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Articles 121 - 150 of 160
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A Study Of The Effect Of An Integrated Continuum Of Intensive Crisis Intervention Services (Icicis), Including Assertive Community Treatment (Act), On Civil Commitments In North Central West Virginia., Robert D. Williams
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The mental health service delivery system in West Virginia is ineffective at resolving psychiatric emergencies, as evidenced by a high civil commitment rate, leading to an annual {dollar}4 million non-budgeted expense to the state. West Virginia's two State hospitals are regularly at capacity, causing civil committed patients to be diverted to community psychiatric units, often at the state's expense. At one of the state's 13 Comprehensive Community Mental Health Centers (CCMHC), United Summit Center, two evidence based treatment modalities, ICICIS and ACT, are examined for their effectiveness at lowering the civil commitment rate per 100,000 and civil commitment hospitalization days. …
Effects Of Transitive Stimulus Generalization On Within -Sets Generalization And Between -Sets Generalization, Dana S. Siira
Effects Of Transitive Stimulus Generalization On Within -Sets Generalization And Between -Sets Generalization, Dana S. Siira
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the study was to examine whether or not within-sets generalization (WSG) and between-sets generalization (BSG) are dependent on transitive stimulus generalization (TSG). A match-to-sample training procedure was used to train four typically developing five-year-old children to select stimuli from set A (fractions in ratio form) in the presence of stimuli from either set B or set C (fractions in picture form). The emergence of TSG, WSG, and BSG then was examined through presentations of stimuli involved in training and stimuli not involved in training.;Participants then were trained on the certain combinations of stimuli that were used to …
Multicultural Competence And Levels Of Effectiveness In Adventure -Based Counseling, David M. Cummins
Multicultural Competence And Levels Of Effectiveness In Adventure -Based Counseling, David M. Cummins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The current study explored the relationship between adventure based counselor multicultural competency and their levels of effectiveness as perceived by youth at risk. The sample consisted of 22 counselors (19 White and 3 ethnic minority) who competed the Multicultural Knowledge and Awareness Scale and 86 youth at risk participants (52 White and 34 ethnic minority) who completed the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale. Analysis of the data suggests a very small negative relationship between multicultural competence of adventure based counselors and their levels of effectiveness as rated by the ethnic minority and White youth at risk participants. Limitations of the study …
A Conceptual Model Of Psychological Distress In Native Americans., Shari Ann Robinson
A Conceptual Model Of Psychological Distress In Native Americans., Shari Ann Robinson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The aim of the current study was to utilize a structural model to examine simultaneously the relationships among socioeconomic status (SES), anxiety sensitivity, stress, psychological problems, Native American identity, cultural related anxiety, and coping. The proposed structural equation model was tested using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures). The social stress literature provided a theoretical framework; it suggests that SES-linked social stressors that result in higher levels of psychological disorders adversely affect people from lower SES backgrounds. Data were gathered from 150 Native American attendees at a Pow-Wow. SES was hypothesized to impact negatively on anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety sensitivity was predicted …
Establishing Diagnostic Applicability And Validation Of The Pictogram Test., Luba Leontieva
Establishing Diagnostic Applicability And Validation Of The Pictogram Test., Luba Leontieva
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Pictogram Test (a test that was developed and used in Russia) is applicable for the English-speaking population of the USA for diagnosing schizophrenia. Another study goal was to establish construct validity of the Pictogram Test. Russian-speaking participants from Russia and English-speaking participants from the USA were participants in this study. In each language group there were two groups: participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and normal controls. The results showed that the Pictogram Test is generally applicable for the English-speaking population. Moreover, the results showed that the Pictogram Test is sensible for …
Empirical Development Of A Scale Of Patience, Kenneth C. Dudley
Empirical Development Of A Scale Of Patience, Kenneth C. Dudley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Patience is a construct not directly studied in the literature. Studies in the psychological literature have typically spoken of patience only as the converse of impatience. The assumption of these studies is that patience exists in the absence of impatience. However, other research proposes a multidimensional model of patience based on qualitative studies. It follows from the multidimensional model that patience exists on a continuum with the potential for different levels or amounts of patience across different situations. The purpose of this study was to develop an objective measure of patience.;To develop a measure of patience an item pool was …
National Survey Of Psychological Practices Across Rural And Urban Communities, Craig M. Helbok
National Survey Of Psychological Practices Across Rural And Urban Communities, Craig M. Helbok
