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Aircraft Abnormal Conditions Detection, Identification, And Evaluation Using Innate And Adaptive Immune Systems Interaction, Dia Al Azzawi
Aircraft Abnormal Conditions Detection, Identification, And Evaluation Using Innate And Adaptive Immune Systems Interaction, Dia Al Azzawi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Abnormal flight conditions play a major role in aircraft accidents frequently causing loss of control. To ensure aircraft operation safety in all situations, intelligent system monitoring and adaptation must rely on accurately detecting the presence of abnormal conditions as soon as they take place, identifying their root cause(s), estimating their nature and severity, and predicting their impact on the flight envelope.;Due to the complexity and multidimensionality of the aircraft system under abnormal conditions, these requirements are extremely difficult to satisfy using existing analytical and/or statistical approaches. Moreover, current methodologies have addressed only isolated classes of abnormal conditions and a reduced …
Polylactic Acid-Based Polymer Blends For Durable Applications, Adam Finniss
Polylactic Acid-Based Polymer Blends For Durable Applications, Adam Finniss
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There has been considerable scientific interest in both research and commercial communities as of late in the area of biologically based or sourced plastics. As the consumption of petroleum rises and concerns about climate change increase, this field is likely to grow even larger. One bioplastic that has received a great deal of attention is polylactic acid (PLA). In the past, this material was used mainly in medical or specialty applications, but advancements in manufacturing have led to a desire to use PLA more widely, especially in durable applications. Unfortunately, PLA has several drawbacks that hinder more widespread usage of …
Diet Induced Alteration Of The Murine Intestinal Microbiome After Antibiotic Ablation, Adam Irvin
Diet Induced Alteration Of The Murine Intestinal Microbiome After Antibiotic Ablation, Adam Irvin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background and Objective: We detected a dominant non-cultivatable gram-positive coccobacillus associated with cultivatable yeast in feces of mice treated with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics while being fed a partially defined mouse chow that is commonly used for nutritional studies. The goal of this study was to determine the identity of the non-cultivatable gram-positive coccobacillus.;Methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by Gram stain, quantitative flow cytometry, next generation sequencing of the V3 or V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene, fluorescence microscopy, and sequence analysis of the tuf gene, which can distinguish among Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera.;Results: Fecal samples from antibiotic-treated …
C8-Arylguanine Modified Hairpin Oligonucleotides: Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, And Tools For The Investigation Of Z-Dna Formation, Brian C. Train
C8-Arylguanine Modified Hairpin Oligonucleotides: Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, And Tools For The Investigation Of Z-Dna Formation, Brian C. Train
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Z-DNA is the only DNA conformation that has a left-handed helical twist. Z-DNA has been implicated in carcinogenesis from its role in gene expression. Z-DNA formation has been linked to mutagenesis since it may play a role in genetic instability and can induce gene deletions. However, the specific biological role for Z-DNA in vivo remains uncertain. Arylhydrazines are carcinogenic compounds that are known to form DNA adducts, although it is unknown how DNA adduct formation is related to their carcinogenicity. Previous work in our lab has demonstrated that the formation of C8-arylguanine DNA adducts, derived from arylhydrazines, shifts the B …
Animal Dispersal Of American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius L.), Amy M. Hruska
Animal Dispersal Of American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius L.), Amy M. Hruska
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is a long-lived forest herb found throughout Appalachia, well-known for its reputation as a medicinal plant species. Harvest of ginseng for the international medicinal plant trade has been a significant contributor to population decline of the species. As a declining species with life-history traits similar to many other herbaceous perennials and both cultural and economic value, American ginseng has become a focal species for many demographic and conservation based studies. Seed dispersal is a critical component of ginseng demography lacking empirical evidence for potential dispersal mechanisms. To date, gravity is considered to be the primary …
Formation Of 2-Halomethylene-4-Cyclopentene-1,3-Diones And/Or 2-Halo-1,4-Benzoquinones, Total Synthesis Of Methyl Linderone And Wacker-Type Oxidation Of Aryl-Substituted Alkenes, Hong Yin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
We have discovered a practical general method for the preparation of diverse 2-halomethylene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diones and/or 2-halo-1,4-benzoquinones. An in-depth study of the reactions of 4-(ethynyl)-4-hydroxy-2,3-substituted-2-cyclobuten-1-ones with N-bromo- or N-iodosuccinimide is described. This reaction was used in a short total synthesis of methyl linderone. Also, a series of facile, palladium catalyzed, direct, and regiospecific Wacker-type oxidations has been developed to yield various alpha-arylated ketones from aryl-substituted internal alkenes.
