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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Life Stress, Locus-Of-Control, And Sport Competition Anxiety Patterns Of College Student-Athletes., Edward Fredrick Etzel Jan 1989

Life Stress, Locus-Of-Control, And Sport Competition Anxiety Patterns Of College Student-Athletes., Edward Fredrick Etzel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In an effort to better understand the patterns of life stress sources, stress reactions, and perceptions of control over life situations of college student-athletes, a battery of three self-report instruments were administered to 400 male and female student-athletes at a medium size, land grant university. Responses from 263 individuals on the Campus Stress Questionnaire, Levenson's locus of control questionnaire, and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test, indicated that the student-athletes perceived they experienced significantly greater amounts of overall life stress, cognitive stress symptoms, and less sport competition anxiety than the norm. Respondents reported they own a significantly more external locus of …

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The Metabolism And Distribution Of Carbon-14-8nitrogen(6)-Benzyladenine In Lettuce Seeds And Seedlings., Roger George Seeber Jan 1989

The Metabolism And Distribution Of Carbon-14-8nitrogen(6)-Benzyladenine In Lettuce Seeds And Seedlings., Roger George Seeber

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cytokinins are an integral part of plant growth and development, involved in many physiological processes and found in several forms. This investigation sought to follow the uptake of the cytokinin, {dollar}\\sp{lcub}14{rcub}{dollar}C-8N{dollar}\\sp6{dollar}-benzyladenine (BAP), by lettuce seeds through time, trace the movement of the metabolites through several areas of the seedling, and identify the BAP metabolites. Lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) were exposed to a two hour pulse of the radioactive BAP. These seeds were harvested at 4 hour intervals from 2-48 hours. Seedlings incubated from 36-48 hours were cut (depending on age) into; root, stem, shoot tip and …

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Effect Of Intensive Instruction On Inquiry Patterns Of Registered Professional Nurses In Making Clinical Judgments., Diane Marie Tomasic Jan 1989

Effect Of Intensive Instruction On Inquiry Patterns Of Registered Professional Nurses In Making Clinical Judgments., Diane Marie Tomasic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a method to modify the inquiry pattern behaviors of registered professional nurses in data gathering for clinical judgments. Forty registered professional nurses who were either students currently enrolled in an upper-division baccalaureate RN completion program or graduates of the program participated in the study. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to Group I and received the experimental treatment, intensive instruction in cue attendance, information search, and hypothesis generation. Twenty additional subjects were assigned to Group II and received instruction in the principles of diagnostic reasoning. Measures of demographic data, level …

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The Relationship Between School Principals' Self-Perceived Brain Hemispheric Processing Modes And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Styles., Barbara Mcswain Kean Jan 1989

The Relationship Between School Principals' Self-Perceived Brain Hemispheric Processing Modes And Their Self-Perceived Leadership Styles., Barbara Mcswain Kean

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to examine the relationship between the self-perceived preferred brain hemispheric processing of West Virginia public school principals and their self-perceived leadership styles. Seventy-five respondents completed the Herrmann Brain Dominance Profile, the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, and a demographics sheet. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS). Chi Square analyses at the 0.05 alpha level were used to test two directional hypotheses that guided this study. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Public school principals in West Virginia who perceived themselves as preferring mental processes that are predominantly left brain hemispheric perceived …

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Characteristics Of Airborne Coal Mine Dust And Its Implication To Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis., Hyunwook Kim Jan 1989

Characteristics Of Airborne Coal Mine Dust And Its Implication To Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis., Hyunwook Kim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Physical and chemical characteristics of coal mine dust are expected to vary from location to location within a mine, between mines, between coal seams, between coal ranks, between particle sizes, and over time. This information is valuable in understanding the variations in CWP incidence and possibly the cause(s), as well as in establishing the appropriate kinds of dust to use in toxicological research programs studying CWP. The objectives of this study were to analyze such characteristics of coal mine dust as concentration, particle size distribution and mineral content as a function of sampling location, section, coal mine, and coal seam. …

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An Integrated Computer Model For Predicting Surface Subsidence Due To Underground Coal Mining: "Cispm"., Yi Luo Jan 1989

An Integrated Computer Model For Predicting Surface Subsidence Due To Underground Coal Mining: "Cispm"., Yi Luo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is a part of the results of a research effort. The objective of the research was to develop a reliable, comprehensive and easy-to-use computer model for predicting surface movement and deformation induced by underground coal mining. The subsidence prediction model developed is capable of (1) predicting the final subsidence on a flat or moderate surface; (2) predicting the dynamic subsidence on a flat or moderate surface for an operating longwall panel; (3) recommending subsidence parameters based on the geological and panel layout information for those new coal mines; (4) deducing the subsidence parameters from the subsidence data collected …