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences in the practice of psychology across urban and rural communities. The review of the rural literature suggests that psychologists in rural areas are likely to encounter numerous ethical dilemmas and problems that are related specifically to the characteristics of such communities. To date, however, much of this literature has been based on theory and the individual experiences of practitioners. This study sought to quantify any differences in the practice of psychology across communities for such ethical issues as multiple relationships, competency, burnout, confidentiality, and visibility in the community. A survey …
Sport Psychology Strategies, Types Of Social Support, And Adherence To Injury Rehabilitation Among University Student -Athletes, Kenneth Tubilleja
Sport Psychology Strategies, Types Of Social Support, And Adherence To Injury Rehabilitation Among University Student -Athletes, Kenneth Tubilleja
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study examined differences between levels of adherence to athletic injury rehabilitation (SIRAS; Brewer, Van Raalte, Petitpas, Sklar, & Ditmar, 1995) among injured student-athletes on their use of sport psychology strategies (TOPS; Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999) and their perceived social support (SSS-C; Richman, Rosenfeld, & Hardy, 1993). Relationships between adherence to athletic injury rehabilitation and sport psychology strategies and perceived social support were also investigated. In addition, participants' use and training in sport psychology strategies was explored. The sample consisted of 35 student-athletes from 1 NCAA Division I and 3 Division II institutions who sustained athletic injuries that …
The Influence Of Psychological Separation And Maternal Attachment On Career Choice Commitment In College Seniors., Lasandra R. Ward
The Influence Of Psychological Separation And Maternal Attachment On Career Choice Commitment In College Seniors., Lasandra R. Ward
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Measures of maternal attachment, psychological separation from mother, and career choice commitment behavior (individuation markers) were taken from a sample predominantly composed of senior-level undergraduate students. Responses on the IPPA-R were used to categorize participants descriptively according to their maternal attachment style. Attachment style groups were labeled as Secure, Ambivalent, and Avoidant. Statistical procedures included MANOVA and stepwise multiple regression analyses. Differences were detected among the three maternal attachment style groups on four psychological separation variables. Some variables of psychological separation emerged as predictors of career choice commitment and tendency to foreclose. However, a large portion of the variance of …
Sensation Seeking Characteristics And Neuroendocrine Responses To An Acute Psychological Challenge In Latent Forensic Identifiers., Jonathan W. Roberti
Sensation Seeking Characteristics And Neuroendocrine Responses To An Acute Psychological Challenge In Latent Forensic Identifiers., Jonathan W. Roberti
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined various characteristics of 29 (20 females and 9 males) undergraduate participants interested in latent forensic identification. Participants completed a basic demographics questionnaire, information about daily stressors and psychosocial stressors (HPS: Scotti, 1992, 1999), the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V; Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978) and Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ; Zuckerman, Kuhlman, Joirement, & Kraft, 1993). Salivary cortisol samples and perceived distress were assessed before and during exposure to an acute psychological challenge. Participants self-reported handling daily stressors well and to have had minimal experience with psychosocial stressors. Compared to published normative data on the SSS-V and ZKPQ, males …
A Comparison Of Community Members' Preferences To Viewing Two Different Approaches To Therapy., Sherry Lynn Cain
A Comparison Of Community Members' Preferences To Viewing Two Different Approaches To Therapy., Sherry Lynn Cain
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The perceptions of community members on a traditional Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) counseling approach and a multi-sensory REBT counseling approach were examined in this study. A total of 98 individuals, who were the staff and parents recruited from a community Headstart program, participated in the study. Simulated counseling sessions of the two approaches were presented to the community members through eleven minute videotapes. After watching the counseling sessions, individuals rated the sessions with the Counseling Style Preference Form and the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire. They also were asked to write comments about each of the counseling sessions. Paired sample T-tests yielded …
The Influence Of The Monitoring Process On Special Education Services In West Virginia., Judith Hale Robertson
The Influence Of The Monitoring Process On Special Education Services In West Virginia., Judith Hale Robertson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the West Virginia Department of Education, Office of Special Education's monitoring system in bringing district special education programs into compliance with federal and state standards. Data for the study were obtained by surveying special education directors (22), special education teachers (848), and parents of students with exceptionalities (2,410) from 22 county school systems in West Virginia. The monitoring report for each of the 22 counties for the 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 school years and the previous monitoring report were analyzed. The 1996–1997 federal Office of Special Education Programs monitoring report …
The Relationship Between Fibromyalgia And Emotional Expressivity And Its Influence On Locus Of Control, Ways Of Coping, And Quality Of Life., Avril D. Zaharoff