Serotonin (5-Ht) Increases Olfactory Responsiveness In The Tobacco Hawkmoth Manduca Sexta, Samantha Lynn Jusino
Serotonin (5-Ht) Increases Olfactory Responsiveness In The Tobacco Hawkmoth Manduca Sexta, Samantha Lynn Jusino
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Behavioral states of animals change throughout the day and the brain has developed several mechanisms in order for neural circuits to modify network function in order to produce these states. Neuromodulation allows the animal to alter neural circuits to make them more or less responsive to a given input. Little research has been conducted to understand the functional role of serotonin (5-HT), a neuromodulator,on olfactory behavioral responses. In this study, we aimed to identify the functional role of 5-HT in Manduca sexta olfactory function. Using a Pavlovian-Conditioning Paradigm, we conditioned moths to 2-hexanone and tested them using two different assays, …
Belarus's National Narratives And Representation Of The Grand Duchy Of Lithuania, Jevgenijs Rjascenko
Belarus's National Narratives And Representation Of The Grand Duchy Of Lithuania, Jevgenijs Rjascenko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In its theoretical framework this thesis relies on the discussion of the existing approaches towards the study of nationalism such as the perennialist, the modernist/constructivist and the ethno-symbolist. The ethno-symbolist approach by Anthony D. Smith, however, is chosen as the most appropriate for examining Belarus's nation-building process and therefore, its ability to explain different expressions of Belarus's national narratives is emphasized. The empirical discussion of Belarus's post-independence nation-building process explains the peculiarity of the Belarusian case in which the official national narrative coexists with the alternative national narrative in Belarus's public sphere. The research question, however, is centered on the …
From Graph Coloring To Receptor Clustering, Ye Chen
From Graph Coloring To Receptor Clustering, Ye Chen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
1. Hued colorings for planar graphs, graphs of higher genus and K4-minor free graphs.;For integers k, r > 0, a (k,r) -coloring of a graph G is a proper coloring of the vertices of G with k colors such that every vertex v of degree d(v) is adjacent to vertices with at least min{lcub}d(v) ,r{rcub} different colors. The r-hued chromatic number, denoted by Xr (G), is the smallest integer k for which a graph G has a ( k,r)-coloring. A list assignment L of G is a function that assigns to every vertex v of G a set L(v) of positive …
Local And Regional Controls Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Metapopulation Dynamics Within A Complex Appalachian Riverscape, Brock Miles Huntsman
Local And Regional Controls Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Metapopulation Dynamics Within A Complex Appalachian Riverscape, Brock Miles Huntsman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Brook trout have recently become a species of conservation focus due to their unique spatial structure and restricted thermal requirements. These life history characteristics make brook trout particularly vulnerable to major biodiversity threats, such as climate change and habitat loss. For appropriate conservation actions to be taken, it is imperative to identify the scale that limits brook trout productivity. The popular view of brook trout ecology indicates that populations exist as isolated fragments within watersheds, where productivity is concentrated in small, cold tributaries. This has led to management resources being allocated towards small tributaries with a goal to enhance local …
Isotopic Composition Of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon In Underground Mine Discharges Of The Northern Appalachian Basin, Rachelle Thorne
Isotopic Composition Of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon In Underground Mine Discharges Of The Northern Appalachian Basin, Rachelle Thorne
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research examined the efficacy of using 13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to infer geochemical and microbiological processes in underground coal mine discharges. Groundwater samples from mines in two different coal seams (the Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport) and three different hydrogeologic settings (fully flooded, partially flooded, and free draining) were compared. Twenty mine discharges were sampled, fifteen from the Pittsburgh coal seam and five from the Upper Freeport. Sampling sites included mine portals and seeps. All sampling followed standard field protocols. Results were evaluated for possible relationships between 13CDIC signatures and 1) mine hydrogeologic setting and 2) geochemical properties …
Evaluation Of Emotion Regulation And Associated Characteristics In Foster Children Using The Dyadic Parent-Child Coding System And Caregiver-Report Measures, Meredith A. Norman
Evaluation Of Emotion Regulation And Associated Characteristics In Foster Children Using The Dyadic Parent-Child Coding System And Caregiver-Report Measures, Meredith A. Norman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main purposes of this study were to: (a) explore the validity of a relatively new behavioral observation coding system in young children referred for treatment of disruptive behavior, (b) explore which specific foster parent behaviors are most associated with child emotion regulation, and (c) explore whether internalizing or externalizing foster child behavior problems are most associated with child emotion regulation. The sample consisted of 40 foster parent-child dyads who participated in a larger study funded by the National Institutes of Health. Assessments included behavioral observation of child emotion regulation using the Global Dysregulation Scale and a calculation of the …
