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Managing Disruptive Behavior In Elementary Classrooms: Relative Contribution Of Time-Out When Added To A Whole-Class Token Economy., Amy Diane Herschell
Managing Disruptive Behavior In Elementary Classrooms: Relative Contribution Of Time-Out When Added To A Whole-Class Token Economy., Amy Diane Herschell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Teachers consistently report that student misbehavior and classroom management are among the most difficult and disturbing aspects of teaching (Clarizio, 1976; Peter D. Hart Research Associates, 1995). The current study was conducted to assess the behavior of four children in a regular education classroom to evaluate the effectiveness of three classroom behavior management approaches: (a) strategies already employed by the teacher, (b) the AD/HD Classroom Kit, (Kit) (McNeil, 1995) and (c) the Kit with a time out component. These three approaches were evaluated using an A-B-C-B sequence where each was employed for 17 days. Behaviors were assessed using behavioral observations …
Uneven Development Of Nature: An Historical Geography Of Ohiopyle State Park., Richard James Hoch
Uneven Development Of Nature: An Historical Geography Of Ohiopyle State Park., Richard James Hoch
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis examines the use of nature in the uneven development of Ohiopyle State Park, located sixty miles to the southeast of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The production of this park resulted from a complex system of socio-spatial relationships that existed between Ohiopyle and Pittsburgh during the city's industrialization. The thesis has two objectives: (1) to demonstrate that the park is a space of produced nature, resulting from decades of human activity; and (2) to illustrate the various ways in which the production of this park is an extension of the production of the Pittsburgh industrial space. The thesis addresses these objectives …
"They Don't Throw, They Turn; They Don't Fire, They Burn": Place And Identity In Seagrove, North Carolina., Li-Ting Hung
"They Don't Throw, They Turn; They Don't Fire, They Burn": Place And Identity In Seagrove, North Carolina., Li-Ting Hung
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent Scholarship in geography explores the cultural identity of place by analyzing literature, music and art, but few scholars have studied pottery art, one of the oldest forms of art making. This study of Seagrove, a small central North Carolina town with a long tradition of locally produced pottery, examines the way place identity develops, is presented, takes multiple forms, and is contested through pottery art. Further, it explores the concept of institutionalized place identity by analyzing the impact of a new Pottery Center and Museum in this town. The research has carried out by means of open-ended interviews with …
Familial Influences On Adolescent Adjustment: The Sibling Relationship Within The Family System., Catherine Joan Massey
Familial Influences On Adolescent Adjustment: The Sibling Relationship Within The Family System., Catherine Joan Massey
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The first objective of the present study was to examine the associations among adolescent adjustment outcomes and several family relationships. The second objective was to investigate the sibling relationship as a potential source of support for adolescents living in high marital conflict homes. Seventy-eight (44 females, 34 males) adolescents (39 sibling pairs) completed several questionnaires regarding their behaviors, self-concept, and perceived social support from family relationships. Level of marital conflict was negatively related to adolescent self-concept and positively associated with adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The quality of the parent-adolescent and sibling relationships were positively correlated with adolescent self concept …
The Need For Cancer Data Specific To American Indian And Alaskan Native Populations., Theda J. Mcpheron Keel
The Need For Cancer Data Specific To American Indian And Alaskan Native Populations., Theda J. Mcpheron Keel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Cancer among American Indian and Alaskan Native populations has become a major health concern. Data needs is an issue that Nationwide directly impact cancer among these populations. This thesis focuses on the critical need for cancer data specific to tribal populations and identifies the barriers which impede its progress A literature review provides an overview of the major National data systems in place in relationship to cancer and tribal populations. To assess tribal persons and document their perspective concerning cancer data, a cross sectional inventory survey have been completed and is included. Comparisons have been made and conclusions focused in …
Microstructure And Electron Emission Characterization Of The Initial Stages Of Diamond Growth On Silicon(100)., Vikram Lilo Tolani
Microstructure And Electron Emission Characterization Of The Initial Stages Of Diamond Growth On Silicon(100)., Vikram Lilo Tolani
