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Imagery Use In Fencing, Jason Michael Boron May 2002

Imagery Use In Fencing, Jason Michael Boron

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purposes of this study were to: (1) evaluate the motivational and cognitive components of imagery use among fencers, and (2) to determine if these motivational and cognitive components and the use of imagery among fencers is a function of skill level, experience, primary weapon, gender, or handedness. A survey containing the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), Imagery Use Questionnaire (IUQ), and a brief demographic questionnaire were distributed to 132 male and 116 female fencers competing in the United States Fencing Association's 2000 Summer Nationals in Austin, TX. Psychometric characteristics of the SIQ were calculated and indicated that most items measured …

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Perceptions Of Banned Drugs In Athletics In Relation To Sport Participation, Gender, And Socioeconomic Status, Torri P. Hill May 2002

Perceptions Of Banned Drugs In Athletics In Relation To Sport Participation, Gender, And Socioeconomic Status, Torri P. Hill

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine college athletes' perceptions regarding illegal drugs in sport related to sport (team/individual), gender, and socioeconomic status. It was hypothesized that male, team sport, and higher socioeconomic athletes would view drug use in sport as more appropriate. A demographic data sheet and King Drug Doping in Sport Questionnaire (KDSQ) (King, 1991) was administered to 93 athletes in CHAMPS/Life Skills classes at an Eastern Division I institution. To scale reliability and construct validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were obtained and a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was run. Findings revealed weak Cronbach alpha …

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Effects Of Intertrial Interval And D-Amphetamine On Temporally Organized Behavior Of Pigeons, Lori Marie Lieving May 2002

Effects Of Intertrial Interval And D-Amphetamine On Temporally Organized Behavior Of Pigeons, Lori Marie Lieving

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present experiment examined the effects of intertrial interval and d-amphetamine on pecking of pigeons maintained by an interval bisection task. The side-tracking group responded based on the location of the key and the color-tracking group responded based on the color of the key. Intermediate stimulus durations were tested, separated by either a 10- or 100-s intertrial interval and a range of d-amphetamine doses and saline were administered. Acquisition of performance in the side-tracking group occurred in fewer sessions relative to the color-tracking group. In both groups, the proportion of long responses increased as a function of stimulus duration. These …

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Instructional Alternative For Underprepared Students, Deborah A. Thomas May 2002

Instructional Alternative For Underprepared Students, Deborah A. Thomas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This quasi-experimental study examined the use of daily drills as a supplemental instructional alternative for underprepared students enrolled in General Psychology courses at a midwestern open-admission community college. Underprepared students were defined as those students whose Nelson-Denny Reading Test score fell below community college entrance level criteria. Daily one-minute drills of course content were provided to all participants in the experimental group. Lectures, discussion, and class activities were provided to both groups. The experimental and control group were compared using retention data, reading scores, and exam scores. Although more students in the experimental group withdrew from the course, most withdrew …

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Effects Of Electronic Communication On Culture Shock Of Spouses Of International Students, Diana Bennett May 2002

Effects Of Electronic Communication On Culture Shock Of Spouses Of International Students, Diana Bennett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Culture shock is a serious problem for spouses of international students. This recollection study looked at use of telephone, web phone, email, chat, and online newspapers as predictors for culture shock. Fifteen spouses of international students at a mid-Atlantic university were interviewed with the same rated questions asking them to recall how they felt: When they first arrived in the United States, during their first six months here, during their second six months here, during their third six months here, and at the time of the interview. For the same time periods, they were also asked how many times a …

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Developing A Model To Facilitate The Improvement Of The Quality Of Crash Data Collection In West Virginia, David Scott Bucy May 2002

Developing A Model To Facilitate The Improvement Of The Quality Of Crash Data Collection In West Virginia, David Scott Bucy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Most federal, state, and local agencies use information derived from traffic crash reports for decision-making purposes. The accuracy and timeliness of this data is vital to safety program managers and traffic engineers. The purpose of this study was to assess improvements in the crash data process and examine the impact of the research assessment model developed by the West Virginia University Project Research Team on the West Virginia Uniform Traffic Crash Report.;A three-year research study funded by the West Virginia Division of Highways was conducted statewide with law enforcement agencies at all levels. Four hundred fifty-three officers participated in the …

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Co -Curricular Involvement Of West Virginia Four-Year State College Students And The Statistical Relationship With Post -Graduate Community And Professional Involvement, Leadership, Salary, And Job Satisfaction, James D. Carpenter May 2002