The Relationship Between Fibromyalgia And Emotional Expressivity And Its Influence On Locus Of Control, Ways Of Coping, And Quality Of Life., Avril D. Zaharoff
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The impact of fibromyalgia on quality of life is well documented. Quality of life issues confront individuals with fibromyalgia daily. For these individuals, coping with the challenges to obtain effective treatment, can become a daunting process. Feeling a sense of control over their condition is important to sustaining a reasonable quality of life. The purpose of this study was to test a theoretically based model describing the factors that influence quality of life in individuals with fibromyalgia. The theoretical (hypothesized) model suggested that impact of fibromyalgia, emotional expressivity, locus of control, and coping process, all influenced quality of life. A …
Problem Solving And Personality Factors Of Two At -Risk *College Populations, Cory John Clark
Problem Solving And Personality Factors Of Two At -Risk *College Populations, Cory John Clark
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This dissertation describes and compares three university populations: (a) students at-risk of alcohol related problems, (b) students academically-at-risk, and (c) non-at-risk students. These populations were given two self-report measures, the Problem Solving Inventory (Heppner, 1988) and the 16PF (Cattell, et al., 1993), to gather information on their problem solving abilities and their personality factors. The intent of the study is to find out what aspects of problem solving and personality differentiates these populations. This information will then be utilized to design and refine interventions for working with these struggling populations. One hundred and thirty-five students from a mid-eastern land-grant university …
Social Contagion Of Eating Attitudes And Behaviors Among First Year College Women Living In Residence Hall Communities, Jeffrey S. Vanlone
Social Contagion Of Eating Attitudes And Behaviors Among First Year College Women Living In Residence Hall Communities, Jeffrey S. Vanlone
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present investigation was designed to examine the development of disturbed eating patterns among college women. More specifically, this researcher investigated the social contagion of eating attitudes and behaviors among first year college women living in residence hall communities. The results demonstrated that college women developed eating attitudes and behaviors similar to those of other women in their small friendship clusters. Similarities in eating attitudes and behaviors were not found among participants in the study when residence hall floor membership was used as the independent variable. This study also found significant relationships between student adjustment to college and disturbed eating …
Depression And Self -Silencing In Lesbian And Heterosexual Women, Samantha Ann Kirk
Depression And Self -Silencing In Lesbian And Heterosexual Women, Samantha Ann Kirk
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Depression among lesbians is an underexplored area in the literature of the psychology of women and in depression research. A few investigators have hypothesized about the factors that place lesbians at risk for depression, and have explored those hypotheses experimentally. However, there is a large gap in the understanding of lesbians and depression. Dana Jack (1991) proposed a model of depression which holds that women who fail to represent their experiences to romantic partners are at increased risk for depression. One hundred and seventy participants were recruited to test this model (85 lesbians and 71 heterosexual women, as well as …
Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar
Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although psychologists are beginning to be employed in medical settings, little is known about medical patients' preferences when encountering mental health problems. One population that could be better served by this type of research is diabetes mellitus because of the poor adherence rates and high depression associated with the disease. The current study aimed to identify diabetes patients' preferences for treatments and helpers when encountering emotional difficulties. Data were collected on 80 patients from an Appalachian region of the United States who had previously been diagnosed with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Results indicated that diabetes patients were …
The Efficacy Of A Media Literacy Program For The Prevention And Treatment Of Eating Disturbances: Implications For The Continuum Model Of Eating Disorders., Janelle Wilder Coughlin
The Efficacy Of A Media Literacy Program For The Prevention And Treatment Of Eating Disturbances: Implications For The Continuum Model Of Eating Disorders., Janelle Wilder Coughlin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a two-session media literacy program, A.R.M.E.D. (Acknowledging and Rejecting the Media's Influence on Eating and Body Image Disturbances), was an effective intervention for individuals who fell at various points on the eating disorder continuum. Ninety-three female college students participated in the study, with 46 experimental participants attending A.R.M.E.D and 47 participants serving as a control group. Between-subjects analyses did not reveal differences between the experimental and control group on each of the seven dependent variables. Within-subjects repeated measures analyses did, however, reveal that women who attended A.R.M.E.D. significantly reduced their …
A Comparison Of Psychologists Who Engage In Nonsexual And Sexual Dual Relationships With Psychologists Who Do Not., Debra Kristine Ehlert
