Virginia Elementary Schools., Louis Kent Watts

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to assess the relationships between school organizational health, teacher commitment, and student achievement as measured by third and sixth grade CTBS test scores. The purposes of the study were to determine whether relationships existed between school health and achievement, teacher commitment and achievement, and the combined variables of school health and teacher commitment and student achievement. A sample of 504 teachers in 29 identified schools in four counties of southwestern West Virginia was chosen. Each participant was provided a packet which contained a cover letter, a sheet with five demographic questions, the Organizational Health Inventory for …


The Impact Of Good Father-Son Relationships On The Son's Development From Adolescent To Middle Age: A Qualitative Study., Wayne Francis Coombs Jan 1997

The Impact Of Good Father-Son Relationships On The Son's Development From Adolescent To Middle Age: A Qualitative Study., Wayne Francis Coombs

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This is a qualitative study regarding the impact of good father-son relationships on the son's development between adolescence to middle age with a homogeneous group of middle-aged men. Literature regarding the study of father-son relationships is reviewed along with historical and current theoretical perspectives. The literature contains a great deal of information pertaining to poor father-son relationships and essentially no information regarding good relationships. The major focus of this study was then to identify the components of a good father-son relationship and describe the impact of these on the son's life. It was found that a "good enough" father-son relationship …


Computer Programming: Science, Art, Or Both?, Sandra Trent Gum Jan 1997

Computer Programming: Science, Art, Or Both?, Sandra Trent Gum

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if spatial intelligence contributes to a student's success in a computer science major or if mathematical-logical intelligence is sufficient data on which to base a prediction of success. The study was performed at a small university. The sample consisted of 15 computer science (CS) majors, enrolled in a computer science class, and 15 non-CS-majors, enrolled in a statistics class. Seven of the CS-majors were considered advanced and seven were considered less advanced. The independent measures were: the mathematics and the English scores from the ACT/SAT (CS-majors); a questionnaire to obtain personal information; …


Involvement And Persistence: Nontraditional Student Perceptions Of The Student-College Relationship., James Leonard Butcher Jan 1997

Involvement And Persistence: Nontraditional Student Perceptions Of The Student-College Relationship., James Leonard Butcher

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was based upon the premise that college students who perceive themselves to matter to their institutions will be more involved and inclined to persist in their educational experiences than those who perceive themselves to be marginalized. The study pursued the question of possible relationships among student perceptions of mattering, involvement and persistence with emphasis on nontraditional student issues. A questionnaire, The Mattering Scales for Adult Students in Postsecondary Education, with additional sections to measure perceptions of involvement and persistence, was administered to a sample of nontraditional and traditional students at a commuter oriented co-educational institution of 6,500 students …


Parent Perceptions Of Accreditation Standards In Early Childhood Education., Lori Elizabeth Casto Jan 1997

Parent Perceptions Of Accreditation Standards In Early Childhood Education., Lori Elizabeth Casto

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A major problem in the development of a profession in early childhood education is the lack of recognized research data relevant to practice. Parents supply an ongoing demand for the education of their children, and researchers need to determine what dimensions of quality parents find most important. The present research investigated parents' perceptions of the National Association for the Education of Young Children's (NAEYC) Accreditation Standards. Seventy-six licensed preschools and daycare centers were randomly drawn and stratified by type and size of center (NAEYC Accredited, Head Start, Large, and Small). Surveys were sent to the director of each center for …


Prediction Of Premature Termination From Residential Substance Abuse Rehabilitation., Frank Robert Hershberger Jan 1997

Prediction Of Premature Termination From Residential Substance Abuse Rehabilitation., Frank Robert Hershberger

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A significant proportion of clients utilizing substance abuse programs fail to successfully complete a course of treatment. High attrition rates represent a large number of clients who do not receive the full benefit of treatment. Both clients and treatment programs are adversely affected by premature termination. The present research focused on prediction of discharge status from residential substance abuse rehabilitation. A discriminant function analysis resulted in a prediction equation which incorporated nine sociodemographic variables. This equation correctly classified the discharge status of 67% of the prediction sample of 252 subjects. The equation was cross validated in a stratified random sample …


Examination Of A Cumulative Strategies Model For Drug Abuse Prevention: Risk Factor Reduction In High-Risk Children., Kimberly Ann Horn Jan 1997

Examination Of A Cumulative Strategies Model For Drug Abuse Prevention: Risk Factor Reduction In High-Risk Children., Kimberly Ann Horn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A Cumulative Strategies Model for drug abuse prevention employs a process by which two or more drug abuse prevention strategies are used conjointly, such that each strategy targets two or more factors that place children at high risk for drug abuse. This model was examined using an innovative multiple component program called CHOICES. CHOICES emphasizes the reduction of risk factors that are characteristic of a high risk population of children of alcoholics and predictive of drug abuse. Using a repeated measures multiple baseline design, the results of this study revealed that the Cumulative Strategies Model inherent to the CHOICES program …