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Manufacturing And Evaluation Of Structural Products With Recycled Polymers, Raghuram Phani Aditham Dec 2004

Manufacturing And Evaluation Of Structural Products With Recycled Polymers, Raghuram Phani Aditham

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The rapid growth of Wastes from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can be attributed to the rapid developments in technology, leading to reduction in service life to less than 2 years in certain products. Thermoplastics such as Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Polycarbonate (PC) form a significant percent of the Electronic Shredder Residue (ESR) that were used in this research to manufacture and evaluate structural products with recycled polymers.;In this research, offset blocks for highway and bridge guardrail systems were developed using recycled polymers reinforced with glass fabric as shell and discarded tire strips/wood as core materials. Optimum compression molding process parameters …

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Shrinkage And Strength Characterizations Of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementing Materials, Aniruddha Chatterjee Dec 2004

Shrinkage And Strength Characterizations Of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementing Materials, Aniruddha Chatterjee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Considerable differences in drying shrinkage strains and compressive strengths are observed in HPC containing supplementary cementing materials from normal concrete (without any supplementary cementing material). The differences in these properties due to addition of supplementary cementing materials occur because of different quantity of C-S-H gel formation. This limits the application to HPC of standard prediction equation for shrinkage and strength of normal concrete.;Therefore in this study a novel technique has been used to estimate the C-S-H gel for cement pastes containing supplementary cementing materials in varying replacement proportions and combinations. New shrinkage and compressive strength models have been developed using …

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Experimental Validation Of The "Target Hood Static Pressure" Balancing Method For Exhaust Ventilation Systems, Michael Winifred Dodrill Dec 2004

Experimental Validation Of The "Target Hood Static Pressure" Balancing Method For Exhaust Ventilation Systems, Michael Winifred Dodrill

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An experimental trial of a new method to balance industrial exhaust ventilation systems was performed. Although balance by design is considered preferable, many ventilation systems incorporate dampers to balance the system to a different airflow distribution after installation. The "target hood static pressure" method aims to minimize the time, effort, frustration and confusion invested in the balancing effort. It requires only one and one-half adjustment rounds, can be prepared as a computerized spreadsheet, and substitutes hood static pressure readings for airflow traverse readings. The method also minimizes the system static pressure to the least possible, thereby keeping friction losses at …

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Natural Gas Exploration Associated With Fracture Systems In Alleghenian Thrust Faults In The Greenbrier Formation, Southern West Virginia, Craig A. Edmonds Dec 2004

Natural Gas Exploration Associated With Fracture Systems In Alleghenian Thrust Faults In The Greenbrier Formation, Southern West Virginia, Craig A. Edmonds

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A hydrocarbon play has been identified in southern West Virginia targeting the intersection of thrust faults with specific Mississippian reservoirs. Late Paleozoic sandstone and limestone reservoirs are traditional pays of the study area, often yielding economic natural gas production, with initial production rates ranging between 100 to 200 Mcf per day per well. In contrast, production rates from wells that encounter faults often exceed 500 Mcf per day. We believe this prolific production results from secondary fracture porosity and enhanced permeability from fracture zones associated with thrust faults, providing a conduit to the Union Oolite reservoir member of the Greenbrier …

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Factors Controlling Landslide Initiation As A Result Of July 2001 High-Precipitation Events In A Section Of The Lower New River Gorge, West Virginia, M. Patrick Kish Dec 2004

Factors Controlling Landslide Initiation As A Result Of July 2001 High-Precipitation Events In A Section Of The Lower New River Gorge, West Virginia, M. Patrick Kish

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Several geologic and physical factors affect the location of landslides associated with the July 2001 high precipitation events in Lower New River Gorge, West Virginia. The surficial geology of the heavily mined landscape was mapped using ArcGis 8.3 and four specific factors related to the landslides were identified. Road building was shown statistically to have a positive influence on the location of landslides. Slope aspect, slope angles, and elevation were also shown to have strong relationships with landslide initiations.;A landslide initiation risk map was created by overlaying the physical and geological factors favorable for landslide initiation. The risk map outlines …

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Stream Ecosystem Response To Mitigative Limestone Treatment In Acid-Impaired, Central Appalachian Streams, Sarah Elizabeth Mcclurg Dec 2004

Stream Ecosystem Response To Mitigative Limestone Treatment In Acid-Impaired, Central Appalachian Streams, Sarah Elizabeth Mcclurg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