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes have been used to characterize the microstructure and electron emission properties of diamond films grown on Si(100). In particular, we have focussed on the evolution of these film characteristics as diamond and SiC nucleate on Si(100) at 800°C by reaction with C2H4 gas under 5x10-5torr pressure. Under these conditions, there is possibly a brief period of 2-D layer-by-layer growth, but there is a tendency for the film to rapidly convert to a 3-D growth mode marked by the persistence of small primary nuclei ~400-600Å wide and ~5-6 lattice steps high. The in-air electron emission …
"No Matter Where You Go, There You Are" But How Do We Find You? Location Determination Technologies For Cellular Enhanced 9-1-1 Service., Wendy Sue Geary
"No Matter Where You Go, There You Are" But How Do We Find You? Location Determination Technologies For Cellular Enhanced 9-1-1 Service., Wendy Sue Geary
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recently there has been an explosive growth in the use of cellular telephones. Many people purchase "cell phones" specifically for the safety factor, expecting the same type of Enhanced 911 service they receive from landline phones. However, the only 911 service currently available for cellular callers in most areas is Basic 911, which means that emergency response time may be less than optimal. A recent Federal Communications Commission regulation promotes the provision of Enhanced 911 service for wireless customers. A key component of this Enhanced service is "Automatic Location Information" ("ALI"), a computerized report of caller location that allows calls …
Developing Critical Consciousness: Representations Of Race And Gender In Two Afro-German Works., Maren Knebel
Developing Critical Consciousness: Representations Of Race And Gender In Two Afro-German Works., Maren Knebel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Eva Demski and Ika Hügel-Marshall are two contemporary women writers whose works contribute significantly to the Afro-German culture. Demski is a “white” German author who depicts in her novel the life of an Afro-German woman, Afra, as well as the life of her “white” daughter, Nivea. Hügel-Marshall, who was born in 1947 as the daughter of a German mother and an African-American father, depicts in her autobiography her own development from object to subject. This thesis demonstrates that both authors encourage a development of critical consciousness by creating written evidence of a shared Afro-German identity and by expressing the problems …
An Evaluation Of Avhrr Ndvi Data For Monitoring Western Spruce Budworm Defoliation., Zainal Abdul Majeed
An Evaluation Of Avhrr Ndvi Data For Monitoring Western Spruce Budworm Defoliation., Zainal Abdul Majeed
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis is an evaluation of the possibility of using NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery to map defoliation by the western spruce budworm in Washington and Oregon. The AVHRR data was obtained as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maximum value composites from the USGS. Additional data sets included ten years of defoliation data (1989-1998), an EPA ecoregion map, a USFS forest type group map, and a digital elevation model. A biogeographical analysis of the distribution of the defoliation and its potential habitat showed that defoliation was most extensive over the altitude ranges over which the habitat …
Evaluation Of Biocidal Polymers For The Treatment Of Domestic Water Supplies: Application Of Polymers To The Surface Of Carrier Particles., Robert Matthew Taylor
Evaluation Of Biocidal Polymers For The Treatment Of Domestic Water Supplies: Application Of Polymers To The Surface Of Carrier Particles., Robert Matthew Taylor
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The performance of N-Halamine polymers in eliminating bacteria from water streams was studied in this research. Numerous experiments were performed to determine the efficacy of both pure N-Halamine polymer and polymer coated on carrier particles to remove Escherichia coli from water streams. The results for this research were inconclusive for a number of reasons. First, the polymer used in this research was not active. It lacked the correct chemical structure to kill bacteria effectively. Additionally, when active polymer was received, insufficient quantities were available to produce viable coated carrier particles. The ability to regenerate the polymer using bleach solutions could …
The Application Of Finite Difference Method And Matlab In Engineering Plates., Bohe Wang
The Application Of Finite Difference Method And Matlab In Engineering Plates., Bohe Wang
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The biharmonic equation is used to model the deflections arising in two dimensional rectangular orthotropic symmetric laminate plates. The plate can be subjected to external perpendicular forces and one is interested in the resulting deflections. Various boundary conditions can be applied to the problem. The edges can be simply supported, clamped, or free. In this work, an automatic procedure is defined which produces the difference equations for each edge boundary case. The procedure is illustrated, using MATLAB, with numerical results for problems with and without exact analytical solutions.
