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Reversible Myocardial Dysfunction In A Rodent Model Of Prenatal Stress, Jessalyn Marie Hadfield
Reversible Myocardial Dysfunction In A Rodent Model Of Prenatal Stress, Jessalyn Marie Hadfield
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Compelling clinical reports indicate that emotional/behavioral stress alone is sufficient to cause profound, but completely reversible myocardial dysfunction in selected individuals. A rodent cardiomyopathy model was previously reported by combining pre-natal and post-natal behavioral/restraint stress (Stress). A decrease in % FS (the ratio between the diameter of the left ventricle when it is relaxed and when it is contracted) by echocardiogram was previously reported, along with both systolic and diastolic dysfunction by catheter-based hemodynamics, as well as attenuated hemodynamic and inotropic responses to the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO) in Stress compared with matched Controls. The p38mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase …
Effects Of Pellet Die Heat And Pressure On Pellet Quality And Broiler Lysine Utilization, Kevin Joseph Shipe
Effects Of Pellet Die Heat And Pressure On Pellet Quality And Broiler Lysine Utilization, Kevin Joseph Shipe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this study was to identify feed manufacture techniques that alter lysine availability as indicated by broiler performance in the finishing phase, diet furfural content, and true amino acid digestibility. Production rate, pellet die specification, and level of mixer-added fat (MAF) influence feed exposure to pellet die frictional heat and pressure that may alter chemical structure of ingredients. Lysine has been indicated as a nutrient with potential to be structurally altered, especially in the presence of heat and reducing sugars, as in Maillard reactions; decreasing nutrient availability. A practical diet containing 7.5% bakery by-product meal and 0.13% lysine …
Genetic Basis For Thermal Tolerance In Two Different Strains Of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss): Case Western And Kamloops, Paola Reale
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This thesis examines the thermal tolerance based on how expression of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70 and HSP90 differ between two different strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the Case Western strain and the Kamloops strain, and determines if cortisol levels affect HSP expression in red blood cells. The Case Western strain is considered the only warm water trout, only recently was any aspect of its thermal tolerance quantified. Porto (2012) determined critical thermal maxima (CTM) for the Case Western strain and found it to be about 0.15 °C higher than the Kamloops strain. This thesis is comprised of three …
Physiological And Genetic Changes In Poplar During Mycorrhizal Colonization Under Phosphorus Limitation, Shalaka Desai
Physiological And Genetic Changes In Poplar During Mycorrhizal Colonization Under Phosphorus Limitation, Shalaka Desai
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Poplar species and hybrids are intensively cultivated as renewable sources of biomass because of their rapid growth, extensive genetic variation and ease of propagation. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying soil stress resistance within these poplar species and hybrids are not yet understood. With the recent sequencing of the poplar genome, the use of this species in physiological stress resistance studies may help elucidate the underlying basis of stress resistance in a woody species. Further, although symbiotic mycorrhizal associations have farreaching ecological significance in forest ecosystems, our understanding of the influences of the association on the genetic basis of environmental stress …
Tinkering At The Edges Of Public Education Teacher And Parent Perceptions Of West Virginia Universal Pre-Kindergarten, Bethanie Morris Stiles
Tinkering At The Edges Of Public Education Teacher And Parent Perceptions Of West Virginia Universal Pre-Kindergarten, Bethanie Morris Stiles
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
West Virginia commenced the state universal pre-kindergarten program in 2002, being one of the first states to implement a universal early childhood education program for all fouryear- olds. Ten years later the program is approaching the goal year of full implementation. Research in the field was examined to identify past and current conditions of UPK in WV and throughout the nation. In this study, key informants---teachers and parents---were interviewed and asked to share their perceptions on elements of the program that they encountered to be challenging and successful. Participants in this qualitative study allowed the researcher to gain rich insights …
Development Of Value-Added Food Products From Isoelectrically Recovered Proteins, Reza Tahergorabi
Development Of Value-Added Food Products From Isoelectrically Recovered Proteins, Reza Tahergorabi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The amount of fish by-products is huge and there is a large potential for making more value-added products from this raw material. On the other hand, dark chicken meat has been considered as a major underutilized commodity due to the increasing demand for further processed breast meat products. If proper meat recovery technology is successfully applied, the recovered meat can result in added revenue for a processor as well as reduce environmental pollution associated with disposal of the processing by-products. The overall objective of this study was to recover functional proteins from whole gutted fish and dark chicken meat by …