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The Relationship Between Selected Demographic Characteristics And Locus-Of-Control Of Nursing Deans., Patsy Hesen Haslam Jan 1989

The Relationship Between Selected Demographic Characteristics And Locus-Of-Control Of Nursing Deans., Patsy Hesen Haslam

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examines the relationship between selected characteristics (independent variable) and locus of control (dependent variable) of nursing academic administrators (deans). Locus of control (LOC) was defined as deans' scores on Levenson's I, P, and C Scales. Eighteen (18) hypotheses were proposed regarding the following dean characteristics and their LOC: age, academic achievement, level of basic nursing preparation, socio-political involvement, means of attaining current decanal position, and type of preparation for academic administrative role. The relationship between deans' locus of control and ten (10) additional variables was also determined. The sample consisted of 199 deans in state-approved undergraduate nursing schools …

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Citation Analysis And Emerging Technologies: Foundational Technical Developments In Optical Disk Technology., Thomas Tunnell Wrenn Jan 1989

Citation Analysis And Emerging Technologies: Foundational Technical Developments In Optical Disk Technology., Thomas Tunnell Wrenn

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One reason a given technology emerges is that the technical means of the technology are improved--made more efficient, faster, more reliable. This causes changes in the "socio-technical interface" between the technical means and the organization in which it is applied, and it becomes practical to use the improved technical means in new applications and additional organizations. Technical developments that decisively affect the technical workability and the economic usefulness of a product or process, which permit rapid changes in a technology and its rate of emergence, are termed foundational technical developments (FTDs). We often want to be able to identify which …

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Simulation Of Boundary Coal Thickness Sensors., Michael Gordon Nelson Jan 1989

Simulation Of Boundary Coal Thickness Sensors., Michael Gordon Nelson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Underground coal mining practice often requires that some coal be lift in place at the seam boundaries after mining, for purposes of ground control, quality control, machine guidance, of good operating practice. Many methods for measuring the thickness of boundary coal have been developed, but only the natural gamma method has been used in routine operations. Use of this method is constrained by the level and consistency of the natural gamma background in the bordering strata, the accuracy of the gamma detection instrument, and the elevation profile of the seam boundary being detected. Computer simulations for three commercially available gamma …

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Acceptance Evaluation Model For A New Transit Technology--A Case Study Of Aerial Cable Transit., Murthy Veer Bondada Jan 1989

Acceptance Evaluation Model For A New Transit Technology--A Case Study Of Aerial Cable Transit., Murthy Veer Bondada

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In transit technology evaluation models, presently being used, no provisions have been made for perceptions. An Acceptance Evaluation Model for a New Transit Technology, which objectively considers all technologies, has been developed. The case study applies the eight-step methodological model to evaluate the acceptance of aerial cable technology (aerial cable tramways and gondolas) compared to bus, van, self-propelled and cable-propelled people movers, and Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) for urban applications. Two urban scenarios were considered for application of Aerial Cable Technology (ACT)--as a Downtown Connector to parking facilities and in a Regional Center interconnecting developments. The acceptance of the ACT …

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Safe Hand-Button Distance For Mechanical Power Presses., Roger Christian Jensen Jan 1989

Safe Hand-Button Distance For Mechanical Power Presses., Roger Christian Jensen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many mechanical power presses are equipped for actuation with dual hand buttons. For these operations, most countries have safety regulations requiring the button location be at least a minimum distance from the hazardous area where the dies meet. This distance is called the "safe distance" (D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar}) because its purpose is to protect the operator in case of a sudden, instinctive reach into the die area after initiating the downstroke. According to most of these regulations, D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar} is determined (in meters) from the inequality D{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm s{rcub}{dollar} {dollar}>{dollar} S T{dollar}\\sb{lcub}\\rm stop{rcub}{dollar} where S is an assumed hand speed of …

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Experimental Analysis Of Laterally-Confined Coal Block Under Impact Indentation., Seungjae Jung Jan 1989

Experimental Analysis Of Laterally-Confined Coal Block Under Impact Indentation., Seungjae Jung

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A fundamental study of impact indentation is presented for the dynamic penetration of a conical bit into coal block. Blocks of coal with approximate dimensions of 10 x 10 x 6 inches were laterally confined to predetermined equivalent in-situ stresses and then subjected to an impact indentation by dropping a coal cutting bit with a known weight from a known height. Tests were done with five bits of different geometry. The effect of material anisotropy on fracture formation was studied by testing coal specimens in face/butt cleat directions. General relationships between applied energy, bit geometry and damage zones on crater …

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On The Threshold Of The Ever-Returning Past: Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood" As A Labyrinth Of The Liminal Grotesque., Virginia Ellen Leonard Jan 1989

On The Threshold Of The Ever-Returning Past: Djuna Barnes' "Nightwood" As A Labyrinth Of The Liminal Grotesque., Virginia Ellen Leonard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nightwood is a novel of life lived in the interstices of time and space by marginal characters, epitomized by the night people of Vienna, Paris, and Berlin. These epicenters of the cultural revolutions of the early twentieth century drew expatriates from all over the world. This novel captures the essence of marginality in images of the grotesque, the most appropriate symbol of the liminal life and the most useful art form to consider when investigating the complex style of a simple tale. In consequence, I use an interdisciplinary approach, combining art history of the grotesque, analysis of major motif patterns …

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Instructional Design And Interactive Videodisc In Cai., Robert Franklin Perkins Jan 1989

Instructional Design And Interactive Videodisc In Cai., Robert Franklin Perkins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study uses the Product Development Cycle developed by W. James Popham and Eva L. Baker as a systems approach to Computer-Aided-Instruction development. This process establishes seven stages (Formulation, Item Specification, Item Tryout, Product Development, Product Tryout, Product Revision, and Operations Analysis) and rules that are to be followed at each stage. Formative and summative evaluation are incorporated to improve the product's development. Instructional design is integrated into this process by using Component Display Theory developed by M. David Merrill. Merrill uses a Performance-Content matrix to develop learner objectives and items to test performance. Presentation Forms (Primary and Secondary) are …

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Studies Of Nonlinear Dynamics In Chemical Systems., John Steven Reckley Jan 1988

Studies Of Nonlinear Dynamics In Chemical Systems., John Steven Reckley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This work reports on three projects undertaken with the aim of learning more about complex behavior such as multiple steady states in a CSTR and traveling waves and spatial structures in unstirred solutions. Bistability in the permanganate-oxalate system was studied spectrophotometrically and computationally using a CSTR in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Absorbance of the solution was monitored as a function of flow rate. The concentrations of several manganese containing species in each of the steady states at a specific flow rate were determined using multi-component analysis. A four-variable empirical rate law model and computational results were presented. An experimental investigation of …

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The Beginning Teacher's Personality Needs And The Perceived School Climate In West Virginia., Charles Kent Runyan Jan 1988

The Beginning Teacher's Personality Needs And The Perceived School Climate In West Virginia., Charles Kent Runyan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study investigated by analyzing independently as well as interdependently the demographic characteristics of the beginning teacher in West Virginia, the school climate these teachers perceived as pervasive in the state, and the first year teacher's personality needs. For this purpose, eight major questions were fashioned with 38 major composite null hypotheses developed. Three instruments were used to collect data: a general demographic survey--to assess ten demographic characteristics, the School Climate Survey (SCS)--to measure the perceived school climate, and the Sterns Activities Index (SAI)--to measure the personality needs. From a state-wide population of 783 beginning teachers with zero years of …

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Serving The Union: The United Mine Workers Of America Welfare And Retirement Fund, 1946-1978., Richard Patrick Mulcahy Jan 1988

Serving The Union: The United Mine Workers Of America Welfare And Retirement Fund, 1946-1978., Richard Patrick Mulcahy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund was created in 1946, by the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement of that year. The Fund was to offer a complete system of social services for union members and their families, financed completely by coal operators through a tonnage royalty. Also the Fund was distinctive since it was the first industry-wide comprehensive union welfare program of its kind in the history of the American labor movement, and so represents an important facet of American labor-relations after the Second World War. Although management of the Fund by John L. Lewis and …

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Creative Problem-Solving And Its Effect On Eighth-Grade Students., Frances Elizabeth Bush Jan 1988

Creative Problem-Solving And Its Effect On Eighth-Grade Students., Frances Elizabeth Bush

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of Creative Problem-solving (CPS) training on students' creative thinking and finished art products. Experimental and Control groups were matched by age (13-14) and grade (eighth). The creativity training program used in the study was a total of sixteen sessions of 55 minutes each. The vehicle for the study was CPS which was conducted by the writer who encouraged fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Control group received no special training during their traditional art class. Data were analyzed using t-test and correlations. All subjects constructed art products at the end …

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Development Of Fundamental Motor Skills In Down's Syndrome Preschool Children., Karen Ann Kurz-Mcpherson Jan 1988

Development Of Fundamental Motor Skills In Down's Syndrome Preschool Children., Karen Ann Kurz-Mcpherson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of a developmental motor program on the development of three fundamental motor skills of Down Syndrome preschool age children. The two participants for the study were both four years old. Each participant and a parent (mother) participated in a nine week community based preschool developmental motor program (KinderSkills) operated by the School of Physical Education at West Virginia University. Intervention was provided sequentially to the motor skills of catching, throwing and striking through involvement in developmentally appropriate motor activities and guided parent instruction. Each participant's process characteristic levels of the three …

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A Study Of The Women In W. S. Gilbert's "Patience", "Iolanthe", And "Princess Ida"; Or, The Folly Of Being Feminist., Cheryl Conover Hoffman Jan 1988

A Study Of The Women In W. S. Gilbert's "Patience", "Iolanthe", And "Princess Ida"; Or, The Folly Of Being Feminist., Cheryl Conover Hoffman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In his three operas of the early 1880s--Patience, Iolanthe, and Princess Ida--W. S. Gilbert directs his wit at free-thinking women. Although the overt subjects of these operas (Aestheticism, the reform of the House of Lords, and women's education) have received much critical attention, the subplot--the conflict between men and women--has not. In all three, the tension in the plot is the result of the sexual struggle; and, in all three, Gilbert trivializes the feminist idea of woman's independence and advocates the Separate Spheres theory, which postulated that equality between the sexes was not possible because of the God-ordained biological difference …

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The Relationship Between Faculty Nativity And Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity And Job Satisfaction Among Nursing Faculty., Patricia Ann Johnston Jan 1988

The Relationship Between Faculty Nativity And Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity And Job Satisfaction Among Nursing Faculty., Patricia Ann Johnston

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the relationship between faculty nativity and role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction. Role conflict and role ambiguity were measured by Rizzo, House and Lutzman's instrument. Job satisfaction was measured in six areas using Smith, Kendall and Hulin's revised Job Descriptive Index. Inbred faculty were defined as those faculty holding a nursing degree from the employing institution and comprised 31% of the sample. Questionnaires were sent to faculty at 21 accredited schools of nursing in eight states in the southern United States. Demographically, the faculty were female (98%), young (73% under age 50), and in the lower …

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Curricula Of Selected Korean Ethnic Schools In The United States: A Curriculum Assessment Study., Minza Kim Boo Jan 1988

Curricula Of Selected Korean Ethnic Schools In The United States: A Curriculum Assessment Study., Minza Kim Boo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Demographic, historical, and educational data on Korean ethnic education programs in the United States posed some possible curricular problems concerning such questions as: "How well did Korean ethnic schools define the curricular purposes, organize the curricular content, select the curricular methodology, and practice the evaluation of curricular outcomes?" Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of Korean ethnic schools in terms of whether the Korean ethnic school curricula used essential curricular principles and guidelines; and whether the Korean ethnic education programs were implemented to respond to multi-dimensional ethnic needs of Korean immigrants. The procedures …

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Effects Of Task And Environment-Related Variables On Individuals' Lifting Capabilities While Wearing Protective Clothing., Mohamed Zaki Ramadan Jan 1988

Effects Of Task And Environment-Related Variables On Individuals' Lifting Capabilities While Wearing Protective Clothing., Mohamed Zaki Ramadan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was conducted to evaluate the lifting capabilities of individuals while wearing protective clothing in a hot environment and to investigate the behavior of the physiological stresses induced by the lifting process associated with those variables. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, two separate studies were conducted. The first part was an acclimatization and training program followed by a psychophysical experiment. Five male subjects, 28 to 31 years of age, participated in this study. They were heat acclimatized and trained for ten days prior to participation in the main experiment. The independent variables studied in the …

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X-Ray Absorption Study Of The Interaction Of Coal Combustion Gases With Calcium Oxide., Mohan Ramanathan Jan 1988

X-Ray Absorption Study Of The Interaction Of Coal Combustion Gases With Calcium Oxide., Mohan Ramanathan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

X-ray absorption measurements were performed on coal samples at beamline X18B at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The coal samples were probed at both the calcium and sulfur environments. Also in-situ measurements were made on the coal sample to study the evolution of sulfur on heating. The reaction of sulfur dioxide, evolved from the coal, with calcium oxide was studied in various environments. Both XANES and EXAFS techniques were employed at the calcium and sulfur K edges. Based on these measurements, it was observed that the traces of calcium present in the coal were in the form of calcite. The …

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Characterization Of Coal Breakage By Continuous Miners., Nagendra Peesary Reddy Jan 1988

Characterization Of Coal Breakage By Continuous Miners., Nagendra Peesary Reddy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The study in this dissertation attempts to alleviate the problem of inefficient cutting and respirable dust production by continuous miners. It involves identification of the important parameters that affect coal fragmentation, design of an Automated Rotary Coal Cutting Simulator (ARCCS) and study of the effects of these parameters on coal fragmentation. Two sets of experiments were conducted, first, multiple bit experiments to establish the experimental procedures and study the microscopic fracture surface and second, single bit experiments to investigate the significance of the important parameters based on a statistical design called the two way factorial design. From the multiple bit …

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Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Study Of Iron Epitaxially-Grown On Copper(100), Copper(111) And Copper(110)., Jesus Maria Marcano Jan 1988

Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Study Of Iron Epitaxially-Grown On Copper(100), Copper(111) And Copper(110)., Jesus Maria Marcano

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) study was performed for iron was epitaxially grown on three different faces of copper (Cu(110), Cu(110), Cu(111)). We were able to grow epitaxially up to 17 layers on Cu(110). A full dynamical analysis was performed using the renormalized forward scattering perturbation method for iron on Cu(100) and Cu(111). The layer doubling method was used for iron on Cu(110). A multiple relaxation approach was employed in analyzing the experimental data. The surface and bulk Debye temperature were determined for copper and for fcc iron on Cu(110), Cu(111) and Cu(110). The surface of Cu(110) presented the …

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An Economic Investigation Of Foreign Labor Composition In Saudi Arabia's Labor Market., Mubarak Ali Al-Buraik Jan 1988

An Economic Investigation Of Foreign Labor Composition In Saudi Arabia's Labor Market., Mubarak Ali Al-Buraik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The main objective of this research was to develop a theoretical model capable of explaining the changes in foreign labor and its ratios in Saudi labor market, using annual time-series data spanning the period 1963-1985. In a reduced form, the model has been derived from the theoretical underpinnings of the supply and demand for labor in Saudi Arabia's labor market. In this model, the explanatory (independent) variables influencing foreign labor and its ratios have been identified and thoroughly explained; they consisted of both "pull" factors and "push" factors. The model was then used as a guiding tool or framework for …

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The Relationship Between Leadership Styles Of High School Principals And School Climate As Perceived By Teachers., Sandra Shrewsbury Bailey Jan 1988

The Relationship Between Leadership Styles Of High School Principals And School Climate As Perceived By Teachers., Sandra Shrewsbury Bailey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was designed to examine the relationship between the leadership styles of principals and the climate of high schools in West Virginia as perceived by teachers. From a population of 4,966 high school teachers, a random sample of 384 participants was selected. Each participant was mailed a survey packet containing a cover letter and two questionnaires, the LEAD-Other and the CFK Ltd. School Climate Profile. The total return was 248 or 64.58 percent. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS). Analysis of the data resulted in these major findings: High school …

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Portrait Of Dr. Louise Mcneill Pease, West Virginia Educator., Willa Louise Cather Jan 1988

Portrait Of Dr. Louise Mcneill Pease, West Virginia Educator., Willa Louise Cather

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study is to present an account of Dr. Louise McNeill Pease whose influence as a West Virginia teacher has been relatively unrecognized by her native state. A review of the available literature shows that Dr. Pease has been identified as a gifted writer through numerous honors, yet her impact as a teacher has been neglected. This study intends to close this gap. This investigation is a qualitative research project entailing the gathering of life history data coded and organized into chapters that develop a portrait of the subject. The literature review and the procedures of the …

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Profile Of West Virginia National Four-H Awards Program Participants From 1967-1980., Jean Marie Woloshuk Jan 1988

Profile Of West Virginia National Four-H Awards Program Participants From 1967-1980., Jean Marie Woloshuk

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of 4-H educational activities on West Virginia participants in the National 4-H Awards Program from 1967-1980. Usefulness of skills/knowledge acquired by participants and impact of participation on occupational statuses and personal lives of awards winners were also studied. The descriptive method of research using the inquiry technique was utilized. Information was obtained from 286 alumni who were state winners in the National 4-H Awards Program. Statistical procedures used for analyzing data were number and percent distributions, chi-square, analysis of variance, and forward selection regression. It was found that participants' perceptions …

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