The Evolution Of Adult Literacy For Learners With Special Needs., Susie A. Huggins
The Evolution Of Adult Literacy For Learners With Special Needs., Susie A. Huggins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis looks at the evolution of adult education over the last 340 years and includes a discussion on Moonlight Schools and Operation Alphabet. The educational abilities of men and women are discussed. The evolution of adult education is reviewed through the legislation that effected the school system. The history of Literacy Volunteers of America (LVA) and the role of the Monongalia County LVA affiliate are reviewed. A survey of the MCLVA is conducted to research educational attainment of parents, adult learners and children of adult learners. Finally, the WV driver’s license exam process is reviewed. Many adult learners have …
Effect Of Maturity And Divalent Salts On Quality Of Low-Fat, Low-Sodium Restructured Beef., Sharon L. Pojedinec
Effect Of Maturity And Divalent Salts On Quality Of Low-Fat, Low-Sodium Restructured Beef., Sharon L. Pojedinec
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Manipulation of product formulation protocols and ingredients to optimize texture development and processing yields provides opportunity to produce high quality, low sodium, low-fat restructured beef. The objective of this experiment was to determine effect of preblending with MgCl2 and/or CaCl2 on functionality of A- and C-maturity, in low-sodium, low-fat restructured beef. Addition of CaCl2 decreased (p< 0.001) raw and cooked pH. For both maturities, raw products with CaCl2 had more soluble protein (p< 0.05) than products without CaCl2. C-maturity products contained more soluble myosin (p< 0.10) than A-maturity products. In C-maturity treatments, MgCl2 increased (p< 0.005) myosin solubility. Products with CaCl2 decreased (p< 0.01) actin solubility. In A-maturity products, MgCl2 had less (p< 0.05) soluble actin than treatments without MgCl2. In C-maturity products, MgCl2 contained more (p< 0.05) soluble actin than treatments without MgCl2. Addition of CaCl2 decreased (p< 0.005) cook yield and addition of MgCl2 increased (p< 0.005) cook yield. In C-maturity products, treatments without CaCl2 had a higher (p< 0.0005) peak force than treatments without CaCl2 in A maturity products. In A-maturity products, treatments without MgCl2 had lower (p< 0.005) peak force than the same treatment in C-maturity products and lower (p< 0.05) than MgCl2 containing treatments. C-maturity products were more cohesive (p< 0.08) than A-maturity. Addition of CaCl2 increased (p< 0.05) cohesiveness and added MgCl2 decreased (p< 0.05) cohesiveness. Addition of MgCl2 and CaCl2 and beef maturity affect protein-water interactions and texture development of low-sodium, low-fat restructured beef.