Characterization Of Terrelysin, A Potential Biomarker For Aspergillus Terreus, Ajay Padmaj Nayak
Characterization Of Terrelysin, A Potential Biomarker For Aspergillus Terreus, Ajay Padmaj Nayak
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Exposure to fungi can lead to diverse conditions from allergy to colonization to invasive and disseminated infection, depending on the status of the host immune system. Recent data suggests that fungal infections and especially Aspergillus species has been on the rise. Though mostly affecting immunocompromised individuals, more recent reports have identified infections in immunocompetent populations as well. Aspergillus terreus is of particular interest, since it causes rapid disseminating infections with high mortality rates, owing to its natural resistance to antifungal drugs and production of vegetative aleurioconidia during infection. These attributes coupled with poor current diagnostics and increasing costs involved with …
Bisphenol A Alters The Function And Expression Of Bk Channels In Vascular Smooth Muscle Through Membrane And Nuclear Signals, Shinichi Asano
Bisphenol A Alters The Function And Expression Of Bk Channels In Vascular Smooth Muscle Through Membrane And Nuclear Signals, Shinichi Asano
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has recently become a public health concern, and the safety of the utilization of BPA has attracted the attention of the scientific community, politicians, and the general population. Although BPA is banned from baby products in a few countries because infants and young children are particularly susceptible to endocrine disruption, recent studies have consistently indicated the association between urinary BPA concentration and cardiovascular diseases in adults. Therefore, adult exposure to this xenoestrogen is becoming a healthcare issue that cannot be ignored. We selected large conductance Ca2+/voltage sensitive potassium (BK) channels as one of the target proteins …
Using Concept Mapping To Identify Action Steps For Physical Activity Promotion In Cancer Treatment, Sean J. Fitzpatrick
Using Concept Mapping To Identify Action Steps For Physical Activity Promotion In Cancer Treatment, Sean J. Fitzpatrick
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The benefits of exercise during and after cancer treatment represent research areas that have received increased attention throughout the past two decades. Numerous benefits have been observed for cancer survivors who are physically active (Speck, Courneya, Masse, Duval & Schmitz, 2010). Yet oncologists have been slow to incorporate exercise counseling into practice (Daley et al., 2007). The objective of this study was to gather input from both researchers and oncologists as to what needs to happen for exercise to become part of standard care once treatment ends. The concept mapping process developed by Trochim and Kane (2007) was utilized to …
Feeding Female Growing Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affects Lung Fatty Acid Composition And Gene Expression, Maria L. Dalzot
Feeding Female Growing Rats Different Sources Of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Affects Lung Fatty Acid Composition And Gene Expression, Maria L. Dalzot
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Justification: The lungs are constantly exposed to oxidative stress and inflammation which increase the risk of lung damage. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), found in different dietary sources, regulate the expression of various genes involved in eicosanoid production and oxidative stability.;Objective: to determine whether providing different sources of n-3 PUFAs will affect the fatty acid composition, inflammation and oxidation in the lungs of growing rats.;Methods: Growing (age 28 d) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=10/group) to diets consisting of either corn oil (CO) or n-3 PUFA rich flaxseed (FO), krill (KO), salmon (SO) or tuna (TO) oil for 8 …
Differences In Quality Environmental Rating Subscales Between Family Child Care Homes And Facilities In West Virginia, Kaitlin J. Buchanan
Differences In Quality Environmental Rating Subscales Between Family Child Care Homes And Facilities In West Virginia, Kaitlin J. Buchanan
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Quality of family child care homes and facilities in the state of West Virginia was investigated for differences in quality and provider education and training. Data was collected through the West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources grant titled, "Quality Rating and Improvement for West Virginia Child Care." Quality was measured using the Family Child Care Environmental Rating Scale (FCCERS), which has 38 items across 7 subscales including aspects specific to the family child care setting. Twenty-nine family child care facilities and 55 family child care homes participated in the study. Family child care homes scored lower than facilities …
Maintaining Physical Activity Levels Of Teachers In A Summer Intervention, Meghan A. Phillips
Maintaining Physical Activity Levels Of Teachers In A Summer Intervention, Meghan A. Phillips
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Schools are in a premier position to promote physical activity programs with students, faculty and staff, and the surrounding community. Since individuals of working age spend a significant portion of their lives in their work environment the workplace potentially represents a convenient, efficient, and effective access point to the individual (McGillivray, 2005). One recent suggestion in the literature discusses the need for physical education teacher education programs to help make physical educators Sport, Physical Activity, and Fitness Education Specialists (Bulger & Housner, 2009). This new role would place physical educators as potential leaders in schools for the promotion of a …