Co -Curricular Involvement Of West Virginia Four-Year State College Students And The Statistical Relationship With Post -Graduate Community And Professional Involvement, Leadership, Salary, And Job Satisfaction, James D. Carpenter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the statistical relationship between co-curricular involvement of West Virginia college students and post-graduate involvement in community and professional organizations, leadership positions held within those organizations, professional salary, and self-perceived job satisfaction. A sample population of 400 college students (n = 400) from State-assisted colleges in West Virginia who completed baccalaureate requirements in 1990 was sent a copy of the West Virginia College and Community Involvement Survey and the Mohrman-Cooke-Mohrman Job Satisfaction Survey. Of 272 usable surveys, 142, or 52.2%, were returned.;Data analysis identified a significant statistical correlation between involvement in collegiate co-curricular …

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Perceived Efficacy And Utilization Of The Oralcdx Brush Biopsy, Courtney Niccole Huffman May 2002

Perceived Efficacy And Utilization Of The Oralcdx Brush Biopsy, Courtney Niccole Huffman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The OralCDx is a preliminary screening tool developed to identify suspicious lesions. Despite large numbers of persons diagnosed with oral cancers annually, minimal research has been conducted on the efficacy and utilization rates of OralCDx. The purpose of this study is to determine perceived efficacy and utilization rates of OralCDx nationwide. A 16-item survey was used to survey a random sample of 100 dentists and a 6-item survey was used to survey a random sample of 400 patients. Data analyses were conducted using frequencies, cumulative frequencies, percents, analysis of variance, and tests of chi-square using the JMP program. Preliminary results …

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Depression And Self -Silencing In Lesbian And Heterosexual Women, Samantha Ann Kirk May 2002

Depression And Self -Silencing In Lesbian And Heterosexual Women, Samantha Ann Kirk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Depression among lesbians is an underexplored area in the literature of the psychology of women and in depression research. A few investigators have hypothesized about the factors that place lesbians at risk for depression, and have explored those hypotheses experimentally. However, there is a large gap in the understanding of lesbians and depression. Dana Jack (1991) proposed a model of depression which holds that women who fail to represent their experiences to romantic partners are at increased risk for depression. One hundred and seventy participants were recruited to test this model (85 lesbians and 71 heterosexual women, as well as …

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Induction -Year Mentors' Self -Perceptions And Reflections On Their Training And Administrative Support, Joy Rise Cowdery May 2002

Induction -Year Mentors' Self -Perceptions And Reflections On Their Training And Administrative Support, Joy Rise Cowdery

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how induction-year mentors in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia perceived their jobs as mentors, reflected upon their training, and assessed their administrative support. By asking mentors to reflect upon their experiences as trained mentors, administrators may use this information to determine the extent to which what is happening in the field is perceived as effective and valuable by the participants charged with success of the mentoring programs. Mentoring, in this study, was examined through the lens of critical theory to determine if what was experienced by mentors in their training programs …

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Perceptions Of Moral Agency Among Some Preschool Special Needs Teachers, Stephen Keith Pavlovic May 2002

Perceptions Of Moral Agency Among Some Preschool Special Needs Teachers, Stephen Keith Pavlovic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

For more than 30 years, research on moral development has been dominated by the work of Lawrence Kohlberg and James Rest who have sought to construct and validate a universal model of moral development. The administration of either the Moral Judgment Inventory (MJI) or the Defining Issues Test (DIT) has been the primary, and frequently the only, methodology used to examine the moral reasoning abilities of various professions. Based on these tests, teachers have shown a disturbingly low level of moral reasoning. Using Rest's Four Component Model of moral deliberation, the study was designed to test the hypothesis that teachers' …

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Interpersonal Conflict Within The Context Of The Organization, Jodi Lynn Sauders May 2002

Interpersonal Conflict Within The Context Of The Organization, Jodi Lynn Sauders

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This investigation was concerned with individual conflict management styles and situations. Participants were asked to complete the Organizational Communication Conflict Instrument (OCCI) (Putnam & Wilson, 1982) based on a particular conflict with a friend who is not a co-worker and a friend who is a co-worker. Results found that individuals do not change their conflict management styles based on situations. Also considered were the Big Three (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985) personality types and their relationship to variability in one's conflict management styles. There were no relationships between variability and the Big Three.

