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Sex Differences In The Myocardial Response To Prenatal And Behavioral Stress, Heather Rose Mullenax May 2010

Sex Differences In The Myocardial Response To Prenatal And Behavioral Stress, Heather Rose Mullenax

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to exert profound effects on many organs in a variety of species. There is considerable evidence for sex-specific effects of prenatal stress. Our laboratory is the first to report effects of prenatal stress on myocardial function in male rats. The purpose of this study was to confirm our previous evidence of differences in myocardial function among prenatally stressed male and female rats and to explore possible mechanisms responsible for this difference. In this study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to prenatal stress (mother was stressed on day 14--21 of gestation) followed by …

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Adult Children Of Alcoholics' Perceptions Of Communicative Exchanges With Family Members And Outsiders, Kerry Byrnes Jan 2010

Adult Children Of Alcoholics' Perceptions Of Communicative Exchanges With Family Members And Outsiders, Kerry Byrnes

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Millions of children grow up in alcoholic homes. For these children, their lives are changed forever. As a result of being socialized in a home in which at least one parent is an alcoholic, the children suffer with a number of negative consequences. Children of alcoholics (COAs) have cognitive difficulty and often do not excel in scholastic endeavors. It is also difficult for COAs to form lasting relationships with others outside the family. Because they are often socialized in a home in which secrecy is advocated, creating relationships and fully disclosing about experiences proves to be challenging. As a result, …

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Late-Preterm And Full-Term Infant Sleep: Relations With Maternal Cognitions And Nocturnal Behaviors, Marion E. Young Jan 2010

Late-Preterm And Full-Term Infant Sleep: Relations With Maternal Cognitions And Nocturnal Behaviors, Marion E. Young

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Approximately 13% of infants born in the United States each year are delivered prematurely, defined as prior to 37 weeks gestation. Among these premature infants, 84% are born between 32 and 36 weeks gestation (Kelly, 2006). Past research has found that the sleep/wake patterns of late-preterm and full-term infants are different (Gossel-Symank, Grimmer, Korte, & Siegmund, 2004; Ingersoll & Thoman, 1999; Ju et al., 1991). However, little is known about psychosocial factors (i.e., maternal sleep-related cognitions and nocturnal behaviors) that may contribute to differences between late-preterm and full-term infant sleep. Few studies have investigated the relations among infant sleep behavior, …

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Elementary Teachers' Attitudes About Professional Development: Professional Development Schools Versus Non-Professional Development Schools., Cynthia L. Gissy Jan 2010

Elementary Teachers' Attitudes About Professional Development: Professional Development Schools Versus Non-Professional Development Schools., Cynthia L. Gissy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study will look at elementary teachers’ attitudes about professional development: professional development schools versus non-professional development schools. Professional development schools are partnered with institutions of higher education and have many types of opportunities for in-service teachers, higher education faculty, and pre-service teachers to participate in professional development together. The goal of all stakeholders in a professional development school relationship is to impact public school students, to better prepare pre-service teachers and provide additional and specific professional development opportunities for in-service teachers. The goal would be to show that participation in a professional development partnership would yield a more positive …

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Looking Back: Primary Decision Makers' Narratives About The Decision To Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment From A Family Member., Jean M. Seifarth Jan 2010

Looking Back: Primary Decision Makers' Narratives About The Decision To Withdraw Life-Sustaining Treatment From A Family Member., Jean M. Seifarth

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background. Advances in biomedical and critical care technology make it possible to prolong life in patients with severe illness or injury; however, these innovations render choices regarding Life-Sustaining Treatments (LST) more complex for the decision maker. This study addressed a gap in the literature regarding how primary decision makers reflected on the time they were responsible for making a critical decision to withdraw LST for their family member who experienced an unexpected illness or trauma. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the primary decision makers’ narratives about the decision to withdraw Life Sustaining Treatment (LST) of a …

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Parenting Practices Mediate Parenting Stress And Child Inhibited, Shy Behavior, Ying Dong Jan 2010

Parenting Practices Mediate Parenting Stress And Child Inhibited, Shy Behavior, Ying Dong

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Parenting practices were investigated as mediators between parenting stress and child inhibited, shy behavior. Parenting stress was also examined as a moderator between parenting practices and child inhibited, shy behavior. Twenty-seven preschool-aged children (14 boys, 13 girls; mean age =3.5 years) and their mothers (mean age =34 years) participated in the study. Mothers completed a battery of questionnaires to assess parenting stress, parenting practices, and child inhibited, shy behavior. Regression analyses were conducted and it was found that parenting practices do not mediate the relation between parenting stress and inhibited, shy behavior. However, there appears to be an indirect relation …