A Comparison Of Psychologists Who Engage In Nonsexual And Sexual Dual Relationships With Psychologists Who Do Not., Debra Kristine Ehlert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine and understand potential differences between psychologists who have engaged in a nonsexual and sexual dual relationship and psychologists who have not. Psychologists from across the United States (N = 59) completed questionnaires concerning object relations, parentification, narcissistic injury, self-esteem, and ethical judgment. Measures included a demographic questionnaire, the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI) with four subscales of alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity, and social incompetence), the Parentification Questionnaire (PQ), the Narcissistic Injury Scale (NIS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Ethical Judgment Scale (EJS), and four open-ended questions regarding the experience of being …
The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Attachment And Disordered Eating In Female Adolescents And Their Mothers., Jan L. Melcher
The Mother-Daughter Relationship: Attachment And Disordered Eating In Female Adolescents And Their Mothers., Jan L. Melcher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This cross-sectional study examined a continuum of eating disturbances in a predominantly White community sample of late-adolescent young women and their mothers, the relationship between mother-daughter eating and weight control practices, and the affective quality of mother-daughter and father-daughter attachment. Daughters (N = 87) and mothers (N = 83) completed the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (Mintz, O'Halloran, Mulholland & Schneider, 1997) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (Garner, 1991). Daughters (N = 87) completed the Parental Attachment Questionnaire and mothers (N = 83) and fathers ( N = 31) completed the Revised Parent Measure (Kenny, 1990). The findings support use …
A Multidimensional Analysis Contrasting Youthful Nonoffenders, Sex Offenders, Violent Offenders, And Status Offenders., Nick Sava Yackovich
A Multidimensional Analysis Contrasting Youthful Nonoffenders, Sex Offenders, Violent Offenders, And Status Offenders., Nick Sava Yackovich
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study involved a comparison of 75 adolescent participants divided into four groups. Members of three of the groups were adjudicated delinquent: sex offenders, violent (nonsexual) offenders, and status offenders. A group of nonffenders was also used as a control group. The groups were compared using a contrast analysis of four dependent variables: self-concept, sexual history, cognitive distortions, and alexithymia. Findings of this study reveal a significant relationship with the presence of alexithymia among the offending sample when compared to the nonoffenders. Also evident is a greater self-concept score among the nonoffenders when contrasted with the offenders. Another significant comparison …
Career Maturity And The Use Of Disability Support Services: The Effect Of Locus Of Control And Career Self -Efficacy For College Students With Disabilities., Bethanne T. Jacobson
Career Maturity And The Use Of Disability Support Services: The Effect Of Locus Of Control And Career Self -Efficacy For College Students With Disabilities., Bethanne T. Jacobson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Each year the number of college students with disabilities increases. For these students, completing a college education is important in order to meet personal goals of self-sufficiency, independence, financial security, and to allow for more effective competition in the job market. This study examined the influence of locus of control and career self-efficacy on the development of career maturity for college students with disabilities. The college students that responded to this study demonstrated high levels of career self-efficacy, career maturity, and an internal locus of control regardless of gender, ethnicity, academic level, disability status, age of onset of disability, or …
Status And Status Differential As Predictors Of Student Learning, Teacher Evaluation, Teacher Socio-Communicative Style And Teacher Credibility, Boris Hellmann
Status And Status Differential As Predictors Of Student Learning, Teacher Evaluation, Teacher Socio-Communicative Style And Teacher Credibility, Boris Hellmann
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the relationships of perceived teacher-student status as well as their status differential with student learning, teacher evaluation, teacher socio-communicative style, and teacher credibility. It was found that perceived teacher status is a weak predictor of student cognitive and affective learning, teacher evaluation, teacher socio-communicative style and teacher credibility. Students' perception of their own status was also found to be a weak predictor of the learning loss, teacher evaluation as well as teacher competence, and trustworthiness. Moreover, status differential between teacher and student was found to be a weak predictor of student affective learning as well as teacher …
Objective And Subjective Personality Characteristics Of Medical Students, Heather Anderson Meit
Objective And Subjective Personality Characteristics Of Medical Students, Heather Anderson Meit
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study viewed personality characteristics of medical students using both objective (i.e., a valid and reliable psychological instrument) and subjective methods (i.e., medical students' self-ratings of how they viewed themselves and how they believed others viewed them). The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF, 5th Edition) and a researcher developed instrument, the Subjective Rating Form (SRF), were utilized in this study. Significant differences were found in 16PF scores from entry to medical school (Time 1) to exit from medical school (Time 2). Significant differences were also observed when SRF scores were compared between Self at Time 1 (retrospectively), Self at …