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Heart Rate Reactivity, Aggression, Anger, And Antisocial Behavior In Dating Males, Jennifer L. Guriel May 2002

Heart Rate Reactivity, Aggression, Anger, And Antisocial Behavior In Dating Males, Jennifer L. Guriel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study assessed heart rate reactivity and antisocial characteristics, subjective report of anger, and family history variables in 18 aggressive and 18 non-aggressive undergraduate males in an attempt to test the generalizability of Gottman et al.'s (1995) investigation of cardiovascular reactivity as a typological variable for male batterers. Participants were categorized according to their scores on the Conflict Tactics Scale, Revised. Heart rate reactivity, personality variables (using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition), and anger (using the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory) were subsequently measured during standardized interpersonal discussion tasks with a female confederate during the laboratory phase. Aggressive …

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Effects Of Familiar Versus Unfamiliar Therapists On Responding In The Analog Functional Analysis, Carie Lynn English May 2002

Effects Of Familiar Versus Unfamiliar Therapists On Responding In The Analog Functional Analysis, Carie Lynn English

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The analog functional analysis involves the manipulation of pre-determined antecedent and consequent events and typically is conducted by trained experimenters. Research has evaluated the effects of including a broader range of antecedent variables in the analog. Inclusion of caregivers is one potential antecedent that may alter problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of including caregivers in the analog. Four individuals with developmental disabilities and their caregivers served as participants. The differential effects of caregivers and experimenters as therapists were evaluated. For 3 of 4 participants, different patterns of responding were observed when caregivers versus …

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Effects Of Morphine, D-Amphetamine, And Food Deprivation On Temporally Organized Behavior, Todd William Knealing May 2002

Effects Of Morphine, D-Amphetamine, And Food Deprivation On Temporally Organized Behavior, Todd William Knealing

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Two experiments examined the effects of morphine and d-amphetamine on behavior that was temporally organized under several schedule arrangements. Two body weights were assessed for each experiment. Experiment 1 made use of fixed-interval (FI) schedules, the peak procedure, and a two-key (free-operant psychophysical) procedure. Indexes of timing performance under each of these schedules were assessed and compared. Timing indexes were decreased by both drugs in the two-key procedure, but were not reliably altered in the peak procedure. Both drugs produced clear rate-dependent effects on behavior in both procedures. In Experiment 2, FI performance was assessed both alone and with a …

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Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar May 2002

Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Although psychologists are beginning to be employed in medical settings, little is known about medical patients' preferences when encountering mental health problems. One population that could be better served by this type of research is diabetes mellitus because of the poor adherence rates and high depression associated with the disease. The current study aimed to identify diabetes patients' preferences for treatments and helpers when encountering emotional difficulties. Data were collected on 80 patients from an Appalachian region of the United States who had previously been diagnosed with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Results indicated that diabetes patients were …

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Factors Related To The Information Needs And Desired Level Of Participation Of Older Women Engaged In Medical Decision Making, Ronald Ralph Martin May 2002

Factors Related To The Information Needs And Desired Level Of Participation Of Older Women Engaged In Medical Decision Making, Ronald Ralph Martin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Previous research suggests that older adults prefer less information and involvement in medical decision-making scenarios than younger adults. No previous research has empirically explored the factors that might influence the information and involvement preferences of older adults in medical decision-making scenarios. The present study involved an investigation of the influence of four factors on information and involvement needs: the complexity of the medical information, cognitive abilities, attitudes toward medical authority and health locus of control beliefs. Complexity was defined by contrasting reading levels (i.e., medical scenarios written at the 4th- vs. 11th-grade reading level). Cognitive abilities were measured using the …

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The Effect Of Math Anxiety, Math Self -Efficacy, And Computer -Assisted Instruction On The Ability Of Undergraduate Nursing Students To Calculate Drug Dosages., James Edward Hodge Jan 2002

The Effect Of Math Anxiety, Math Self -Efficacy, And Computer -Assisted Instruction On The Ability Of Undergraduate Nursing Students To Calculate Drug Dosages., James Edward Hodge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the effect of math anxiety, math self-efficacy, and computer-assisted instruction on the ability of undergraduate nursing students to calculate drug dosages. The population of the study consisted of undergraduate nursing students at Mountain State University (N = 122), while the sample included students enrolled in a Math Topics for Nurses course during the Spring Semester of 2002 (n = 40). Mountain State University is a small, private university located in Beckley, West Virginia. Participants completed the Math Anxiety Scale (MAS), Math Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) and a Drug Dosage Calculation Exam. Fennema and Sherman (1976) created the Math …

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An Assessment Of Student Cognition In Basic Instruction Bowling Classes., Rhonda Lou Noble Jan 2002

An Assessment Of Student Cognition In Basic Instruction Bowling Classes., Rhonda Lou Noble