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Sleep And Sleepiness Among First-Time Postpartum Parents, Salvatore Insana Jan 2010

Sleep And Sleepiness Among First-Time Postpartum Parents, Salvatore Insana

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Objectives. Postpartum maternal sleep disturbance is common. However, little research has examined postpartum fathers' sleep. Additionally, the magnitude of postpartum mothers' and fathers' daytime sleepiness has not been objectively indexed. The aims of this dissertation study were to: (1) objectively examine the difference in sleep and sleepiness levels among first-time mothers and fathers during their early postpartum period; (2) examine parents' perceptions of their own and their partner's mood, sleep, and sleepiness.;Method. Twenty one first-time postpartum mother-father dyads (N = 42; 27.38 +/- 4.92 years; 91.67% white; 15.40 +/- 3.53 years of education; annual household income {dollar}56,091 +/- {dollar}34,320), completed …

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General And Emotion-Specific Parenting Styles As Predictors Of Children's Internalizing And Externalizing Behavior, Jessica W. Rupenthal Jan 2010

General And Emotion-Specific Parenting Styles As Predictors Of Children's Internalizing And Externalizing Behavior, Jessica W. Rupenthal

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between general parenting practices (e.g., authoritative and authoritarian) and emotion-specific parenting practices (supportive and non-supportive). In addition, a second goal of this study was to examine the manner which general parenting practices and emotion-specific parenting practices collectively contribute to children's displays of fear/anxiety and hostility/aggression. Data were gathered from 27 mothers (mean age = 34 years) and their preschool-aged children (14 boys, 13 girls; mean age = 3.5 years) in Morgantown, West Virginia. The majority (92%) of mothers were White (4% Black, 4% Bi-racial). Mothers completed a series of questionnaires. …

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Assessing The Influence Of Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge, Perception Of Personal Risk, And Delay Discounting Of Future Health On Diet And Physical Activity, Kimberly Bosworth Blake Jan 2010

Assessing The Influence Of Coronary Heart Disease Knowledge, Perception Of Personal Risk, And Delay Discounting Of Future Health On Diet And Physical Activity, Kimberly Bosworth Blake

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Although modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) can be favorably impacted by healthful diet and physical activity, health care providers face a population that generally exhibits unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles. Identifying strategies to improve the effectiveness of health care provider guidance is urgently needed to reduce CHD risk. The objective of this series of studies was to determine the association between CHD knowledge, perceived risk, and delay discounting and diet and physical activity (PA) levels in adults. The research design was cross-sectional and the methods included an online survey to obtain information regarding CHD knowledge, perceived …

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Strategic Vulnerability: An Analysis Of Physical Geography, Environmental, And Material Components Of Force Structure, Kyle Christensen Jan 2010

Strategic Vulnerability: An Analysis Of Physical Geography, Environmental, And Material Components Of Force Structure, Kyle Christensen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The selection of a military recruitment method has historically been based on material capabilities and military objectives. Recruitment strategies range from coercively conscripting soldiers to encouraging volunteer enlistments. Historically, states around the globe have used large conscripted armies to wage war when they become fully mobilized for protracted military engagements against another state. However, the occurrence of war is by its very nature a rare occurrence in the international system. This begs the question of what types of military recruitment states are using as a function of choice rather than necessity.;Existing literature on the selection of force structure is far …

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Nonmedical Psychostimulant Use And Sleep Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults, Megan M. Clegg-Kraynok Jan 2010

Nonmedical Psychostimulant Use And Sleep Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults, Megan M. Clegg-Kraynok

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rates of nonmedical psychostimulant use among emerging adults have been previously examined using self-report, but rates among adolescents have not been well documented. Additionally, few studies have examined the relation of nonmedical psychostimulant use and sleep. One purpose of this study was to examine rates of nonmedical psychostimulant use and sleep among adolescents and emerging adults utilizing the same self-report measures. The second goal was to compare objective measures of sleep among emerging adult nonmedical psychostimulant users and non-users.;Using an online survey adolescents (n=62) and emerging adults (n=583) were asked about past and current nonmedical use of psychostimulants and sleep …

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Boys' And Girls' Strategies For Managing Peer Conflict In Adolescence, Emily Keener Jan 2010

Boys' And Girls' Strategies For Managing Peer Conflict In Adolescence, Emily Keener

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of the present study was to examine boys' and girls' endorsement of communal and agentic conflict-management strategies in three types of relationships: same-sex friends, other-sex friends, and romantic relationships. Relationship type was examined as a moderator of gender differences and similarities in strategies. Also, the role of gender-typed personality traits (expressive, instrumental) was examined as a covariate to investigate whether gender differences in conflict-management strategies reflect personality traits.;Participants (N = 108; 49 boys; 59 girls) were adolescents aged 14-17 years (M age = 15.79 years, SD = 1.07). Participants were asked to complete the Peer Conflict Questionnaire to …

