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Adoption Of Resource -Conserving Agricultural Technologies: An Economic And *Policy Analysis For South Africa, Daniel Vusanani Dlamini
Adoption Of Resource -Conserving Agricultural Technologies: An Economic And *Policy Analysis For South Africa, Daniel Vusanani Dlamini
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Land degradation continues to be a threat to the agricultural sector of South Africa. Land degradation induced by agricultural production activities is considered to be among the major factors responsible for a decline in land productivity. Conservation efforts through government intervention and voluntary efforts have produced minimal success compared to the desired targets. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors that influence the adoption decisions of resource conserving technologies in the context of commercial farmers in South Africa.;Adoption of conservation-oriented agricultural technologies in South Africa is influenced by a wide range of economic and social factors, and …
The Use Of Charge -Charge Correlation In Impedance Measurements: A Test Of The Epet Method, Christopher W. Gregory
The Use Of Charge -Charge Correlation In Impedance Measurements: A Test Of The Epet Method, Christopher W. Gregory
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
It is well known that biological tissues possess impedance properties that might be useful in medical diagnostics and treatment. Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) images internal electrical properties by using numerical methods to solve Laplace's differential equation. The indirect reconstruction method (IRM), a common method in application, predicts internal electrical property distribution by iteratively computing a forward and inverse solution. This approach reduces the non-linear Laplace's equation into a poorly conditioned series of linear equations, which are solved simultaneously. This method suffers from high computational effort and is susceptible to prediction errors that stem from measurement noise.;As an alternative to Laplace's …
Perception Of Safety And Usability Of Powered Hand Tools, Mun-Su Seol
Perception Of Safety And Usability Of Powered Hand Tools, Mun-Su Seol
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this research was to identify the relationship between powered hand tool design features and risk and usability perception. The general goal of this research was to provide information that will help in the design of tools that do not create inaccurate impressions of safety or usability.;Safety and usability perception evaluations were conducted to identify which factors influence on user's safety and usability perception. Orthogonal view images of three categories of powered hand tools were developed and deployed at the web for their evaluation. One hundred and one subjects participated in this research. The estimated injury data (2001 …
The Effect And Mechanism Of Action Of Volatile Fatty Acids On The Catabolism Of Progesterone, Darron Louis Smith
The Effect And Mechanism Of Action Of Volatile Fatty Acids On The Catabolism Of Progesterone, Darron Louis Smith
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Factors that affect the clearance of progesterone by the hepatocyte were examined. In study one, the objective was to determine if increased hepatic portal acetate or propionate could alter hepatic metabolism of progesterone. Serum concentrations of progesterone after an oral gavage of either acetate or propionate began to diverge as early as 0.5 h and were different (P < 0.05) at 3-h and 4-h for ewe lambs gavaged with acetate or propionate, respectively. Increasing portal vein propionate reduced progesterone clearance. In study two, the objective was to determine the effect of a single oral gavage of either acetate or propionate on peripheral concentrations of insulin and glucagon in the ewe. Serum concentrations of insulin, after an oral gavage of either acetate or propionate, were different (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h and 1 h for ewe lambs orally-gavaged with acetate and propionate, respectively. Further, serum concentrations of glucagon, after an oral gavage of either acetate or propionate, were different (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h, 1 h and 2 h for ewe lambs orally-gavaged with acetate and propionate, respectively. The last study determined progesterone clearance in response to challenge with different concentrations of insulin, glucagon or a combination of insulin and glucagon in a hepatic cell line. In response to a challenge with insulin, there was a dose dependant decrease in the disappearance of progesterone. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in the rate of decay with the addition of 0.1 nM insulin. Further, there was a greater reduction (P < 0.05) in the rate of decay in response to 1.0 and 10 nM insulin than control and 0.1 nM insulin. There was no observable change in the disappearance of progesterone with either physiological (0.01 nM) or pharmacological (0.1 and 1.0 nM) treatment with glucagon. Pharmocological concentrations of glucagon (1.0 nM) negated the effects of either 0.1 or 1.0 nM insulin on the clearance of progesterone. However, with physiological concentrations of glucagon (0.01 nM) and 1.0 nM insulin, glucagon was not able to negate the reduction in progesterone disappearance caused by insulin.