The Effects Of Small Population Size, Breeding System, And Gene Flow On Fruit And Seed Production In American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius L., Araliaceae)., Erin Elizabeth Hackney
The Effects Of Small Population Size, Breeding System, And Gene Flow On Fruit And Seed Production In American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius L., Araliaceae)., Erin Elizabeth Hackney
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Harvesting of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has lowered natural population sizes. Accurate assessment of extinction risks necessitates an understanding of the demographic consequences of small populations. I experimentally tested for reproductive limitation of plants in small populations (a form of the Allee effect). I found that fruit production per plant significantly declines in small populations, suggesting mate-limitation of seed set despite the ability of ginseng to self-pollinate. A detailed breeding system study was then carried out, demonstrating that both selfing and outcrossing contribute to seed production. A third study examined the spatial extent of pollen flow in an …
A Study Of Paraffin Deposition And Removal Characteristics Of Jacksonburg-Stringtown Oil, West Virginia., Furqan Ul Haq
A Study Of Paraffin Deposition And Removal Characteristics Of Jacksonburg-Stringtown Oil, West Virginia., Furqan Ul Haq
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Laboratory experiments were carried out in order to validate the critical model of wax deposition. Results are presented in the form of time evolution of axial distribution of temperature and layer thickness. It is shown that the simple laboratory model of cold spot test is capable of predicting the order of magnitude of deposition. Experimental results also detail the effectiveness of chemical additives, which acts as inhibitors to wax deposition. Dissipation by these organic solvents is studied for effectiveness at various additive to crude ratios and binary mixtures of additives at various mole fractions. The screening tests of chemical additives …
The Degradation Of Drugs In Formaldehyde., Devona Gwen James
The Degradation Of Drugs In Formaldehyde., Devona Gwen James
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Embalming fluid, formaldehyde, is commonly used to preserve the body following death. Yet, this practice may confound forensic toxicology studies because of its potential reactivity with drugs. The few studies that have been conducted have focused on the tricyclic antidepressants, nortriptyline and desipramine, demonstrating that these compounds undergo methylation to form amitriptyline and imipramine in the presence of formaldehyde. The present study was designed to investigate several classes of common forensic drugs for their reaction in the presence of formaldehyde. Three concentrations of formaldehyde solutions were used (5, 10, and 20%) at a pH of no adjustment (3-3.5), 7 and …
The Relative Efficacy Of Computer Assisted Instruction., Dane Edward Huxford
The Relative Efficacy Of Computer Assisted Instruction., Dane Edward Huxford
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This manuscript examines the relative efficacy of computer assisted instruction (CAI). A review of literature is examined with regard to the positive and negative aspects of the use of CAI in the university classroom. An experimental design was outlined incorporating the use of 3 teachers instructing 3 separate sections of volunteer students on a topic. The design measured the differences between affective learning, cognitive learning and student perceptions of teacher nonverbal immediacy. Participants were randomly assigned to a class, which utilized either: lecture, handout or the use of CAI. Results showed significant differences between teachers and a slight difference in …
The Reflective Journal: The Emotions And Consciousness States Of Poets Within A Transpersonal Writing Design., Mary Catherine Wuenstel
The Reflective Journal: The Emotions And Consciousness States Of Poets Within A Transpersonal Writing Design., Mary Catherine Wuenstel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The Reflective Journal methodology is an educational tool that was created to examine poets as they wrote poetry within a transpersonal writing design. Although language arts theory approaches have dealt primarily with the interactive and subjective nature of language through reading and writing activities, few have addressed the potential of the use of language as a vehicle for personal change through self-expression. This study attempted to investigate the psychological experiences, which may occur when poets are engaged in writing poetry and their opinions on personal change after the experience of writing. While writing, the poets in the study displayed that …
A Discrete Choice Based Facility Location Model For Inland Container Depots., Yuanquan Xu
A Discrete Choice Based Facility Location Model For Inland Container Depots., Yuanquan Xu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Container transport operations have been extending inland, providing more comprehensive service across the shipping network. Accordingly, container transport operators are making extensive capital investments in deploying inland container depot (ICD) networks. Optimizing the location of such facilities financially is vital for both capital and operating efficiencies. Currently, there are no models at the regional network level to guide container operators in locating ICDs on their networks. This research studies the ICD location problem and develops a comprehensive ICD location model. Based on comprehensive analysis of the container transport industry, focusing on ICD operations, this thesis developed a useful formulation of …