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Burden Of Care And Health -Related Quality Of Life Among Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rahul Khanna Jan 2010

Burden Of Care And Health -Related Quality Of Life Among Caregivers Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Rahul Khanna

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Caring for a child with autism is a challenging experience for parents, who also have to assume the role of a caregiver. Several studies have documented the occurrence of negative outcomes among caregivers of children with autism. Autism has been shown to affect every aspect of caregivers' lives, whether it is their mental health, physical health, financial health, or social health. The purpose of this study was to gather in-depth information about the impact of autism on primary caregivers. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used for this purpose. As part of the project, three studies were conducted. Data …

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Leadership Standards: Professional Development Schools Versus Non-Professional Development Schools, David L. Lancaster Jan 2010

Leadership Standards: Professional Development Schools Versus Non-Professional Development Schools, David L. Lancaster

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study compares the perceptions of two groups of West Virginia school principals through a survey instrument built in alignment with the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) standards. The perceptions of principals affiliated with Professional Development Schools (PDS) are compared to the perceptions of principals who are not affiliated with Professional Development Schools (non-PDS). The 587 principals in the state of West Virginia with active e-mail addresses were asked to participate in an online survey. The survey instrument contained six domains with 31 items aligned with the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium's (ISLLC) six national standards on leadership. Two …

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Effectiveness Of Strategies For Solving Everyday Problems During Early And Later Adulthood: A Reexamination Of The Everyday Problem Solving Inventory, Joseph P. Mcfall Jan 2010

Effectiveness Of Strategies For Solving Everyday Problems During Early And Later Adulthood: A Reexamination Of The Everyday Problem Solving Inventory, Joseph P. Mcfall

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Within the everyday problem-solving literature, a small number of studies have examined effectiveness as a problem-solving outcome measure. Effectiveness is a method of determining the quality of strategies used to solve ill-defined problems. Knowing the effectiveness of a problem-solving strategy can help determine whether an age differences in the use of that strategy also indicates better everyday outcomes for one age group. Of the few studies that have examined age differences in effective problem solving, none have systematically assessed the dimensions that make some strategies effective and others ineffective for various problem situations. In addition, a variety of methodological considerations …

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The Design, Structure, Benefits, And Challenges Of Undergraduate Research Programs At Baccalaureate Institutions., Joyce P. Herold Jan 2010

The Design, Structure, Benefits, And Challenges Of Undergraduate Research Programs At Baccalaureate Institutions., Joyce P. Herold

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Undergraduate research programs have become increasingly important to the teaching and learning agenda of American institutions of higher education. A vast body of literature supports the need for hands-on teaching strategies in and outside of the classroom. In many ways, undergraduate research programs are a response to that need. Furthermore, many institutions of higher education encourage and foster the engagement of undergraduate research initiatives for a plethora of purposes; however, efforts have been met with varied effectiveness. The researcher conducted this study, at two private Liberal Arts colleges and nine research programs, to investigate current undergraduate research practices at the …

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Multicultural Counseling Competencies, White Racial Identity Development, And Color-Blind Racial Attitudes: Differences Across Mental Health Sub-Disciplines., Jacquelyn Monique Strait Jan 2010

Multicultural Counseling Competencies, White Racial Identity Development, And Color-Blind Racial Attitudes: Differences Across Mental Health Sub-Disciplines., Jacquelyn Monique Strait

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Multicultural counseling education in graduate programs is an essential component of clinical training. The exploration of racial identity attitudes and color-blind racial attitudes are starting to become increasingly integrated into multicultural training. The sub-fields of counseling, counseling psychology, and clinical psychology programs have different histories and unique professional identities that set them apart from one another. Limited research exists that explores whether multicultural training differs according to type of graduate training program. The current study examined differences in self-reported multicultural competencies, racial identity development, and color-blind racial attitudes across mental health sub-disciplines. Social desirability was used as a control measure. …

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Exploring Factors Contributing To Current Versus Former Coaching Status Of Women Coaches: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective., Justine Vosloo Jan 2010

Exploring Factors Contributing To Current Versus Former Coaching Status Of Women Coaches: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective., Justine Vosloo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The percentage of women coaches at the helm of women’s sports teams has dropped from 90% in 1972, to 42.6% in 2010 (Carpenter & Acosta, 2010). Previous research has found that women coaches experience discrimination (Greenhaus et al., 1990) social stigma, and homophobia (Griffin, 1998). Difficulties with work-life balance have been identified as a barrier to coaching. Mentoring has been positive for the development of career satisfaction, commitment and positive job attitudes (Ragins et al., 2000), however, the role of mentoring in retaining women coaches needs exploration. This study used social exchange theory to determine if perceived costs/benefits of coaching, …