Political Sophistication: How Values And Social Capital Contribute To Political Knowledge And Cognition, Jonathan C. Young
Political Sophistication: How Values And Social Capital Contribute To Political Knowledge And Cognition, Jonathan C. Young
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study argues that value types defined by Shalom Schwartz should relate to social capital and political sophistication in particular ways. Individual value types that emphasize "other-orientation" should positively relate to social capital characteristics that increase information flows which in turn will relate to increased political sophistication. On the other hand, it is expected that individual value types that emphasize "self-orientation" will positively relate to social capital characteristics that decrease information flows which in turn would correlate to decreased political sophistication. Using post-materialism as a theoretical basis and a survey that measures political knowledge and ideology, value orientation, social network …
Effects Of Culverts On Brook Trout Genetic Diversity, Darren M. Wood
Effects Of Culverts On Brook Trout Genetic Diversity, Darren M. Wood
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are a species of concern within their native range due to a historical loss of habitat, overfishing, and stocking of non-native salmonids. Road culverts have been recognized as an additional impediment to population persistence as movement between diverse habitat types has been identified as an alternative life-history strategy to maximize spawning and growth. Brook trout were genetically analyzed using a suite of 13 microsatellite loci above 7 culverts with varying levels of passability classified through a physical protocol. While most sites were not found to have losses in genetic diversity, populations above culverts with a high …
Immune Related Gene Expression Of Parasite-Resistant Sheep During A Haemonchus Contortus Infection, Karen Nicole Sommers
Immune Related Gene Expression Of Parasite-Resistant Sheep During A Haemonchus Contortus Infection, Karen Nicole Sommers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Gastrointestinal nematode parasitism is a top health concern for sheep producers worldwide as traditional means of treatment are becoming less effective. Haemonchus contortus is of particular interest because it feeds on blood, causing significant pathological problems in the host. Certain breeds of sheep, like St. Croix, are more naturally resistant to parasitism. However, the underlying mechanisms that result in resistance are not fully understood. The following two experiments evaluated qPCR differential gene expression during the first ten days of a challenge H. contortus infection from lymph node and abomasal tissues. Experiment 1 evaluated 24 St. Croix hair lambs and 24 …
Role Of The Dietitian In Multidisciplinary Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Wendy Thompson
Role Of The Dietitian In Multidisciplinary Treatment Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Wendy Thompson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder in females. Genetic and lifestyle factors influence the etiology and insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS.;Objective: To investigate the current trends and future implications of multidisciplinary PCOS clinics while emphasizing the role and challenges for dietitians.;Methods: The study design was a two-phase formative investigation of PCOS focused practitioners through an anonymous, internet-based survey (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) followed by focus groups done via teleconference. Focus group data was analyzed using Braun and Clarke's method of thematic analysis.;Participants: Survey respondents included 261 health care providers, …
Understanding Chinese American Parents: The Interplay Of Chinese Tradition And Early Childhood Music Education In The United States, Juan Julie Yu
Understanding Chinese American Parents: The Interplay Of Chinese Tradition And Early Childhood Music Education In The United States, Juan Julie Yu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study is to examine the acculturation experience of first-generation Chinese American parents and the values that inform their expectations for their children's early childhood music education. A primary goal of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the interplay of Chinese traditional culture and early childhood music education in the United States. The six participants for this study were first-generation Chinese American immigrants who at the time of the interviews had children under age eight and who resided in Philadelphia. As a qualitative multiple-case study, the primary data for this study were six sets …
Technology Use In The Treatment And Prevention Of Eating Disorders, Jessie T. Popelka
Technology Use In The Treatment And Prevention Of Eating Disorders, Jessie T. Popelka
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Technology is changing rapidly in this global world. A radically different delivery of nutrition information and counseling is technologically feasible in fewer than five years. With about half of girls and a quarter of boys being dissatisfied with their bodies during adolescence into young adulthood, some negative consequences including development of disordered eating, eating disorders (ED) and poor psychological well-being may increase. New methods of delivery, from social media to virtual worlds will allow health care providers (HCP) to reach and interact with patients in different cities or even countries. Simple "tweets" to online videos may have a place in …