Coyote Diets In West Virginia, Geriann Albers
Coyote Diets In West Virginia, Geriann Albers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Coyotes were not present in the mid-Atlantic region until the 1950s and little is known regarding their ecology in this region. My objective was to examine the diets of coyotes in West Virginia and to compare diets among regions and seasons as well as between age and sex. I also analyzed the occurrence of livestock in coyote diets and used logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion to analyze potential factors influencing livestock consumption by coyotes. In cooperation with the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, and hunters and trappers, I collected coyote scat and stomachs throughout …
Identifying Potential Sources Of Variation In Residual Feed Intake In Beef Cattle, Kevin S. Shaffer
Identifying Potential Sources Of Variation In Residual Feed Intake In Beef Cattle, Kevin S. Shaffer
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Residual feed intake (RFI) class differences in gut function and grazing intake were evaluated using 14 crossbred steer progeny of first parity dams with known RFI phenotypes and a commercially available Angus sire. Steers were housed in a drylot facility and fed a forage based complete feed ad libitum, a forage diet at maintenance (1.5% BW as fed), and a concentrate diet at maintenance in Exp. 1, 4, and 5 respectively. Voluntary DMI and solid and liquid passage rate were evaluated while grazing (Exp. 2 and 3, respectively). Plasma concentrations of albumin (ALB), urea nitrogen (UN), cholesterol (CHOL), glucose (GLU), …
Symptoms, Causes, And Coping Strategies For Performance Anxiety In Singers: A Synthesis Of Research, Kristina Driskill
Symptoms, Causes, And Coping Strategies For Performance Anxiety In Singers: A Synthesis Of Research, Kristina Driskill
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A multitude of studies exists concerning performance anxiety, yet the number specifically focused upon singers is lacking in the literature. This study, intended as a reference guide for singers and singing instructors, discusses the symptoms, possible causes, and currently accepted coping strategies for music performance anxiety (MPA). An analysis of the published scholarship and correspondence from singers and professionals are included, as well as an appendix listing self-help sources and an extensive bibliography for further research. The study serves as an aid to singers and singing instructors seeking concise information on the topic. Specific steps within each coping method are …
Modifications Of Pre And Postnatal Development Due To Placental Efficiency And Maternal Exercise During Gestation In Swine, Tiffany Ann Wilmoth
Modifications Of Pre And Postnatal Development Due To Placental Efficiency And Maternal Exercise During Gestation In Swine, Tiffany Ann Wilmoth
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In pigs, litter size and developmental competence are crucial for successful production of the meat product. However, the ability of the placenta to produce a developmentally competent pig is vital in the production of meat animals. Placental efficiency (fetal weight divided by placental weight) has been studied as a measure of placental function and litter size. Selection for increased placental efficiency has been shown to increase placental efficiency as well as litter size. Furthermore, formative muscle development occurs entirely during gestation, so that the number of muscle fibers the pig is born with is reflective of the number of fibers …
Growth Of Chlorella Vulgaris And Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii For Biodiesel Production And Carbon Dioxide Capture, Mariana T. Farcas
Growth Of Chlorella Vulgaris And Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii For Biodiesel Production And Carbon Dioxide Capture, Mariana T. Farcas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The growth of two strains of green microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris (UTEX 2714) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (UTEX 90) was tested in three types of media; Tris Acetate Phosphate (TAP), Bushnell Haas Broth (BHB), and Wright's Cryptophytes (WC buffered with either glycylglycine or Tris-base). Also, initial medium pH is ranging from 4 to 10, light intensity ranging from 100 to 600 micromol photons/m 2s, and CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.038% (ambient) to 12%, were tested. WC medium at pH 8 buffered with glycylglycine sustained the highest yield and best buffering capacity for growth of both C. vulgaris and C. reinhardtii. A light …
Examination Of Mediational Models Of The Hostility-Health Link, Carol Goulet
Examination Of Mediational Models Of The Hostility-Health Link, Carol Goulet
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated health behavior as a possible mediator of the link between hostility and poor physical and psychological health. The relations of health behavior, character strength, and virtuous behavior to hostility and health were also examined. A sample of 689 undergraduate participants (69.4% female) completed a series of on-line assessments that measured hostility, physical health, psychological health, health behavior, social support, character strength, and virtuous behavior. Health behavior was examined and found to be a significant partial mediator of the relations between hostility and physical and psychological health. Furthermore, the results of multiple regressions revealed that gender, hostility, and …