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Considering The Curricular Impact Of Lactation Consulting/Counseling On Breastfeeding Decisions Within Two West Virginia County Wic Programs., Joni M. Johnson Gray Jan 2010

Considering The Curricular Impact Of Lactation Consulting/Counseling On Breastfeeding Decisions Within Two West Virginia County Wic Programs., Joni M. Johnson Gray

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Due to a glaring absence of research into the breastfeeding decisions of Appalachian women, this study investigates the potential influences of the WIC program and its counseling on the infant feeding decisions of West Virginia women. Using the lens of critical theory, the study employs a mixed methods research approach, including the distribution of a breastfeeding perception survey, extended interviews with WIC lactation consultants and an analysis of WV WIC’s proposed and practiced breastfeeding education curriculum. Results suggest that WV mothers are informed about the benefits of breastfeeding, but not necessarily from interactions with the WIC program. Rather, a latent …

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Incremental Validity Of The Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised In Predicting Program Failure., Katrina L. Mccoy Jan 2010

Incremental Validity Of The Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised In Predicting Program Failure., Katrina L. Mccoy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The current study examined the incremental validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory- Revised in relation to the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Personality Assessment Inventory in predicting failure of a Residential Drug Abuse Treatment Program among 222 male inmates. Failure was defined as expulsion, withdrawal, or restart of the residential phase of the treatment program or failure during the community transition phase. One-hundred fifty-eight inmates completed the program and 64 failed. Analyses revealed that scales on the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised and the PAI predicted treatment failure with low predictive accuracy that was greater than chance. Specifically, the Psychopathic …

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Engendering Clinical Competencies In Physician Assistant Programs: A Mixed Study Of Marietta College's Student Assessment Of Learning And Professional Practice., William A. Childers Jan 2010

Engendering Clinical Competencies In Physician Assistant Programs: A Mixed Study Of Marietta College's Student Assessment Of Learning And Professional Practice., William A. Childers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study involved the physician assistant clinical competencies. Marietta College Physician Assistant alumni were surveyed both quantitatively as well as qualitatively about how well engendered they became with the physician assistant competencies as a result of their completion of the program. Although data did show all competency means to be perceived as average in nature, several statistically significant differences were found when analyzed using demographic data. Recommendations for future research should compare the competencies and gender as well as reassess the weakest areas of each competency.

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Sex Segregation And Young Adults' Gender-Typed Attitudes About Occupations, Lisa M. Didonato Jan 2010

Sex Segregation And Young Adults' Gender-Typed Attitudes About Occupations, Lisa M. Didonato

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study examined the relation between the prevalence of sex segregation, or the division of men and women within social interactions, and young adults' gender-typed attitudes. Specifically, gender-typed attitudes about the occupations that are preferred for the self and viewed as appropriate for others were investigated. The objectives of the current study were partially based on the suggestion that gender-typed attitudes may be a consequence, as well as a cause, of sex segregation (McHale, Kim, Whiteman, & Crouter, 2004). The gender-typed personality traits of expressivity (i.e., traits typically associated with femininity; e.g., being emotional) and instrumentality (i.e., traits typically …

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The Relationships Of The Leadership Styles Of Superintendents And Fiscal Conditions With District Student Performance Across Ohio, Daniel T. Doyle Jan 2010

The Relationships Of The Leadership Styles Of Superintendents And Fiscal Conditions With District Student Performance Across Ohio, Daniel T. Doyle

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the relationships of the leadership styles of superintendents and the fiscal conditions of local school districts with student performance across Ohio. To examine these relationships the Bolman and Deal survey instrument, "Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire-Self," was utilized to collect data from superintendents to assess their perception of their leadership style. The fiscal conditions of the school districts were placed on predictability and sustainability continuums based upon state percentage basic aid and annual percentage change in per pupil expenditure over five Ohio state biennial funding cycles (1997--2007). Control variables for the study include district size, socio-economic status, locale …

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Global Mindedness And Dispositions Towards Diversity In The Classroom, Ras T. Acolatse Jan 2010

Global Mindedness And Dispositions Towards Diversity In The Classroom, Ras T. Acolatse