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study was a descriptive analysis of the cognitive processes of college students. The instruments used for data collection were the modified CPQPE, student demographic and thought questionnaires, and a teacher questionnaire asking them to rate initial and ending skill level, improvement, and the student cognitive processes measured on the CPQPE. The participants in the study were 151 college students enrolled in basic instruction bowling classes. The students were divided into three skill groups (high, low skill-high improvement, and low skill-low improvement) based on initial bowling averages and ending improvement. The results revealed that the total score and the self-regulation/strategy …

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The Relationship Of Superintendent Instructional Leadership Behavior And Student Achievement In High-Performing High Schools That Work Network Public High Schools In West Virginia., Steven Louis Paine Jan 2002

The Relationship Of Superintendent Instructional Leadership Behavior And Student Achievement In High-Performing High Schools That Work Network Public High Schools In West Virginia., Steven Louis Paine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine instructional leadership behaviors that West Virginia school superintendents employ in leading principals in school districts containing high performing High Schools That Work Network public high schools and to determine what relationship exists between superintendent instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement based on the High Schools That Work Assessments. Data derived from 20 pairs of superintendents and principals from high performing High Schools That Work Network public high schools were analyzed to determine superintendent instructional leadership behaviors that related to student achievement. Statistically significant relationships were determined between superintendents and principals for instructional …

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Acceptable Casualties: Power, Culture, And History In The West Virginia Coalfields, 1900-1945., Paul Hellmut Rakes Jan 2002

Acceptable Casualties: Power, Culture, And History In The West Virginia Coalfields, 1900-1945., Paul Hellmut Rakes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

West Virginia's coal mining industry experienced extremely high casualty rates during the first half of the twentieth century. This study examines the cultural, political, and technological factors that contributed to the hazardous nature of mining and prevented significant improvements in mine safety. The period was characterized by rapid advancements in technology which enabled mine operations to expand significantly. However, these technological improvements unleashed dangerous forces underground, such as increased accumulations of coal dust. The adverse impact of technological innovation was incompletely understood by miners and operators alike, especially during the early years of the century. When West Virginia experienced a …

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Training And System Implementation Impact Study Subtitled: "But We Just Got Used To The Old System!"., Barbara A. Matey Jan 2002

Training And System Implementation Impact Study Subtitled: "But We Just Got Used To The Old System!"., Barbara A. Matey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Anyone who is a participant in today's workforce can attest to the fact that change is a constant and that workplace changes are often brought about by new or upgraded technology, which often means that a worker may become accustomed to a particular system, only to discover that it will soon be replaced with a new one. Today's technology is often packaged in the form of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that revolutionizes the company's processes and brings about massive changes in the production of goods and services. These systems promise both the integration of different departments of a …

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The Effects Of An Aggression -Management Training Intervention Program On Controlling Ice Hockey Player Penalty Minutes., Mark Anthony Mattesi Jan 2002

The Effects Of An Aggression -Management Training Intervention Program On Controlling Ice Hockey Player Penalty Minutes., Mark Anthony Mattesi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aggression in sport, either hostile or instrumental, is defined within the literature as purposeful and having the capacity to be rule-violating, leading to penalties or potentially causing psychological or physical injury to another. To date, few studies have looked at controlling and reducing levels of aggression and penalty minutes with ice hockey players. No research has developed a program specifically for controlling ice hockey players' aggression. Sport psychology literature does include research done by Silva (1982), which only looked at one variable in terms of stress reduction in teaching stress management skills to overly aggressive ice hockey players. The general …

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The Utility Of Perceived Stress, Locus Of Control, And Type A Behavior Pattern As Predictors Of Doctoral Degree Completion In A Non-Traditional Ed.D. Program., Barbara J. Mcdermott Jan 2002

The Utility Of Perceived Stress, Locus Of Control, And Type A Behavior Pattern As Predictors Of Doctoral Degree Completion In A Non-Traditional Ed.D. Program., Barbara J. Mcdermott

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Logistic regression analyses assessed the ability of critical stress, locus of control and Type A behavior pattern to predict degree completion in a non-traditional Ed.D. program. The population consisted of students admitted to the Cooperative Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership Studies, a collaborative program offered by West Virginia University and Marshall University, from 1980 through 1997. The sample included 107 (74%) eligible respondents to the survey. Sixty-four percent of respondents were female, 36% were male with the average age at entering the doctoral program 39.5 years. Ninety-two percent of respondents were employed full-time during doctoral study. The student's scores on …

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The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Attachment And Disordered Eating In Female Adolescents And Their Mothers., Jan L. Melcher Jan 2002

The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Attachment And Disordered Eating In Female Adolescents And Their Mothers., Jan L. Melcher