Evaluation Of A Protocol To Diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease Using The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (Kdoqi) Guideline: Evaluation, Classification, And Stratification (Ecs)., Sandra L. Cotton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem in West Virginia. Primary care of CKD is suboptimal. Clinical practice guideline (CPG) usage could improve care, but CPG adoption is difficult. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiatives (KDOQI) outlines CKD prevention and management. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate methods to increase KDOQI CPG adoption to enhance CKD diagnosis and staging in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), the leading cause of kidney disease. Secondary goals included increasing provider knowledge and project satisfaction. Using a quasi-experimental, one group pretest/posttest design, the KDOQI CPG, an overview of CKD care, …
The Nutritional Regulation Of Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Novel Anti-Diabetic Hormone., Holly Ann Cyphert
The Nutritional Regulation Of Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Novel Anti-Diabetic Hormone., Holly Ann Cyphert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is partially regulated by the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) following starvation or the consumption of a high fat, low carbohydrate (HF-LC) ketogenic diet. To understand the nutritional regulation of FGF21, I employed the use of primary rat hepatocytes and screened for factors that could potentially mediate the nutritional regulation of FGF21 mRNA and protein secretion. In preliminary experiments, I discovered that bile acids enhance FGF21 mRNA expression and protein secretion. Bile acids are known ligands for the farnesoid X receptor, a nuclear receptor. Activation of FXR by …
Effects Of Exotic Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera Morrowii) On Migratory Songbirds., Holly Merredith Mcchesney
Effects Of Exotic Morrow's Honeysuckle (Lonicera Morrowii) On Migratory Songbirds., Holly Merredith Mcchesney
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In much of the eastern United States, bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) threaten the integrity of old-fields used as songbird habitat. From 2007–2009, we studied old-field systems in two areas of southwestern Pennsylvania: Fort Necessity National Battlefield and Ohiopyle State Park. Old fields at Fort Necessity consisted of a dense cover of Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii), whereas those at Ohiopyle were relatively free of this shrub species. We captured birds in mist nets during the breeding and post-breeding seasons to assess species composition at both locations and found that the species composition of breeding birds was correlated with the presence of …
Diversity Of Bacterial And Archaeal Populations In Artificial Rumen Fermentors Fed Differing Pasture Diets, Smita Singh
Diversity Of Bacterial And Archaeal Populations In Artificial Rumen Fermentors Fed Differing Pasture Diets, Smita Singh
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Rumens harbor diverse groups of microorganisms. These microorganisms help ruminants in efficient digestion of a wide variety of feed materials. Most of these microorganisms are anaerobic and work symbiotically with the host. The amount of microbial diversity depends on the types of substrates present in the feed. Although some of these microorganisms have been cultured and characterized, the majority of them are unknown because they are unculturable. With the development of molecular techniques such as Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Terminal Restriction Fragment Length …
Physicians' Perceptions Of West Virginia's Kids First Healthcheck System., Alexandria Kappel
Physicians' Perceptions Of West Virginia's Kids First Healthcheck System., Alexandria Kappel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Universal Pre-K programs provide free, easily accessible education programs in West Virginia for 4-year-olds and 3-year-olds with Individualized Education Programs (Barnett et al., 2010). West Virginia Policy 2525 provides regulations guiding the implementation of the Universal Pre-K programs. Included in the policy are guidelines for areas such as recruitment, enrollment, and instruction. Section 126-26-8.7 of the policy outlines the state’s plan for the target area of developmental screening for the children in its Universal Pre-K classrooms. The plan outlines the use of the West Virginia Kid’s First HealthCheck System. The goal of the study was to study the implementation of …
Evaluation Of Group Medical Visits In Improvement Of Diabetes Self-Management., Victoria M. Dobbins
Evaluation Of Group Medical Visits In Improvement Of Diabetes Self-Management., Victoria M. Dobbins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that has potential complications if left unmanaged that can lead to financial burden for all those who are involved along with life altering health impacts. Complications can be reduced with proper management of this chronic disease. Selfmanagement of diabetes has been linked to improved outcomes and therefore, decreased complications. Improvements of self-management of those patients with diabetes often require health care providers to look at unique approaches to the delivery of care. The use of group medical visit is one such approach that has been studied and linked to improvements of selfmanagement. However, there …