The Behavioral And Neurochemical Effects Of Prenatal Stress On Stress Responsive Systems In Rats., David Albert White
The Behavioral And Neurochemical Effects Of Prenatal Stress On Stress Responsive Systems In Rats., David Albert White
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Research points to a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors in the origin of anxiety and depressive disorders. These factors are adversely impacted by stress and can be influenced by both the prenatal and postnatal environments. Our research shows that offspring of mothers stressed during the last week of gestation appear to be normal in basal behavioral states. However, upon the presentation of stressful stimuli in the forms of anxiogenic drugs (e.g. yohimbine and idazoxan), prenatally stressed offspring respond differentially in comparison with control (normal) offspring. Doses of yohimbine and idazoxan that increased acoustic startle in control animals were …
The Identification Of Criteria And Indicators For The Sustainable Management Of Ecotourism In Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia: A Delphi Consensus., Zaaba Zainol Abidin
The Identification Of Criteria And Indicators For The Sustainable Management Of Ecotourism In Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia: A Delphi Consensus., Zaaba Zainol Abidin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to identify sustainability criteria and indicators for evaluating sustainable ecotourism development in Taman Negara National Park (TNNP), Malaysia. This was an attempt to develop sustainability measurements for the evaluation of ecotourism from the theoretical concept of sustainable development. The Delphi method and public survey were used to solicit opinions from an interdisciplinary panel of Malaysian experts and public groups regarding suitable criteria and indicators of sustainability for TNNP. The objectives were to develop a methodology for identifying criteria and indicators, generating criteria and indicators most important for measuring sustainable ecotourism. development and initiating development …
Safety By Design: An Expert Systems Approach., Magdy Akladios
Safety By Design: An Expert Systems Approach., Magdy Akladios
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Industries may require the application of new technologies. In recent years, these technologies have undergone rapid development. Intensely scrutinized in terms of design, new technologies surprisingly receive little attention when assessing the hazards they might pose to worker health and safety. These technologies are usually designed by experts who know very little about safety and health issues. A user-friendly, easily accessible system that is devised to assist designers during the design phase by pointing out the different downfalls of their design with respect to safety and health issues and impacts, can dramatically improve safety, reduce costs, and most importantly, reduce …
Reforming Science Education In Saudi Arabia: A Conceptual Framework For The Design Of Coordinated And Thematic Science (Cats) Module For Grades 7-9., Ghanem S. Al-Ghanem
Reforming Science Education In Saudi Arabia: A Conceptual Framework For The Design Of Coordinated And Thematic Science (Cats) Module For Grades 7-9., Ghanem S. Al-Ghanem
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was conducted to develop a conceptual framework for the design of science curricula in Saudi middle schools. The methodological procedures of this study also included the assessment of the proposed conceptual framework with science education experts in Saudi Arabia. The development phase consisted of three steps. The first step included the review of related literature. The scope of the literature review included a theoretical background about the various cultural forces which shaped the patterns of education in Saudi Arabia. It also provided an overview of the major emphases in recent reform efforts in science education in the United …
African Rural Women And Land Reform In South Africa: Case Studies From The Midlands Region Of Kwazulu-Natal Province., Urmilla Bob
African Rural Women And Land Reform In South Africa: Case Studies From The Midlands Region Of Kwazulu-Natal Province., Urmilla Bob
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The South African land reform program is aimed at redressing inequalities in access to land and security of tenure. The intention is to redress the racially biased land policies of the past by developing a long-term national land reform program. Land reform is viewed as one of the key means for positively changing people's lives. The land reform program has identified specific beneficiaries that are to be targeted in particular projects. Poor women and rural people are the key groups to be targeted. This study provides a gendered analysis of the land reform program. In particular, the incorporation of women's …
A Neural Network-Based Bottom-Up Approach For Building A Software Reuse Economic Model., Gary Dawson Boetticher