We quantified water chemistry, primary production, and benthic macroinvertebrate and fish community structure in 20 Central Appalachian streams: 4 acidic streams, 8 naturally circumneutral streams, and 8 historically acidic streams treated annually with limestone sand over varying lengths of time. The objective was to determine the extent of chemical and biological recovery and temporal trends in the recovery process of limestone treated streams compared to circumneutral reference conditions in Central Appalachia. Results indicate that the application of limestone sand to acidic streams is effective in fully and immediately recovering some of the chemical and biological characteristics of naturally functioning stream …

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Examination Of Experimentally Engineered Larval Fish Habitat In The Marmet Pool, Kanawha River, West Virginia, Jonathan M. Niles Dec 2004

Examination Of Experimentally Engineered Larval Fish Habitat In The Marmet Pool, Kanawha River, West Virginia, Jonathan M. Niles

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In rivers, velocity shelters are thought to serve as limiting factors in the retention and recruitment of young fish. Such shelters are formed in backwaters and tributaries, however these areas are limited in the Marmet Pool of the Kanawha River, West Virginia. In response to this concern, several structures that are thought to serve as low velocity zones were placed within the Marmet Pool. This study was conducted to evaluate the experimental rock structures (Finger and Zipper Dikes) as potential mitigation for navigational impact and to determine which sampling gears are best to sample these shallow, structurally diverse areas. The …

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Exposures To Silica And Inducers Of Xenobiotic Metabolism In The Rat Lung, Lori A. Battelli Dec 2004

Exposures To Silica And Inducers Of Xenobiotic Metabolism In The Rat Lung, Lori A. Battelli

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

CYP1A1 metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as those in cigarettes, to reactive intermediates which interact with DNA and lead to cancer. Silica is a lung carcinogen. Epidemiology studies of silica and lung cancer are not all positive. A possible explanation for these inconsistencies may be that silica is a modifier of PAH metabolism and, thus, cigarette smoke carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that crystalline silica exposure alters CYP1A1 expression, thereby modifying lung cancer risk. Rats exposed to both crystalline silica and the model PAH, beta-naphthoflavone (NF), a CYP1A1 inducer have significantly decreased CYP1A1 enzymatic activity and CYP1A1 protein expression. In the …

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Students' And Instructors' Attitudes Toward Using Biometric Technology As An *Identification Method In Online Courses, Wafi Albalawi Dec 2004

Students' And Instructors' Attitudes Toward Using Biometric Technology As An *Identification Method In Online Courses, Wafi Albalawi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the social and cultural issues related to the implementation of biometric technology at the College of Human Resources and Education at West Virginia University. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The researcher verbally interviewed five instructors and five graduate students. The quantitative research methods employed two surveys. The research population involved 30 instructors and 189 graduate students. The researcher utilized independent-sample t-tests to compare different groups. The results obtained from this research support the following: (1) there is a real privacy concern among instructors and students regarding the implementation of biometric technology, (2) religious …

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Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird Dec 2004

Use Of Commercial Cfd Software For Assessing The Performance Of Personal Aerosol Samplers, Aaron J. Bird

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Accurate performance of personal aerosol samplers is critical for industrial hygienists' successful efforts to protect workers. Performance assessments of personal samplers are necessarily conducted in controlled environments so unknown sources of variability will not influence the results. This is done in order that samplers may be used with confidence for monitoring workplace air quality. These performance evaluations are usually conducted in wind tunnels. However, recent advances in high-performance cluster computing---together with advanced flow modeling software---have made it possible to evaluate sampler performance with computer simulations. This was done in the current research. Simulations were conducted for air and particle behavior …

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Strength Evaluation Of Honeycomb Frp Sandwich Panels With Sinusoidal Core Geometry, An Chen Dec 2004

Strength Evaluation Of Honeycomb Frp Sandwich Panels With Sinusoidal Core Geometry, An Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In recent years, the demands in civil infrastructure have provided opportunities for development and implementation of Honeycomb Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (HFRP) sandwich panels, both in rehabilitation projects and new constructions.;This dissertation is the first study on strength evaluation of HFRP sandwich panels with sinusoidal core geometry. Core materials for sandwich structures are primarily subjected to out-of-plane compression and shear. Therefore, three major contributions are included in this dissertation: out-of-plane compression, out-of-plane shear, and study on facesheet laminates. Two analytical models, corresponding to pure compression and elastic buckling failure, respectively, are provided for panels subject to out-of-plane compression. The facesheet and core …

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Design And Flight Testing Actuator Failure Accommodation Controllers On Wvu Yf-22 Research Uavs, Yu Gu Dec 2004