Compositional And Functional Characteristics Of Materials Recovered From Headed Gutted Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix) By Isoelectric Solubilization And Precipitation Using Organic Acids, Ilgin Paker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is one of the main freshwater fish species with a high nutritional value; however, it is hard to process the fish due to its boney carcass. Therefore, isoelectric solubilization and precipitation (ISP) processing was applied to headed gutted silver carp to separate the protein from the bones, scales, skin, fins, etc. Different solubilization strategies (pH 2.5, 3.0. 11.5 and 12.0) using organic acids, either acetic acid (AA) or a 30% formic and lactic acid combination (F&L), were applied during ISP and the different effects of treatments on the materials recovered from the initial silver carp were …
Patient Preferences For Benefits And Risks Associated With Disease Modifying Drugs In Multiple Sclerosis, Abhijeet J. Bhanegaonkar
Patient Preferences For Benefits And Risks Associated With Disease Modifying Drugs In Multiple Sclerosis, Abhijeet J. Bhanegaonkar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating neurological disorder with no known cure. Disease modifying drugs (DMDs) used in the treatment of MS reduce the frequency relapses and delay the progression of the disease. Although DMD therapy is the mainstay of treatment of MS, it is associated with variety of side effects and severe adverse events. A majority of currently available DMDs are injectable, except one which is available in the pill form. Therapeutic decisions in MS are challenging due to the inconvenience of administration, frequency of administration, longer duration of therapy, side effects, and risk of adverse events …
Physiological And Endocrine Factors Contributing To Acyclicity In The Captive Female African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana), Tina Lynn Dow
Physiological And Endocrine Factors Contributing To Acyclicity In The Captive Female African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana), Tina Lynn Dow
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Currently, the captive African elephant population in North America is not self-sustaining. An increase in acyclicity has been documented among post-pubertal females of all ages. Due to ethical issues and cost, importation of new animals is not feasible at this time; therefore, it is imperative that all post-pubertal females within zoological facilities be reproductively viable. The main objectives of these projects were to assess the reproductive status of the captive population and to identify contributing factors to acyclicity. In addition, prevention and treatment protocols were to be designed to promote reproductive proficiency in all reproductive-age females to avert the population …
Metabolic Syndrome Risk In Young Adults Attending West Virginia University, Amanda M. Dent
Metabolic Syndrome Risk In Young Adults Attending West Virginia University, Amanda M. Dent
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is increasing throughout the United States across age groups. The purpose of this study was to collect descriptive baseline anthropometric and biochemical data to determine MetS prevalence in 18 to 24 year olds and to assess change in MetS risk after a 10 week web-based intervention. MetS was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program's Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP III) definition. Blood pressure, anthropometric and biochemical measures were obtained at baseline, post-intervention and 15 months. The overall prevalence of MetS at baseline was 15.1% (n = 14). The prevalence of one or …
Production And Evaluation Of Novel Exogenous Phytase Enzymes Using Several Testing Variables, Ashley Marie Evans
Production And Evaluation Of Novel Exogenous Phytase Enzymes Using Several Testing Variables, Ashley Marie Evans
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Broiler chickens reared in the United States are mainly fed corn-soybean based diets. Most of the phosphorus in these diets is bound to a molecule called phytate; this source of phosphorus is unavailable to the bird because they lack adequate amount of endogenous phytase enzyme. Since the 1990's exogenous phytase enzymes have been incorporated in broiler diets to liberate the phytate-bound phosphorus. These enzymes must be able to resist thermal denaturation associated with pelleting and maintain high efficacy in the bird. Most of the literature focuses on single aspects of phytase efficacy. More specifically, experiments evaluate phytase based on either …
Professionalization Of Personal Trainers In The Fitness Industry, Lara M. Foster
Professionalization Of Personal Trainers In The Fitness Industry, Lara M. Foster
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The fitness industry is a multi-million dollar business engaged with enhancing or changing the personal appearance of an individual; that is, what Goffman (1963) called with regard to the embodied self, occupations engaged in identity tinkering trades. The muscle and fitness industry's occupations are engaged in tinkering with ones physical identities (Tan & Brignole, 2012). Personal trainers have been acknowledged in social science literature as "customer service" representatives and "emotional laborers" in the fitness industry (Maguire, 2001). This research is a two-part qualitative study: first, I examine the actions, purpose, and roles of the personal fitness trainer and secondly, I …