Supports Of And Barriers To Pursuing A Natural Resource Degree And Career: Perspectives Of Culturally Diverse Young Adults, Kelly Balcarczyk
Supports Of And Barriers To Pursuing A Natural Resource Degree And Career: Perspectives Of Culturally Diverse Young Adults, Kelly Balcarczyk
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Federal natural resource agencies are facing a human resource crisis. Many natural resource professionals are reaching retirement and attracting young adults to fill vacancies may prove difficult. Although currently on the rise from a recent fall, enrollment in natural resource degree programs has not increased overall in the past three decades, which has resulted in a small and possibly shrinking pool of applicants for natural resource positions. In addition, increasingly young adults in the recruitment pool depart from the traditional background of current natural resource professionals (rural-raised, fisheries/wildlife/biology-educated, angler/hunter, white male) and agency workplace culture has not changed to match …
Modeling Migration And Citizen-Science Data To Estimate Golden Eagle Abundance In Eastern North America, Andrew J. Dennhardt
Modeling Migration And Citizen-Science Data To Estimate Golden Eagle Abundance In Eastern North America, Andrew J. Dennhardt
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Understanding animal movements is fundamental to ecology and conservation, yet direct measurement of movements of birds is both challenging and costly. Raptor populations are especially difficult to monitor, but movement models can provide information toward this goal. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis) in eastern North America is a species of regional conservation concern, and little is known about its population ecology, movements, or behavior. Because of their rarity and role as apex predators, improving monitoring of this small population is of great importance. Similar to using movement models to help improve monitoring, developing new methods to estimate the size …
Non-Intrusive Anomaly Detection For Encrypted Networks, Luis C. Armendariz Jr.
Non-Intrusive Anomaly Detection For Encrypted Networks, Luis C. Armendariz Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The use of encryption is steadily increasing. Packet payloads that are encrypted are becoming increasingly difficult to analyze using IDSs. This investigation uses a new non-intrusive IDS approach to detect network intrusions using a K-Means clustering methodology. It was found that this approach was able to detect many intrusions for these datasets while maintaining the encrypted confidentiality of packet information. This work utilized the KDD '99 and NSL-KDD evaluation datasets for testing.
Parents' Value Of Play In Early Childhood: A Comparative Study Of Spousal Play Beliefs, Meghan C. Devito
Parents' Value Of Play In Early Childhood: A Comparative Study Of Spousal Play Beliefs, Meghan C. Devito
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Play is a vital tool for developmental growth and learning in early childhood. However, with the current focus on academics, there is less emphasis placed on encouraging children to play. The current study investigated parental beliefs on play. The sample consisted of 34 middle-class couples (34 mothers, 34 fathers) co-parenting a preschool-aged child (3-5 years) attending the laboratory school of a large mid-Atlantic university. Participants were surveyed about their beliefs on play. Results revealed mothers' value of play to be higher than fathers'. Although significantly different, both mothers and fathers perceived play positively. The findings suggest that early childhood professionals …
Addressing The Elephant In The Room: A Descriptive Analysis Of Weight-Based Harassment On College Campuses, Lynnsie Doty
Addressing The Elephant In The Room: A Descriptive Analysis Of Weight-Based Harassment On College Campuses, Lynnsie Doty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
According to the bullying and harassment literature, over 50 percent of adolescents reported that they were targets of harassment at least once a month. A major gap within this literature is that most of these studies focus predominantly on adolescents and none focuses on older cohorts. To date only five studies have focused on college populations, but none focus on weight specifically as a factor. Although many individuals may disagree, weight-based harassment is comparable to harassment based on race and sexual orientation and affects victims just as negatively. Therefore, it is time to address the elephant in the room and …
The Germs Inside Me: Pediatric Patients' Conceptualization Of Illness And Regulation Of Emotions During Hospitalization, Sarah E. Buck
The Germs Inside Me: Pediatric Patients' Conceptualization Of Illness And Regulation Of Emotions During Hospitalization, Sarah E. Buck
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The transition into a medical setting can be difficult for children under the age of 18. Previous research has identified a child's capacity to construct accurate representations of illness, in addition to the construction and application of adaptive strategies to modify emotional arousal, as significant predictors of successful adjustment to a medical environment. Preexisting research has neglected to investigate the constructs of illness conceptualization and regulatory systems of emotions. Using a sample of 26 pediatric patients and 26 adult informants, the current study explored the complex relationship between emotional regulation and the conceptualization of illness among children, from the ages …
Presidential Rhetoric In Times Of Crisis: A Textual Analysis Of Speeches By Franklin Roosevelt And Ronald Reagan, Samantha D. Cart