Design And Flight Testing Actuator Failure Accommodation Controllers On Wvu Yf-22 Research Uavs, Yu Gu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation describes the design, development, and flight testing of a Neural Network (NN) based Fault Tolerant Flight Control System (FTFCS) with the ability to accommodate for actuator failures. The goal of this research was to demonstrate the ability of a specific set of control laws to maintain aircraft handling qualities in the presence of failures in the actuator channels. In this study, two-failure scenarios have been investigated: aileron failure (locking of the right aileron at a trim position) and elevator failure (locking of the right elevator at a trim position). A fleet of WVU YF-22 research aircraft test-beds were …

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Linear Engine Development For Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Csaba Toth-Nagy Dec 2004

Linear Engine Development For Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Csaba Toth-Nagy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation argues that diminishing oil reserves, concern over global climate change, and desire to improve ambient air quality all demand the development of environment-friendly personal transportation. In certain applications, series hybrid electric vehicles offer an attractive solution to reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, linear engines are emerging as a powerplant suited to series HEV applications. In this dissertation, a linear engine/alternator was considered as the auxiliary power unit of a range extender series hybrid electric vehicle. A prototype linear engine/alternator was developed, constructed and tested at West Virginia University. The engine was a 2-stroke, 2-cylinder, dual piston, direct …

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Strategies For Sustainable Professional Development Programs To Promote Effective Pedagogical Use Of Instructional Technology In Teaching, Karla R. Assis Cezarino Dec 2004

Strategies For Sustainable Professional Development Programs To Promote Effective Pedagogical Use Of Instructional Technology In Teaching, Karla R. Assis Cezarino

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine a set of common strategies employed by sustainable instructional technology professional development programs that are found to successfully promote educators' high-level use of technology in their teaching practice. Two questions guided this study: (a) Research Question 1: What do successful instructional technology professional development programs recognize as indicators of high-level use of technology? and (b) Research Question 2: Which instructional technology professional development strategies successfully promote high-level use of instructional technology in participants' teaching practice?;An online questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions and open-ended questions was used as the means of data collection. …

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Architectural Level Risk Assessment, Ahmed E. Hassan Dec 2004

Architectural Level Risk Assessment, Ahmed E. Hassan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many companies develop and maintain large-scale software systems for public and financial institutions. Should a failure occur in one of these systems, the impact would be enormous. It is therefore essential, in maintaining a system's quality, to identify any defects early on in the development process in order to prevent the occurrence of failures. However, testing all modules of these systems to identify defects can be very expensive. There is therefore a need for methodologies and tools that support software engineers in identifying the defected and complex software components early on in the development process.;Risk assessment is an essential process …

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System Identification And Control Of The Standpipe In A Cold Flow Circulating Fluidized Bed, Juchirl Park Dec 2004

System Identification And Control Of The Standpipe In A Cold Flow Circulating Fluidized Bed, Juchirl Park

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Circulating fluidized beds (CFB) have been widely applied to many areas of industry such as chemical processing, petroleum refining, catalytic cracker processing, power generation, and waste treatment.;Recently, a mathematical model of the CFCFB standpipe was successfully developed and tested using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and an Hinfinity estimator algorithm. Using this standpipe mathematical model requires a solids circulation rate (SCR) to be a measurable variable offered from a spiral installed in the standpipe of the CFCFB. In this research, a linear state space system model is developed in order to estimate the solids circulation rate, using a least squares …

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Synchronization For Capacity -Approaching Coded Communication Systems, Jian Sun Dec 2004

Synchronization For Capacity -Approaching Coded Communication Systems, Jian Sun

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The dissertation concentrates on synchronization of capacity approaching error-correction codes that are deployed in noisy channels with very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The major topics are symbol timing synchronization and frame synchronization.;Capacity-approaching error-correction codes, like turbo codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, are capable of reaching very low bit error rates and frame error rates in noisy channels by iterative decoding. To fully achieve the potential decoding capability of Turbo codes and LDPC codes, proper symbol timing synchronization, frame synchronization and channel state estimation are required. The dissertation proposes a joint estimator of symbol time delay and channel SNR for …

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Modeling And Real-Time Feedback Control Of Mems Device, Limin Wang Dec 2004

Modeling And Real-Time Feedback Control Of Mems Device, Limin Wang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Applying closed-loop control to a MEMS devices not only can handle the abnormal behaviors caused by manufactory imprecision or device failure, enabling MEMS devices to survive in critical conditions, but also can increase the application where MEMS devices are used to drive components under varying load conditions. This study mainly focuses on the effort of closed-loop control on the Lateral Comb Resonator (LCR) MEMS device. The success of closed-loop control has been achieved on lateral comb resonator with novel integrated through wafer optical monitoring technique.;Availability of a system model and feedback signals are mandatory conditions for the implementation of closed-loop …