A Neural Network-Based Bottom-Up Approach For Building A Software Reuse Economic Model., Gary Dawson Boetticher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This work describes and presents a process for building a neural network-based reuse economic model. This study adopts a bottom-up perspective where granularity moves from the developer (software program) level to the enterprise level. The goal of the proposed process is to create a model which provides accurate and reliable results which can be applied to various forms of software reuse in various programming paradigms. The current state-of-practice for measuring effort and reuse effort is extended, leading to improvements in accuracy. Furthermore, in order to accomplish this goal, it becomes necessary to address different forms of reuse: black-box and white-box …
The Role Of Therapist Communication Style In Parent-Child Interaction Therapy., Laura Christine Capage
The Role Of Therapist Communication Style In Parent-Child Interaction Therapy., Laura Christine Capage
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Research has found a relationship between treatment success and parental compliance with treatment programs. The current study explored how therapist characteristics impact on parental compliance with a behavioral parent-training program (Parent-Child Interaction Therapy). Also, differences in maternal satisfaction with the treatment program and therapist were explored. The participants were 45 mothers with children between the ages of 24 months and 83 months. Each mother was taught effective parenting strategies using one of three therapist communication styles: (a) positive therapist, (b) neutral therapist, and (c) negative therapist. Although all groups demonstrated an increase in their skill level from pretreatment to posttreatment, …
The Effects Of Teacher Clarity And Immediacy On Student Learning, Apprehension, And Effect., Joseph Lee Chesebro
The Effects Of Teacher Clarity And Immediacy On Student Learning, Apprehension, And Effect., Joseph Lee Chesebro
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the effects clear and immediate teaching have on student learning, state receiver apprehension, and affect. Although teacher clarity and constructs conceptually similar to immediacy have been identified as effective teaching behaviors, few experimental studies have investigated the combined use of these behaviors. This is important because research related to clear teaching suggests that immediacy may be a necessary precursor to clear teaching and that the absence of immediacy may significantly threaten the effectiveness of clear messages. A review of this research is followed by the identification of attributes which characterize clear teachers. The results indicate that clarity, …
A Study Of The Relationship Of The Job Satisfaction Of Chief Academic Officers Of Institutions Of Higher Education And The Perceived Leadership Style Of The Institution's President., Barbara E. Crist
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the relationship between the self perceived job satisfaction of chief academic officers and the leadership style of the presidents of the institutions. The relationship between these two variables and the selected demographics of age, gender, and length of service in the current position of the president and the chief academic officer was examined. Bolman and Deal's Leadership Orientations (Other) leadership survey instrument, the Mohrman-Cooke-Mohrman Job Satisfaction Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were sent to the 446 chief academic officers of Baccalaureate II institutions in the United States and the District of Columbia. Responses were received from 235 …
Development Of Murine Leukemia Virus-Based Vectors For More Effective Gene Therapy: Genetic Analysis Of Direct Repeat Deletions., Krista Anda Delviks
Development Of Murine Leukemia Virus-Based Vectors For More Effective Gene Therapy: Genetic Analysis Of Direct Repeat Deletions., Krista Anda Delviks
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Retroviral vectors containing direct repeats of homologous sequences constitute a powerful in vivo model system to analyze reverse transcriptase (RT) template-switching events. Directly repeated sequences in retroviral genomes are unstable and frequently deleted from the final integrated provirus due to RT's low template affinity and processivity. We developed murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based self-inactivating and self-activating vectors containing 701-bp direct repeats composed of segments of the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase gene (HTK). After one cycle of retroviral replication, we demonstrated functional reconstitution of the HTK suicide gene at a frequency of 57% when the direct repeats were adjacent to one …
The Role Of Dietary Intake And Exercise On Maternal Weight Gain In West Virginia., Tamara J. Gelsinger
The Role Of Dietary Intake And Exercise On Maternal Weight Gain In West Virginia., Tamara J. Gelsinger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Historically, weight gain during pregnancy has been a topic of intense debate. During the 19th century, the mother was to “diet” to produce smaller babies, thereby avoiding early induction of labor. Excessive weight gain was thought to complicate labor, increase the incidence of eclampsia and preclampsia, and decrease the likelihood of successful breast feeding, in addition to a number of other complications (Cogley, 1983). In response to such debate, the Committee on Nutritional Status during Pregnancy and Lactation was formed, and subcommittees were appointed to focus on specific aspects of the overall subject. Consequently, guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy …