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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Teacher Training Through Literature: Building Teacher Awareness On The Process Of Shift In Identity On Esl Learners., Luis Ruiz J. Vazquez
Teacher Training Through Literature: Building Teacher Awareness On The Process Of Shift In Identity On Esl Learners., Luis Ruiz J. Vazquez
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this work I defend the notion of the necessity for ESL learners to undergo some sort of identity shift process. This process would be a smooth and gradual evolution by reason of which ESL learners (and, by extension, learners of any foreign language) would develop a second identity that would encompass all the aspects associated to the L2 of their choice, apart from its exclusively linguistic and structural components. I introduce mainly the necessity of building awareness among teachers, especially—but not exclusively—among monolingual foreign language instructors. The strategy that I propose to promote this awareness is the guided reading …
Continuing Education In Dental Hygiene: Assessment Of Content And Competencies., Jill L. Self
Continuing Education In Dental Hygiene: Assessment Of Content And Competencies., Jill L. Self
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although forty-six of the fifty states (92%) currently require continuing dental education (CDE) course attendance to maintain licensure in dental hygiene, a wide range of continuing education requirements exists. The purpose of this study was to survey registered dental hygienists regarding their perceptions and experiences of continuing education and the existence and extent of competency assessments conducted at continuing education courses attended. A 28 question survey was mailed to licensed dental hygienists residing in West Virginia (n=780) and Colorado (n=1130). Although continuing education continues to be a viable method of gaining knowledge and enhancing skills, CDE course assessment of competencies …
A Model To Predict The Long-Term Strength Of E-Glass Fiber Composites Subjected To Environmental Exposure., Thomas Miles Damiani
A Model To Predict The Long-Term Strength Of E-Glass Fiber Composites Subjected To Environmental Exposure., Thomas Miles Damiani
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) are being used in an increasing number of structures and machines because of their advantages over conventional materials such as steel or aluminum. However, sustained exposure to seemingly nominal service conditions can act to degrade the strength of an FRP composite, potentially negating the advantages of their use. This research sought to develop a theoretical model to predict the long-term strength of an FRP composite subjected to environmental exposure. Degradation models for the reinforcement fibers and the interphase region were developed and verified using existing data. The two constituent models were combined through the modification …
The Influences Of Multiple Leaf Species And Flood Disturbance On Leaf Pack Processing In Appalachian Mountain Headwater Streams., Michael Edward Golden
The Influences Of Multiple Leaf Species And Flood Disturbance On Leaf Pack Processing In Appalachian Mountain Headwater Streams., Michael Edward Golden
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
We placed leaf packs containing different proportions of sugar maple and red oak leaves into a headwater stream before and after a winter spate to determine the effects of leaf species and flood disturbance on leaf pack processing and macroivertebrate colonization patterns. We also collected natural leaf packs from three streams to examine how leaf pack quality influences macroinvertebrate colonization. Red oak leaves processed faster in association with maple leaves. Invertebrate densities were higher on leaf packs containing more fast-processing leaves. Invertebrate densities peaked 2.5 times higher and 6 weeks earlier on leaf packs placed after the spate Macroinvertebrates were …
Grassroots Organizations And Gis: Assessing The Role Of Geographical Information And Gis In Grassroots Watershed Organizations In West Virginia., Jessica L. Spicer
Grassroots Organizations And Gis: Assessing The Role Of Geographical Information And Gis In Grassroots Watershed Organizations In West Virginia., Jessica L. Spicer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A growing number of organizations, especially “grassroots” organizations are seeking to make use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geographical information. In most cases, however, the use and potential use or benefits of GIS for “grassroots” organizations have been far from realized. The overall goal of this project is to explore grassroots awareness of, understanding of, use of, and proposed use of GIS for assessing watershed issues and to do this in the context of the issue raised by the GIS and society debate. The use of four West Virginia watershed case studies served to identify some of the major …
The Effects Of Smoking On Blood Cells, And The Association Between Smoking And Nutrient Intake Among Pregnant Women Residing In Northern West Virginia., Rebecca King
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in respiratory disease, cancer and cardiovascular diseases and other health problems. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of smoking on white blood cells and to assess the relation between smoking, red blood cells, nutrient intake, and newborn weight among pregnant WIC participants residing in Northern West Virginia. The study consisted of 110 pregnant women. Data for this study were obtained by in-person interviews at the clinical site or at the participants' home. The findings of the study indicated that the smokers, white blood cells and lymphocytes were positively associated with …
An Introduction Into The World Of Gaming And How One Achieves The Identity Of Gamer., Mark Christopher Bordenet
An Introduction Into The World Of Gaming And How One Achieves The Identity Of Gamer., Mark Christopher Bordenet
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research introduces the social world of gaming and looks at how one achieves the identity of gamer. The methods are a form of triangulation in order to strengthen the research, consisting of participant observation, written questionnaire, and one-to-one interviews, with an emphasis on the personal narrative. The main venues for the research were the two largest US gaming conventions, Origins and GenCon. From the data collected, elements of the world of gaming and becoming a gamer were learned and are presented. Essentially, the identity of gamer comes from the individual but is reinforced through the world of gaming.