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Automatic Hydraulic Fracturing Design For Low Permeability Reservoirs Using Artificial Intelligence, Andrei Sergiu Popa Dec 2004

Automatic Hydraulic Fracturing Design For Low Permeability Reservoirs Using Artificial Intelligence, Andrei Sergiu Popa

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The hydraulic fracturing technique is one of the major developments in petroleum engineering in the last two decades. Today, nearly all the wells completed in low permeability gas reservoirs require a hydraulic fracturing treatment in order to produce at an economical level. This study presents a new methodology, applicable to tight gas reservoirs, for designing hydraulic fractures.;This study is intended to develop an automatic hydraulic fracture design tool to help users design fracture jobs without being an expert in the art and science of hydraulic fracturing. This process is composed entirely of an integration of several artificial intelligence techniques.;The methodology …

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Software Risk Assessment Based On Uml Models, Kalaivani Appukkutty Dec 2004

Software Risk Assessment Based On Uml Models, Kalaivani Appukkutty

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Risk is the possibility of suffering loss. Risks identified during the early stages of software development are easier and cheaper to handle by making changes to the software architecture. This thesis presents methodologies to assess software risk using Unified Modeling Language (UML) specifications of the software from the early design stages. We present methodologies to assess two types of software risk: Requirements-based risk and Performance-based risk. In assessing requirements-based risk, each requirement is mapped to a specific operational scenario in UML. The risk factor of a scenario in a failure mode is obtained by combining the probability of failure of …

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Effectiveness Of Treatment And Diversity Of Microbial Populations Within A Constructed Wetland Treating Wastewater, Jolene M. Friedland Dec 2004

Effectiveness Of Treatment And Diversity Of Microbial Populations Within A Constructed Wetland Treating Wastewater, Jolene M. Friedland

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Constructed wetlands are used as alternative on-site wastewater treatment systems. Microbiological dynamics in constructed wetlands are essential to adequate functioning and efficiency of these systems. The efficacy of wastewater treatment by a large subsurface flow wetland receiving wastewater from a multi-user facility was examined. Real-time monitoring with telemetry was combined with measurement of standard wastewater parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), and enumeration of fecal coliforms. Passage of wastewater through the wetland significantly reduced standard wastewater parameters in effluent samples. Heterotrophic bacterial diversity was examined using community level physiological profiling (CLPP) and molecular characterization of …

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Structure And Dynamics Of Interfaces In The Epitaxial Growth And Erosion On (110) And (100) Crystal Surfaces, Artem Levandovsky Dec 2004

Structure And Dynamics Of Interfaces In The Epitaxial Growth And Erosion On (110) And (100) Crystal Surfaces, Artem Levandovsky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

We present unified theory of the far-from-equilibrium interfacial phenomena occurring in the multilayer homoepitaxial growth and erosion on (110) and (100) crystal surfaces. Within a unified model, here we elucidate the multitude of novel states on (110) and (100) surfaces as well as the transitions between them. In particular, by analytic arguments and numerical simulations, we address experimentally observed transitions between two types of rippled states on (110) surfaces. We discuss several intermediary interface states intervening, via consecutive transitions, between the two rippled states. One of the intermediary interface states, the Rhomboidal Pyramid State, was theoretically anticipated by us and …

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Impact Of Langmuir Isotherm On Production Behavior Of Cbm Reservoirs, Efundem Ndipanquang Arrey Dec 2004

Impact Of Langmuir Isotherm On Production Behavior Of Cbm Reservoirs, Efundem Ndipanquang Arrey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Coalbed Methane is an unconventional gas resource that consists of methane production from the coal seams. CBM reservoir performance is also influenced by the interrelationship of reservoir, geologic, and operation parameters. Coalbed methane production performance is considered complex and difficult to analyze especially at the early stages of recovery.;This study was conducted to develop type curves which predict the impact of Langmuir Isotherms on production behavior on a Coalbed Methane reservoir in order to evaluate the economic feasibility and to maximize potential recovery. In order to achieve this objective, the impact of Langmuir isotherm constant on production type curves was …

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Load-Based Energy Savings In Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, Subodh Chaudhari Dec 2004

Load-Based Energy Savings In Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors, Subodh Chaudhari

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Energy is an extremely valuable resource which should be used carefully. After realizing this in the 1990's DOE started various energy efficiency measures in order to reduce the energy consumed by US industry. Motors use almost 50 percent of the electricity in the United States. If motor efficiency could be increased then energy consumption could be reduced. There have been efforts to increase motor efficiency over past decade which lead to development of premium efficiency motors. Designed motor efficiency is normally above 90 percent so motors do not waste energy. However, motor efficiency decreases when load factor is less than …