Microcontroller-Based Power Regulation For Induction Motors With Power Quality Conditioning, Joshua Scott Robinson
Microcontroller-Based Power Regulation For Induction Motors With Power Quality Conditioning, Joshua Scott Robinson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The focus of this thesis is to verify the power-saving characteristics of a triac-based motor controller and reduce the harmonics associated with the device by integrating a power quality conditioner. A hardware prototype of a motor controller was constructed using a microcontroller to detect the load magnitude and fire a triac accordingly. Test results showed an average decrease in active power consumption of 23.2% with a 426.6% average increase in harmonic distortion; the largest power savings occurred with light loads. A Simulink model of a line conditioner was created, verified, and adapted to utilize a digital controller. This conditioner uses …
A Candidate's Use Of Aggressive Communication And The Electorates' Response: Predicting Presidential Election Outcomes, Matthew Luke Sutton
A Candidate's Use Of Aggressive Communication And The Electorates' Response: Predicting Presidential Election Outcomes, Matthew Luke Sutton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this examination is to determine the role of verbal aggression in Presidential debates. Using six types of verbally aggressive messages, coders examined one Presidential debate from nine Presidential elections to determine the amount of verbal aggression used by each candidate. The findings from this examination indicate that there is a pattern for the use of verbal aggression in Presidential debates. Challengers use significantly more verbal aggression than incumbents while five of the nine elections had the winner using less verbally aggressive messages than the loser. Results of this study support the theory that challengers are forced to …
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Wooden Logs Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Sachin Agrawal
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Wooden Logs Using Ground Penetrating Radar, Sachin Agrawal
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Presently there are no suitable non-invasive methods for precisely detecting the subsurface defects in logs in real time. Internal defects such as knots, decays, and embedded metals are of greatest concern for lumber production. While defects such as knots and decays (rots) are of major concern related to productivity and yield of high value wood products, embedded metals can damage the saw blade and significantly increase the down time and maintenance costs of saw mills.;Nondestructive scanning of logs using techniques such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) prior to sawing can greatly increase the productivity and yield of high value lumber. …
Prediction Of Coalbed Methane Reservoir Performance With Type Curves, Amol Bhaskar Bhavsar
Prediction Of Coalbed Methane Reservoir Performance With Type Curves, Amol Bhaskar Bhavsar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study presents a set of production type curves for CBM reservoirs that would help the producers to predict the production from their CBM wells. As a consequence, the producers would be able to make better, more informed decisions regarding the CBM resources in the region. A reservoir model that incorporates the unique flow and storage characteristics of CBM reservoirs was employed in this study to develop the type curves. The type curves provide a reliable tool to predict the production performance of CBM reservoirs during dewatering phase. The application and issues concerning the production performance of CBM reservoirs are …
The Effects Of Contextual Factors On Dyadic Everyday Problem Solving In Adulthood, Tara L. Neely
The Effects Of Contextual Factors On Dyadic Everyday Problem Solving In Adulthood, Tara L. Neely
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present study examined individual and dyadic everyday problem solving in 45 younger, middle-aged, and older adult married couples. The goal of the study was to investigate the effects of age, gender, collaboration, marital characteristics, and basic cognition on everyday problem-solving. Two research questions were addressed. First, were there group differences across three phases of problem solving? Second, what was the frequency of individual change, and which factors predicted improvement, stability, or decline? When addressing the first question, there was a significant four-way interaction, F (4, 78) = 2.83, p < .05, eta = .12, between participant age, gender, problem-solving condition, and problem-solving phase, emphasizing the multidimensionality of everyday cognition. When addressing the second question, a larger percentage of individuals who collaborated reliably improved compared to individuals who worked alone. Furthermore, basic cognitive abilities, education, and marital factors significantly accounted for individual reliable change in everyday problem solving.
Personality Factors And Other Predictors Of Academic Success In Medical Students, T. Anne Hawkins
Personality Factors And Other Predictors Of Academic Success In Medical Students, T. Anne Hawkins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines the relationship between objectively derived personality characteristics of West Virginia University medical students and their rate of retention and attrition in medical school. Personality trait characteristics are assessed using the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF, 5 th edition). Relationships between student reported race, gender, age, undergraduate cumulative grade point average, undergraduate cumulative science grade point average, Medical School Admission Test scores, and retention and attrition rates were also examined. Graduation status and academic quartile ranking were used to measure outcome. Chi-Square and ANOVA procedures were used to test the research hypotheses.