Presidential Rhetoric In Times Of Crisis: A Textual Analysis Of Speeches By Franklin Roosevelt And Ronald Reagan, Samantha D. Cart
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
While many scholars have examined the rhetoric of presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan individually, there is a gap in literature concerning crisis rhetoric specifically and little has been done in the way of comparing these two men. This study is a textual analysis of six speeches given by Roosevelt and Reagan during times of crises. Because both presidents were important in defining an era and considered great communicators, this study compares the similarities and differences of their use of presidential crisis rhetoric. Previous research shows clear patterns in presidential rhetoric, including the common use of civil religious words and …
Investigating Feeding Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids And/Or Soy Protein Isolate To Female Pck Rats On Polycystic Kidney Disease And Related Complications, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
Investigating Feeding Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids And/Or Soy Protein Isolate To Female Pck Rats On Polycystic Kidney Disease And Related Complications, Kaitlin Hope Maditz
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by multiple benign cysts along the epithelial lining of the kidneys. As PKD progresses, cyst growth increases kidney volume, decreases renal function, and may eventually lead to end stage renal disease. In addition to renal manifestations, PKD patients are at risk of complications that include bone loss and polycystic liver disease (PLD). Currently, no genetic therapy or effective pharmacological treatments exist. Therefore, dietary intervention offers a potentially efficacious, cost-effective, and safe therapeutic option for PKD and PKD-related complications. Offering dietary treatment to attenuate PKD disease progression has the potential to improve …
Exploring The Components Of Prenatal Anxiety, Suzan Walsh Clemens
Exploring The Components Of Prenatal Anxiety, Suzan Walsh Clemens
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Anxiety and fear often are associated with pregnancy, and its short- and long-term biological, psychological, and social lifestyle changes that affect both the mother and the child. The primary aim of this study was to differentiate components of prenatal anxiety and fear, to facilitate operational classifications of those components. A better understanding of prenatal anxiety and fear can inform the creation of future measures and facilitate referrals for high levels of such distress. An exploratory descriptive research design was used to examine potential components of prenatal anxiety and fear (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, fear of pain, depression, and childbirth-related self-efficacy). The …
Identification And Genetic Diversity Of Lake Sturgeon Larvae On Artificial Reefs In The Huron-Erie Corridor, Jamie Marie Marranca
Identification And Genetic Diversity Of Lake Sturgeon Larvae On Artificial Reefs In The Huron-Erie Corridor, Jamie Marie Marranca
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
There are 27 species of sturgeon worldwide and most are currently extinct, endangered or threatened. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, one of the oldest species on the planet, evolved about 136 million years ago, and have had little morphological change, and are endemic to the freshwater lakes and rivers created by receding glaciers of the Laurentian ice sheet. Lake sturgeon have seen immense habitat loss due to human development and industrialization has nearly decimated populations. Changes to water and habitat quality, along with overharvesting, have caused declines to nearly 1% of their original population size. The Huron-Erie Corridor (HEC), includes the …
Analysis And Interpretation Of Complex Biological Signal Transduction Networks, Holly N. Currie
Analysis And Interpretation Of Complex Biological Signal Transduction Networks, Holly N. Currie
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cellular signaling is a complex system of biological communication that coordinates cellular activities via biochemical reactions. The passing of an extracellular signal across a cell membrane to intracellular signaling molecules is referred to as signal transduction. Signals transduced across a cell's membrane influence its function, and allow the cell to respond to its local environment. Within the cell, proteins are key responders to, and carriers of, the transduced signal. A class of proteins called kinases mediate most of the signal transduction in eukaryotic cells by catalyzing the phosphorylation of substrate proteins. The post-translational modification of proteins by phosphorylation regulates protein …
Impacts Of Non-Renewable Resource Extraction On Shrubland Songbird Nest Success And Abundance, Ryan Douglas Davis
Impacts Of Non-Renewable Resource Extraction On Shrubland Songbird Nest Success And Abundance, Ryan Douglas Davis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Shrubland songbirds are a highly imperiled guild across much of North America due to wide-scale land use changes and resulting loss of shrubland habitat. Land management practices which produce early-successional habitat, namely field abandonment and clearcut timber harvests, have become increasingly uncommon in the eastern United States, and natural maintenance processes such as fires and floods are often suppressed. The Appalachian region is rich in natural resources; it has historically seen high amounts of surface mining for coal and is currently experiencing prolific development of shale gas. Both of these practices alter local habitats and the landscape, and it is …