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined global mindedness and dispositions towards diversity in the classroom between two groups of teacher candidates. One group had obtained a bachelors degree before starting the teacher education program while the other group started the teacher education program without a college degree. The global mindedness scale (GMS) and the Teacher Multicultural Attitude Scale developed by Hett (1993) and Ponterrotto (2004) respectively were used for the study.;The study was guided by four research questions and four corresponding hypotheses. Univariate t-tests were use to analyze data for research questions one and two to determine the difference between the mean scores …

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Proximity-Based Sentiment Analysis, S. M. Shamimul Hasan Jan 2010

Proximity-Based Sentiment Analysis, S. M. Shamimul Hasan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Sentiment analysis is an emerging field, concerned with the detection of human emotions from textual data. Sentiment analysis seeks to characterize opinionated or evaluative aspects of natural language text thus helping people to discover valuable information from large amount of unstructured data. Sentiment analysis can be used for grouping search engine results, analyzing news content, reviews for books, movie, sports, blogs, web forums, etc. Sentiment (i.e., bad or good opinion) described in texts has been studied widely, and at three different levels: word, sentence, and document level. Several methods have been proposed for sentiment analysis, mostly based on common machine …

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Religiousness, Future Time Perspective, And Death Anxiety Among Adults, James A. Henrie Jan 2010

Religiousness, Future Time Perspective, And Death Anxiety Among Adults, James A. Henrie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The present study examined relations of death anxiety to age, gender, trait anxiety, future time perspective, religiousness, spirituality, and religious doubt. The primary goals of the investigation were to test for a curvilinear relation between religious meaning and death anxiety and to test whether the relations of age and gender with death anxiety were mediated by trait anxiety, future time perspective, religiousness, spirituality, and religious doubt. Participants were adults (18 to 89 years of age, M = 38.28 years, SD = 19.30, 79.1% female, 93.8% Caucasian) who completed the pertinent questionnaires online. Results indicated that there was indeed a curvilinear …

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The Influence Of Anxiety, Depression, And Negative Affect On Recall Of Dental Pain, Brandon N. Kyle Jan 2010

The Influence Of Anxiety, Depression, And Negative Affect On Recall Of Dental Pain, Brandon N. Kyle

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Research suggests mood can influence recall of emotionally-relevant information. Yet, despite multiple studies examining the association of anxiety and exaggerated prediction and recall of dental pain, the influence of other moods on prediction and recall of dental pain remains poorly investigated. Further, the potential moderation and mediation effects for dental fear, fear of pain, and mood state have not been properly researched. The present study investigated variables associated with predicted pain (pain expected during the dental procedure) and recalled pain in oral surgery patients. Data were provided by a sample of 157 patients undergoing tooth extraction under local anesthetic. Patients …

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Three Essays On Relative House Size And House Price, Susane J. Leguizamon Jan 2010

Three Essays On Relative House Size And House Price, Susane J. Leguizamon

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is comprised of three essays in which I examine the influence that the size of the neighbors' houses have on predicted house price. I estimate the associated effect of a change in neighbor house size on predicted house price, how the effect changes when considering different reference groups, and how the effect changes when considering observations along the distribution. The analysis of results are framed within the context of behavioral explanations which are then compared to previous results regarding housing consumption behavior and status symbol consumption behavior. In Chapter 2 I estimate the change in predicted house price …

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A Case Study Of Universal Design For Learning Applied In The College Classroom, Marie E. Leichliter Jan 2010

A Case Study Of Universal Design For Learning Applied In The College Classroom, Marie E. Leichliter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As the landscape of education and the demographics of the postsecondary classroom continue to evolve, so too must the teaching practices at our nation's institutions of higher education. This study follows an instructor who has evolved to incorporate Universal Design for Learning (UDL) techniques into her classroom, even though prior to participation in this research study, she had not heard of UDL. UDL is a flexible framework used to design curricula that enable all learners to acquire knowledge, skills, and motivation to learn. This qualitative, descriptive case study addressed how and to what extent UDL techniques are being implemented in …

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Framing And Fundraising: Emotional Language And Money Raised In A Vietnamese Newspaper Column, Hong Van Pham Thi Jan 2010

Framing And Fundraising: Emotional Language And Money Raised In A Vietnamese Newspaper Column, Hong Van Pham Thi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This exploratory study examined Vuot Len So Phan , a Vietnamese philanthropy newspaper column in Sai Gon Tiep Thi, a Vietnamese newspaper from April to December 2009. Guided by framing literatures, 39 episodic frames stories portraying financially disadvantaged people were content analyzed in terms of demographics of the featured subjects and emotional phrases used in the stories. The hypothesis predicting a positive correlation between emotional phrases and money raised was supported. This means the more emotional phrases used in an episodically framed story, the more money it was likely to raise. This study found an unexpected result that donations were …

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