Stationary Phase Induction Of Rpos In Enteric Bacteria, Matthew Louis Hirsch
Stationary Phase Induction Of Rpos In Enteric Bacteria, Matthew Louis Hirsch
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In enteric bacteria, stress adaptation is mediated by the RpoS protein, one of several sigma-factors that, in association with RNA polymerase, collectively allow a tailored transcriptional response to environmental cues. Stress stimuli including low temperature, osmotic shock, and starvation all result in a substantial increase in RpoS abundance. Perhaps the most pronounced affect is observed during growth to stationary phase (SP) in rich medium. The mechanism of regulation depends on the specific signal, but may occur at the level of transcription, translation, protein activity or targeted proteolysis. In both Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica cultured in rich undefined medium, the …
The First Amendment Rights Of High School Students And Their Student Newspapers, Teresa J. Boggs
The First Amendment Rights Of High School Students And Their Student Newspapers, Teresa J. Boggs
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The greatest of all human rights are the freedoms of speech and expression included within the First Amendment to the Constitution. These allow all Americans to say what they feel, dress as they want, and print opinions that may not always be popular.;Throughout time journalists of all ages have endured criticism for printing questionable and controversial information. In student newspapers, however, rarely does one find a story of consequence, one that sparks criticism and casts a light of upheaval on the school system that supports it.;Student journalists across America have become victims of limited speech, whether by choice, by the …
Water Vapor Diffusion Through Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites, Mohit Bhardwaj
Water Vapor Diffusion Through Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites, Mohit Bhardwaj
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) are used to make aircraft structures, highway bridges, automobile components, storage tanks, boat hulls, truck beds, and so on. When these FRPs are exposed to the atmosphere, environmental humidity can weaken the structural integrity and cause fiber delamination. The use of glass-fiber-reinforced nanocomposites made by addition of nanoclay, reduces the fiber damage and delamination because of its ability to enhance the barrier property of the matrix material. Clay not only acts as a barrier toward moisture diffusion, it also sequesters the moisture and protects the glass surface. During the course of this study the role of …
Reservoir Characterization Using Intelligent Seismic Inversion, F. Emre Artun
Reservoir Characterization Using Intelligent Seismic Inversion, F. Emre Artun
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Integrating different types of data having different scales is the major challenge in reservoir characterization studies. Seismic data is among those different types of data, which is usually used by geoscientists for structural mapping of the subsurface and making interpretations of the reservoir's facies distribution. Yet, it has been a common aim of geoscientists to incorporate seismic data in high-resolution reservoir description through a process called seismic inversion.;In this study, an intelligent seismic inversion methodology is presented to achieve a desirable correlation between relatively low-frequency seismic signals, and the much higher frequency wireline-log data. Vertical seismic profile (VSP) is used …
Computer Aided Home Energy Management System, Asawari A. Moholkar
Computer Aided Home Energy Management System, Asawari A. Moholkar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
High prices are associated with the peak electricity demand and thus, price can be used as an indicator of power system condition in the peak load management programs. This paper investigates the potential of peak load management based on price-responsive load control for the residential sector. The Computer Aided Home Energy Management (CAHEM) system controls residential demand in response to the hourly market data including price, load and temperature data. A fuzzy demand controller incorporates customer preferences in determining operational settings of residential appliances. A prototype CAHEM system is demonstrated using X10 home networking technology. The aggregate level effects of …
The Biological Control Potential Of Cryphonectria Parasitica Strains Containing An Infectious Cdna Copy Of Hypovirus Chv1-Euro7, William R. Rittenour
The Biological Control Potential Of Cryphonectria Parasitica Strains Containing An Infectious Cdna Copy Of Hypovirus Chv1-Euro7, William R. Rittenour
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Transmissible hypovirulence has not become established in most areas of North America as it has in Europe where it has been associated with increased biological control of chestnut blight. Transgenic strains of Cryphonectria parasitica provide several mechanisms that may improve biological control. This study was designed to evaluate whether transgenic C. parasitica strains containing a cDNA transgene encoding the viral genome of CHV1-Euro7 show greater potential to biologically control blight than their cytoplasmically infected counterparts. Three treatments were employed that compared: transgenic hypovirulent strains (TG), cytoplasmic hypovirulent strains (CH), and virulent strains (V). Two types of cankers were initiated in …
A Comparison Of The Growth And Asexual Reproduction By Cryphonectria Parasitica Isolates Infected With Hypoviruses Via Anastomosis And Transfection, Jenise M. Bauman
A Comparison Of The Growth And Asexual Reproduction By Cryphonectria Parasitica Isolates Infected With Hypoviruses Via Anastomosis And Transfection, Jenise M. Bauman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Transfection is an alternative laboratory method of hypovirus transmission that can be used to create hypovirulent strains. Results from a preliminary study at West Virginia University in 1998-99 indicated that recovery of hypovirulent isolates was similar between CHV1-infected anastomosed and transfected isolates. The objective of this research was to compare the two hypovirus acquisition methods in three experiments. The first study confirmed the performance of anastomosed and transfected isolates tested in a 1998-99 field study. In addition to the isolates previously evaluated, a third set of isolates containing CHV3-County Line was included. The size of cankers and the reisolation of …