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This cross-sectional study examined a continuum of eating disturbances in a predominantly White community sample of late-adolescent young women and their mothers, the relationship between mother-daughter eating and weight control practices, and the affective quality of mother-daughter and father-daughter attachment. Daughters (N = 87) and mothers (N = 83) completed the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (Mintz, O'Halloran, Mulholland & Schneider, 1997) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991). Daughters (N = 87) completed the Parental Attachment Questionnaire and mothers (N = 83) and fathers ( N = 31) completed the Revised Parent Measure (Kenny, 1990). The findings support use …

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Career Maturity And The Use Of Disability Support Services: The Effect Of Locus Of Control And Career Self -Efficacy For College Students With Disabilities., Bethanne T. Jacobson Jan 2002

Career Maturity And The Use Of Disability Support Services: The Effect Of Locus Of Control And Career Self -Efficacy For College Students With Disabilities., Bethanne T. Jacobson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Each year the number of college students with disabilities increases. For these students, completing a college education is important in order to meet personal goals of self-sufficiency, independence, financial security, and to allow for more effective competition in the job market. This study examined the influence of locus of control and career self-efficacy on the development of career maturity for college students with disabilities. The college students that responded to this study demonstrated high levels of career self-efficacy, career maturity, and an internal locus of control regardless of gender, ethnicity, academic level, disability status, age of onset of disability, or …

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Creating Loyalty In Relationship Marketing: A Descriptive Study Of Supermarket Loyalty Programs., Catherine Maria Brumley Jan 2002

Creating Loyalty In Relationship Marketing: A Descriptive Study Of Supermarket Loyalty Programs., Catherine Maria Brumley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis explores the concept of loyalty marketing as a component of relationship marketing, by creating, building, and maintaining long-term relationships with customers to develop lifetime value and brand loyalty to one particular company or brand. The data highlights loyalty card programs implemented within the supermarket industry and evaluates those programs based on the variables of loyalty. The variables include trust, commitment, satisfaction, and value. The findings show documentation for or against the initial hypotheses, which involve factors affecting supermarket loyalty, such as convenience, price, and perceived brand value.

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The Development Of Policies And Procedures For Referring Collegiate Athletes With Eating Disorders., Brooke R. Andrews Jan 2002

The Development Of Policies And Procedures For Referring Collegiate Athletes With Eating Disorders., Brooke R. Andrews

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objective: To write an institutional policy that outlines a referral plan for collegiate athletes diagnosed with eating disorders. Design: A modified Delphi Technique. Participants: 14 Team Physicians and 14 Head Athletic Trainers from the Big East Athletic Conference. Interventions: Participants received a first round demographic and policies questionnaires followed by a second round policies questionnaire two weeks later. Participants were asked to rate the components on relevance to a written policy. Results: The final policy outlines the medical personnel who should comprise an Eating Disorder Team, what evaluations are mandatory for an athlete suspected of having an eating disorder, and …

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The Association Of Selected Personality Traits With Perceived Teaching Program Effectiveness., Mitchell Eugene Bryant Jan 2002

The Association Of Selected Personality Traits With Perceived Teaching Program Effectiveness., Mitchell Eugene Bryant

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was an exploratory study of associations between selected personality traits of agriculture teachers and perceived teaching program effectiveness. The twenty male teachers of agriculture who graduated/certified between the years 1981 and 1990, and who had taught agriculture in West Virginia high schools for more than one year were asked to complete the Emotions Profile Index which, when analyzed, provides a percentile score based upon national norms in eight dimensions of personality. Analysis of variance was used to determine if differences existed between quartile rankings and personality traits of participants. Findings indicate that the type of personality exhibited by …

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The Dynamics Of Orality, Language, And Identity In David Huet’S Zaza, La Réunion Des Années 50 And Erna Brodber’S Jane And Louisa Will Soon Come Home, Weena Isabelle Gaulin Jan 2002

The Dynamics Of Orality, Language, And Identity In David Huet’S Zaza, La Réunion Des Années 50 And Erna Brodber’S Jane And Louisa Will Soon Come Home, Weena Isabelle Gaulin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study contends that Reunionese and Caribbean identities can be construed in part through an examination of orality and language in the literature of the islands. In preparation for an analysis of the dynamics of Creole and other oral features in Huet`s Zaza, la Réunion des années 50 and Brodber’s Jane and Louisa Will Soon Come Home, some linguistic preliminaries establish Creoles as full-fledged languages, a step that helps explain the post-colonial subject’s behavior towards a language initially imposed by the colonizer. A comparison of the nature, mechanics, and purposes of oral structural devices in the two literary works leads …

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