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Channel Geomorphology Relationships For The Beaver Creek Watershed, Atif Hamid Dec 2004

Channel Geomorphology Relationships For The Beaver Creek Watershed, Atif Hamid

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The proposed Appalachian Corridor H will be built through some of the most rugged terrain in West Virginia. The Corridor H section from Davis to Bismarck passes through the Beaver Creek watershed, located in Tucker County, West Virginia, which has been heavily affected by historic mining, deteriorating the water quality conditions of the Beaver Creek watershed. Due to the construction of Corridor H, some of the streams will be disturbed from their present courses. Hence, stream restoration work for these streams is inevitable. It is important to develop a family of stream geometry curves that relate the bankfull parameters as …

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Parametric And Predictive Analysis Of Horizontal Well Configurations For Coalbed Methane Reservoirs In Appalachian Basin, Nikola Maricic Dec 2004

Parametric And Predictive Analysis Of Horizontal Well Configurations For Coalbed Methane Reservoirs In Appalachian Basin, Nikola Maricic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

It has been a well-established fact that the Appalachian Basin represents a high potential region for the Coalbed Methane (CBM) production. The thin coal beds in the Appalachian basin are characterized by low porosity and permeability values. Due to highly complex reservoir characteristics, different drilling techniques have been developed in order to improve ultimate gas recovery in the shortest possible time. It has been claimed that horizontal drilling is the optimum completion technique used in this region to maximize methane recovery from coalbed reservoirs.;Horizontal wells are considered to be effective in the relatively thin, naturally fractured reservoirs that are characterized …

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Evaluation Of The Ductility Of Composite Steel I-Girders In Positive Bending, Nicholas R. Roberts Dec 2004

Evaluation Of The Ductility Of Composite Steel I-Girders In Positive Bending, Nicholas R. Roberts

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Current AASHTO bridge specifications limit the allowable maximum strength of simple spans and positive bending regions with adjacent compact pier sections to a value between the full plastic moment and the hypothetical yield moment of the cross section. The equation used for this strength prediction is given as a linear function, related to the depth of web in compression. However, this method of strength prediction is based on a series of parametric studies from which the data did not suggest the values close to the yield moment that may be computed using the associated strength equations.;Recent experimental tests by others …

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Information Fusion Schemes For Real Time Risk Assessment In Adaptive Control Systems, Martin Mladenovski Aug 2004

Information Fusion Schemes For Real Time Risk Assessment In Adaptive Control Systems, Martin Mladenovski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) deploys a neural network for in-flight aircraft failure accommodation. Verification and validation (V&V) of adaptive systems is a challenging research problem. Our approach to V&V relies on real-time monitoring of neural network learning. Monitors detect learning anomalies and react to different failure conditions. We investigated data fusion techniques suitable for the analysis of neural network monitors. Monitor outputs are fused into a measure of confidence, indicating the belief in the correctness of failure accommodation mechanism provided by the neural network. We investigated two data fusion techniques, one based on Dempster-Shafer theory and the other based …

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Permeability Prediction From Well Log Data Using Multiple Regression Analysis, Janaina Luiza Lobato Pereira Aug 2004

Permeability Prediction From Well Log Data Using Multiple Regression Analysis, Janaina Luiza Lobato Pereira

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

An accurate reservoir description is very important in reservoir evaluation, and permeability prediction is the key for a successful characterization. However, despite its importance, obtaining permeability values through the reservoir is not a trivial task. It is costly and time-consuming.;Many are the techniques available in the literature, involving correlations between core and log data that provide means to obtain permeability.;The present work describes how to predict permeability through the statistical analysis multiple regression having log data and limited core data, making it possible to expand the prediction to uncored wells. It also takes into consideration the attributes of flow unit …

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Smoking And Dose-Dependent Early Effects Of Nicotine On Bone Mechanical Properties And Histology, Daniel Shaw Porter Aug 2004

Smoking And Dose-Dependent Early Effects Of Nicotine On Bone Mechanical Properties And Histology, Daniel Shaw Porter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective was to study the effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on mechanical properties of cortical bone. Experiments were conducted for 5 weeks with New Zealand White Rabbits. The first experiment of 18 rabbits studied the effect of nicotine levels delivered via a nicotine patch (5.25, 10.5, 21 ng/ml), measured by different mechanical tests, porosity, and composition. There was no significant difference between the control and the treatment groups.;The second experiment of 22 rabbits studied the effects of nicotine delivered via a nicotine patch (10.5 ng/ml) and via a smoking chamber on fracture toughness and porosity. The rabbits exposed …

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