The Effectiveness Of Residential Facilities For The Treatment Of Disruptive Behavior Disorders., Michelle Colette Hainesworth
The Effectiveness Of Residential Facilities For The Treatment Of Disruptive Behavior Disorders., Michelle Colette Hainesworth
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBDs) consist of four categories of syndromes known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and DBD Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). They are the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents and the most common reason for referral to residential treatment centers (RTC). However, little research exists concerning RTCs efficacy in treating disruptive behavior. The following study attempted to take a comprehensive approach in that it evaluated the effectiveness of an RTC, including the specific treatments that contributed to a positive outcome. The study also took the investigation a step further …
Self -Efficacy And Spirituality In The Recovery Process From Alcohol Dependence: A Paradox., Julie Ann States
Self -Efficacy And Spirituality In The Recovery Process From Alcohol Dependence: A Paradox., Julie Ann States
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Literature in the field of addiction supports the importance of self-efficacy and spirituality in the process of recovery from addictive disorders. However, the research on self-efficacy and spirituality among alcohol dependent individuals has not addressed the specific relationship of these constructs throughout the recovery process. The current study provides an exploration of self-efficacy and spirituality as they relate to the recovery process from alcohol dependence. Data were collected from 81 adult (over age 18) clients who sought treatment at an outpatient drug and alcohol agency. Each client met the criteria for alcohol dependence based on DSM IV criteria, and was …
The Influence Of Supervision Training On Supervisor Self-Efficacy Among Doctoral Interns At University Counseling Centers., Sarah Jane Haley
The Influence Of Supervision Training On Supervisor Self-Efficacy Among Doctoral Interns At University Counseling Centers., Sarah Jane Haley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A group of 145 clinical and counseling psychology doctoral students interning at APA-accredited university counseling center sites completed the Supervision Self-efficacy Questionnaire (SSQ) to determine differences in supervisor self-efficacy among different supervision training groups (e.g. no doctoral supervision course, a didactic supervision course, or a didactic-practicum supervision course) during their doctoral training. The SSQ was developed for this study; it was adapted from The Supervisory Focus and Style Questionnaire (SFSQ) (Yager, Wilson, Brewer & Kinnetz, 1989), which is based on Bernard's (1997) discrimination model of supervision. A one-way, between-subjects ANOVA found no significant differences in overall supervisor self-efficacy among the …
Evaluating Mandatory Parent Education For Divorcing Couples With Children, Brian John Krolczyk
Evaluating Mandatory Parent Education For Divorcing Couples With Children, Brian John Krolczyk
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Court-mandated parent education for divorcing parents with children has become a standard practice in recent years. The West Virginia State Legislature voted to mandate parent education programs in all of West Virginia effective January, 2000. Research suggests parental conflict is a major factor contributing to adjustment difficulties reported by children. Generally, parent education programs for divorcing couples with children focus on adjustment issues for parents and children as they navigate a demanding period of family change. A literature review of current parent education programs in the United States revealed programs differ in teaching methods used and curriculum. It is reported …
Burnout, Stress And Social Support Among Doctoral Students In Psychology, Kelli Lee Weaver
Burnout, Stress And Social Support Among Doctoral Students In Psychology, Kelli Lee Weaver
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The relationships between burnout, stress, and social support have been evaluated across a number of populations within the helping professions. However, no published studies have addressed the relationships between the aforementioned variables among doctoral students in psychology. As a result, the current study attempted to expand knowledge of the relationships between burnout, stress, and social support specifically among Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychology doctoral students. Results suggested that Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychology doctoral students are generally similar in their reports of burnout, stress, and social support. However, several differences were observed between the groups, and these differences are reported. …
An Exploratory Study Of Policy, Procedures, And Programs For Students With Special Needs Assigned To Alternative Schools In North Central West Virginia., Richard Michael Belcastro
An Exploratory Study Of Policy, Procedures, And Programs For Students With Special Needs Assigned To Alternative Schools In North Central West Virginia., Richard Michael Belcastro
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Using an exploratory method this study examined the policies, procedures, and programs for students with special needs assigned to alternative schools in North Central West Virginia. Initially, twelve special education directors in West Virginia's RESA VII were surveyed to determine what approach was being used to serve students with special needs assigned to alternative schools. Four alternative school staffs were selected to be interviewed to determine what were the policies, procedures, and programs in serving students with special needs assigned to alternative schools. Disruptive and at risk students have long presented a dilemma for local school administrators. While trying to …