Enamel Decalcification And Fluoride Release Among Fuji Ortho Lc And Composite Resins: An In Vitro And In Vivo Study., Cristiane Teixeira Ramos
Enamel Decalcification And Fluoride Release Among Fuji Ortho Lc And Composite Resins: An In Vitro And In Vivo Study., Cristiane Teixeira Ramos
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A new generation of resin-modified glass ionomer adhesive (RMGI) which has fluoride releasing and recharging properties may be effective in prevention of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets. The objectives of this study were to compare 1) the amount of fluoride release in vitro, 2) the amount of decalcification around brackets among a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji Ortho LC), a fluoride releasing composite resin (Light Bond), and a non-fluoride releasing composite resin (Resilience L3) in vitro and in vivo. Five samples of each bonding material were made by injecting the materials into a small circular polyvinylsiloxane template. Fluoride release over …
Dads Do Matter: Relationship Between Father-Child Interaction And Child Social Anxiety., Laurie Ann Greco
Dads Do Matter: Relationship Between Father-Child Interaction And Child Social Anxiety., Laurie Ann Greco
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
To date, research investigating parental influences contributing to the development of social anxiety has focused on maternal characteristics and the mother-child relationship. The role of fathers in the development of childhood-onset psychopathology has received relative inattention (e.g., Phares, 1996) and remains virtually unexplored within the realm of social anxiety. This study focused on identifying both maternal and paternal factors that may impact the development and maintenance of social anxiety experienced by school-aged children. Forty-eight (22 high socially anxious, 26 low socially anxious) children and their fathers completed self-report questionnaires, and father-child interactions during a ten-minute challenging task were conducted. Consistent …
An Examination Of Existing Caregiving Models And Male Spousal Caregivers., Kristi A. Barnes
An Examination Of Existing Caregiving Models And Male Spousal Caregivers., Kristi A. Barnes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As part of a larger study examining well-being among older West Virginia residents, male spousal caregivers (n = 30) and their non-caregiving counterparts (n = 99) were compared on self-reports of physical and psychological well-being, and appraisals of social support. Demographic trends suggest the importance of examining the caregiving situation among females, the traditional caregivers, and male caregivers who are growing in numbers. The data revealed few differences between caregivers and non-caregivers, chronological age was not a factor. This suggests that the male and female caregiving experience are not consistent. Given the growing percentage of male caregivers and the demand …
Cellular Towers And Community Land-Use Issues: A Case Study Of Harpers Ferry And Jefferson County, West Virginia., Sherry Lee Kelly
Cellular Towers And Community Land-Use Issues: A Case Study Of Harpers Ferry And Jefferson County, West Virginia., Sherry Lee Kelly
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Since the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, communities all over have found themselves caught up in a land-use controversy over the siting of cellular towers and antennas. One community in particular, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, found itself fighting over a tower that threatened the town’s historical and cultural landscapes. This research presents the controversy over cellular tower siting and examines Harpers Ferry’s unique situation, concerns, and ultimate victory over governing forces. It also examines the broader themes that continue to stir controversy in the town whose scenery and beauty was deemed by Thomas Jefferson to be “worth a …
Aparicion Del Discurso Historico Y Del Discurso MiTico-Religioso En "Chango El Gran Putas"., Claudia P. Acosta
Aparicion Del Discurso Historico Y Del Discurso MiTico-Religioso En "Chango El Gran Putas"., Claudia P. Acosta
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Este trabajo analiza la aparición de los discursos histórico y mítico-religioso en el libro de Zapata Olivella, Changó el Gran Putas. Estos van a ser mirados desde su relación complementaria y a la vez como posibilitadores de aspectos literarios diferentes. En el primer capítulo expone la importancia del discurso histórico como fundamento de la diégesis de esta obra. También analiza la manifestación de la historia en cada uno de los capítulos del libro, para mirar la apropiación que el autor hace de ésta y como logra transformarla en un acontecer literario. El segundo capítulo va a centrarse en el papel …
A Droplet Formation And Entrainment Model For Stratified Liquid-Liquid Flows., Allen Elton Badeau Jr.
A Droplet Formation And Entrainment Model For Stratified Liquid-Liquid Flows., Allen Elton Badeau Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Droplet formation is a common phenomenon that occurs in liquid-liquid or liquid-gas two-phase flows where turbulent mixing is present. This study considers only liquid-liquid systems and presents the theoretical background and validation of a droplet formation and entrainment (DFE) model with application to stratified shear layer flows of diesel fuel and water. A parallel experimental study by Wu and Katz (1999) of the same flow is used as a guide in our analysis. The new Droplet Formation and Entrainment Model, DFE, is based on a previous DFE model [Wilson, W. (1999)] which used the gradient Richardson number, Rig, as the …
An Economic Analysis Of The Relationship Of Poverty And Income Inequality In Rural West Virginia., Semoa Costa Batista De Sousa
An Economic Analysis Of The Relationship Of Poverty And Income Inequality In Rural West Virginia., Semoa Costa Batista De Sousa
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There have been numerous research studies on poverty, income inequality, economic growth, and the relationship between these variables at national and regional levels. This thesis focuses on poverty and income inequality, in 38 rural counties of West Virginia. The study examines the possibility of simultaneity between poverty and income inequality (Gini index) using a two-stage least square regression with cross-sectional data for 1980 and 1990. Furthermore, ordinary least square regressions are used to investigate the main determinants of poverty and income inequality. The results confirm the possibility of simultaneity between poverty and income inequality. The proportions of the population in …
Female To Male Dating Violence: Borderline Personality Characteristics, Attachment Style, Psychopathology, And Motivation., Chastity Nicole Farr
Female To Male Dating Violence: Borderline Personality Characteristics, Attachment Style, Psychopathology, And Motivation., Chastity Nicole Farr
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Self-reported physically violent females (Perpetrators and Mutually Violent) were compared with nonviolent females (Controls and Victims), on measures of borderline personality disorder, attachment, and psychopathology. Motivation for engaging in violence was investigated with Female Perpetrators and Mutually Violent groups. Results indicated that Mutually Violent females reported a significantly greater percentage of borderline characteristics. Major Mutually Violent individuals showed more borderline characteristics than the Nonviolent group. There were no significant differences within attachment styles. Female Perpetrators were significantly more hostile than the Nonviolent participants. Major Mutually Violent participants showed significantly more somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, number of symptoms, …
The Fracture Analysis And Remaining Life Estimation Of The Avlb Sub-Components., Jeong-Hoon Choi
The Fracture Analysis And Remaining Life Estimation Of The Avlb Sub-Components., Jeong-Hoon Choi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Armored Vehicle Launch Bridge (AVLB) is subjected to cyclic loading during its launching as well as tank crossing. The cyclic loading causes crack to initiate in critical bridge components, and to propagate. Unless these cracks are detected and repaired before they rapidly grow to reach their critical stage of propagation, the failure of bridge components can occur. According to the Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services (PMCS) from the U.S. Army, three AVLB components, the splice doubler angle, the splice plate, and the bottom chord, are susceptible to fatigue damage. In the present study, the laboratory fatigue tests on the …
Whole-Body Vibration And The Lower Back: The Effect Of Whole-Body Vibration On Pain In The Lower Back., Erik W. Gregory
Whole-Body Vibration And The Lower Back: The Effect Of Whole-Body Vibration On Pain In The Lower Back., Erik W. Gregory
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study utilized six subjects from the West Virginia University Motor pool, whose exposure to whole-body vibrations were measured and reported as root mean squared (r.m.s.) values in accordance with ISO standard 2631. Each subject completed a questionnaire regarding their general health, and specifically whether they experienced low back pain, and if so, the extent and severity of this pain. It was expected that the individuals subjected to the highest vibration levels would tend to report LBP, with severity of pain increasing with the intensity of exposure. This study did not support that belief. However, it may be that chronic …
The Effect Of Providing Bedding Encasings On Adherence To Dust Mite Control Procedures In Pediatric Asthma Patients., Karen Elizabeth Joseph
The Effect Of Providing Bedding Encasings On Adherence To Dust Mite Control Procedures In Pediatric Asthma Patients., Karen Elizabeth Joseph
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of providing allergen-control bedding encasings on encasing utilization for children with asthma and dust mite allergy. Twenty parents of such children were assigned to an intervention group, which received dust mite proof covers upon recruitment, or a control group, which did not. Two to three months after recruitment, parent report and observational measures were obtained during a home visit. The intervention group used the encasings, but not other dust mite control strategies, significantly more than the control group, based on parent report, not observation. Use of dust mite proof …
Culture-Specific Issues In Feminist Voices: A Comparative Study Of "The Bell Jar" And "Cronica Del Desamor"., Sonia Lagunas
Culture-Specific Issues In Feminist Voices: A Comparative Study Of "The Bell Jar" And "Cronica Del Desamor"., Sonia Lagunas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis discusses the importance of the cultural elements within a literary text when an analysis of the text is accomplished. Two novels are analyzed in terms of their cultural setting: The Bell Jar , an American novel set in the 1950s written by Sylvia Plath, and Crónica del desamor , a Spanish novel set in the late 1970s, written by Rosa Montero. A cultural analysis of the novels appears necessary in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of them. At the same time, a cultural analysis based on literary works is a valuable instrument in investigating the cultural …
Benefits Of The West Virginia School For The Deaf Horticulture Program To Past Graduates, 1984-1997., Edgar Aldine Leatherman Iii
Benefits Of The West Virginia School For The Deaf Horticulture Program To Past Graduates, 1984-1997., Edgar Aldine Leatherman Iii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the study was to assess the WVSD horticulture program in relation to the value of the technical and leadership skills it imparts as perceived by past WVSD horticultural graduates. The study focused on three questions related to the employability of the 41 graduates of the years 1984-1997 and their use of the skills learned through the horticulture program and FFA organization. Data were obtained from 29 of the 41 graduates through mail questionnaires and personal interviews. As a result of this study the following items of importance were found: 69% of the graduates were presently employed, another …
Data Points Or Cultural Entities: A Gis-Based Archaeological Predictive Model In A Post-Positivist Framework., Linwood Jesse Rouse
Data Points Or Cultural Entities: A Gis-Based Archaeological Predictive Model In A Post-Positivist Framework., Linwood Jesse Rouse
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Archaeological predictive models have been used in conjunction with sampling strategies, in large scale archaeological surveys, for over thirty years. During this time, these models have undergone many conceptual and theoretical changes. Archaeological predictive models stemmed from the positivist Processual Archaeology, but the shift from positivism has precipitated the need to reconsider the ideas from which they are based. There is a general trend within the current spectrum of ideologies to support the importance of cultural information in archaeological research. The following research contends that cultural information has not been utilized to its full extent in archaeological models and that …
Language Attitude Study: The Perceptions Of The New Jersey And The Southern West Virginia Students, At West Virginia University, Of The New Jersey And Southern West Virginia Dialects., Leigh Anne Scalise
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The language attitude study of the two dialect groups: New Jersey and southern West Virginia on the West Virginia University, encompasses the lexicon of each group and the breakdown of communication between the two groups. The differences in lexicon and societal stereotypes keep the two groups from interacting on a personal and equal level of respect and kindness. The West Virginia students foster a strong resentment towards the students from New Jersey, and the feelings are reciprocated in that the New Jersey students prefer to associate with students from their home state. The dialect study proves the members of each …
A Computer Database Search Program: Icgcmabs For Annual International Conference On Ground Control In Mining., Xianguang Tang
A Computer Database Search Program: Icgcmabs For Annual International Conference On Ground Control In Mining., Xianguang Tang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Since 1981, 19 international conferences on ground control in mining and 3 workshops on surface subsidence have been held. The conferences and workshops covered all major topics in coal mine ground control. 867 papers have been published in the conferences and the workshops, which have become one of the main references for the people working in ground control. Since so many papers has been published and more papers will be available with the conference taking place annually in the future, a fast, handy and convenient tool for searching the papers of the conference proceedings is strongly needed. Toward this goal, …
Recent Paintings: Untitled., Naijun Zhang
Recent Paintings: Untitled., Naijun Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
My paintings explicitly convey the tension inherent in the current Chinese social construct. As a painter my career journeyed through the education of Communist system during the Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao era. I have also experienced a cultural rupture upon my subsequent study in the United States. For me, figurative imagery provides a fulcrum for meditations on a wide variety of social and political issues. Basically the human figure functions as a metaphoric vehicle that conveys political or social content through pictorial appropriation of photojournalism. My figure also represents inner states of being which often theatrically expands or reinvents accepted …
The Coaxial Cavity Resonator As A Prototype Rf Ic Engine Ignition Source., Dustin Langdon Mcintyre
The Coaxial Cavity Resonator As A Prototype Rf Ic Engine Ignition Source., Dustin Langdon Mcintyre
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Quarter Wave Coaxial Cavity Resonator (QWCCR) plasma igniter is designed, from requirements drawn from previous theoretical work, as an ignition source for an internal combustion engine. The present research has explored the implementation of the QWCCR into anICengine. The QWCCRdesignparameters of inner conductor length, loop geometry, and loop position were varied for two igniters of differing operating frequency. Variations of the QWCCR RF parameters as a function of engine geometry were studied by placing the igniter in a combustion chamber and manually varying the crank position. Three identical igniters were fitted with dielectric inserts and the parameters were studied …
Stalking: Developing An Empirical Typology To Classify Stalkers., Kevin Scott Del Ben
Stalking: Developing An Empirical Typology To Classify Stalkers., Kevin Scott Del Ben
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Stalking has received a great deal of attention from the media and its harmful effects on victims have been well documented. Stalking is also more common than previously thought, leading researchers to classify stalkers into groups in an attempt to predict future behavior. Previous research has grouped stalkers based on theoretical models rather than trying to empirically examine stalking behaviors along with other factors such as motivation, type of relationship, and attachment style in determining a typology of stalkers. Female college students (N = 108) who had experienced harassing behaviors responded to questions regarding their perceptions of those behaviors. First …
Development Of System Parameters For Enhanced Cutting And Finishing Of Handglass Using A Carbon Dioxide Laser., Christopher Edward Thompson
Development Of System Parameters For Enhanced Cutting And Finishing Of Handglass Using A Carbon Dioxide Laser., Christopher Edward Thompson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In handglass manufacturing, a need has been identified for a more efficient method to crack off glassware. Extended cutting and finishing times and high rates of breakage in the glassware hinder current methods. For example, due to the physical nature of thermal cracking, crack-off is not easily controlled and after separation is achieved, further finishing of the glassware is required. Depending on the glass properties and worker skill level, losses due to breakage can be as high as 80 percent in some product lines. The Laser Glass Cutting Machine (LGCM) is a joint project among the National Energy Technology Laboratory …
Educators' Views Of Implementing Direct Instruction Curricula: Connections To Students With Disabilities., Brenda Wilson
Educators' Views Of Implementing Direct Instruction Curricula: Connections To Students With Disabilities., Brenda Wilson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the process of the first year of implementation of Direct Instruction curricula as seen through the eyes of the educators implementing it. The study also attempted to determine if general educators' knowledge and use of Direct Instruction techniques while implementing a published curriculum would translate into more effective practices toward students with disabilities in the general education classroom. Seventeen teachers at a small rural elementary school were studied as they implemented Direct Instruction curricula for the first time. The teachers used the Reading Mastery, Corrective Reading and Language for Learning programs published …
Cyclizations Of Enyne-Allenes To Form Persistent Biradicals And Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons With Carbon Frameworks Represented On The Surface Of Carbon-60., Hai-Ren Zhang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Thermolysis of 1,1′-(1,2-ethynediyl)bis[9-bis(4- tert-butyl)phenyl]ethenylidene-9H-fluorene (benzoenyne-allene) in 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) at 75°C produced the cycloaromatized adduct 8,16-bis[bis(4-tert-butyl)phenyl]methyldiindeno[1,2,3- hi:1′,2′,3′ -qr]chrysene in 22% yield. The reaction presumably proceeds through a cascade sequence involving an initial Myers cyclization reaction to form a biradical having an α,3-didehydrotoluene moiety in its structure. The subsequent trapping of the aryl radical center in this initially formed biradical with the tetraarylallenic moiety intramolecularly affords a biradical having two stabilized triarylmethyl radical centers. A subsequent hydrogen-atom abstraction from 1,4-CHD, manifesting its radical character, then produces 8,16-bis[bis(4-tert-butyl)phenyl]methyldiindeno[1,2,3- hi:1′,2′,3′ -qr]chrysene. Similarly, thermolysis of 9-diarylethenylidene-1-phenylethynyl- 9H-fluorenes in 1,4-CHD furnished 1-diarylmethyl-2-phenylfluoranthenes in essentially quantitative yields. …
The Effects On Extracurricular Participation Of Academic Achievement, Self Concept, And Locus Of Control Among High School Students., Scott Randolph Johnson
The Effects On Extracurricular Participation Of Academic Achievement, Self Concept, And Locus Of Control Among High School Students., Scott Randolph Johnson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects on extracurricular participation (i.e., athletic participation) of academic achievement, self concept, and locus of control among high school students. Participants included six thousand six hundred ninety-eight (N = 6,698) high school students, from the National Education Longitudinal Study:1988 (NELS:88) First- and Second-Follow-Up data collection phases. These individuals participated in extracurricular activities during the tenth and/or twelfth grade. A binomial logistic regression model estimated the effects of: (1) gender; (2) socio-economic status (SES); (3) locus of control; (4) self concept; (5) school location; (6) school's region; (7) tenth grade participation level …