Electromagnetic Nondestructive Inspection Of Aircraft Structures By Using A Magnetic Flux Leakage Method, Iyad Mahmood Ali Muslih
Electromagnetic Nondestructive Inspection Of Aircraft Structures By Using A Magnetic Flux Leakage Method, Iyad Mahmood Ali Muslih
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Aging of aircraft structures is mostly associated with fatigue cracking, de-bonding and corrosion. Detection and characterization of the structural defects at the initiation stages makes it a great challenge for any inspection technology. This study proposes a new solution for the nondestructive evaluation problem by using a magnetic flux method for non-ferromagnetic materials and provides a new neural network tool that predicts crack profiles in three dimensions by solving the inverse problem, where available neural networks can solve it in two dimensions only.;The discontinuity resulting from a crack produces disturbance to the distribution of electrical current density in the structure …
Feminist And Masculine Values And Their Effects On Female Managerial Positions In Nonprofit And Corporate Public Relations, Sarah E. Thomas
Feminist And Masculine Values And Their Effects On Female Managerial Positions In Nonprofit And Corporate Public Relations, Sarah E. Thomas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines the rise of executive women in public relations in both the nonprofit and corporate sectors. The focus of this study was on feminist and masculine values and their effects on female executives. A survey of 121 female executives from the corporate, nonprofit, and agency settings was conducted to analyze their views on feminist and masculine values in public relations and their effects on managerial positions. Results indicated that women who place greater value on masculine traits are more likely to obtain management positions in the corporate sector. Those who place greater value on feminist values do not …
How West Virginia Daily Newspapers Handle Errors And Corrections, Lindsay E. Altobello
How West Virginia Daily Newspapers Handle Errors And Corrections, Lindsay E. Altobello
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Media credibility and accuracy has been a topic of debate in the field of journalism for many years. This study examines the types of errors that occur most often within West Virginia's daily newspapers; how these publications handle errors and corrections, and the placement of corrections and clarifications within the newspapers. This study uses mixed-methods research to find its results. Corrections and clarifications gathered over a 60-day time period were analyzed for the type of error corrected as well as if the error was attributed. Newspaper editors were surveyed about how their publications handle corrections and their perceptions of the …
The Effects Of Asynchronous Computer Voice Conferencing On Learners' Anxiety When Speaking A Foreign Language, Maria Isabel Charle Poza
The Effects Of Asynchronous Computer Voice Conferencing On Learners' Anxiety When Speaking A Foreign Language, Maria Isabel Charle Poza
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study investigated the influence of asynchronous computer voice conferencing on learners' anxiety when speaking in a foreign language. The technology chosen was the voice board powered by Wimba. Three research questions guided this study: Research Question 1: What is the learners' perception of their language anxiety when speaking in the asynchronous computer voice conferencing environment?, Research Questions 2: How empowered do the learners feel to take risks in the asynchronous computer voice conferencing environment?, and Research Question 3: How concerned are the learners about being evaluated by others when making oral mistakes in the foreign language in the asynchronous …
Periplasmic Flagella Of The Spirochetes Borrelia Burgdorferi And Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae, Melanie S. Sal
Periplasmic Flagella Of The Spirochetes Borrelia Burgdorferi And Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae, Melanie S. Sal
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Spirochetes are unique bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. Motility, provided by periplasmic flagella (PFs), is a virulence factor for spirochetes. This work focuses on PFs from Borrelia burgdorferi and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. PFs consist of three main parts: basal body, hook, and filament. Monoclonal antibodies were developed to attempt identification of individual FlaB filament proteins in B. hyodysenteriae .;The PF filament of B. burgdorferi consists of a major flagellin, FlaB, and a minor flagellin, FlaA. FlaB constitutes 10-14%, whereas FlaA contributes less than 0.5%, of total cellular protein. Although these flagellins co-precipitate, the location of FlaA on a PF …
How People Become Media Literate And Their Media Habits, Indira Liz Calles Giraud
How People Become Media Literate And Their Media Habits, Indira Liz Calles Giraud
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Media literacy is defined as the way people analyze and interpret messages from mass media. This project studies how people become media literate and methodologies that may be applied to make media education more effective. It is important to know and understand background information about people, exclusively their likes and dislikes about mass media and also to identify what makes these people form media literacy habits. This study discusses different theories about media education and propagation. But primarily this study compares those who have had formal exposure to media literacy with those whose exposure has been less methodical. The study …
Instant Message Communication And Its Impact Upon Written Language, Lara L. Eller
Instant Message Communication And Its Impact Upon Written Language, Lara L. Eller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of computer-mediated communication upon users. The theory of technological determinism will be defined, discussed in detail, and applied to the research of computerized communication. The concept of language deconstruction (i.e., Internet slang, use of emoticons, and shorthand) in instant messaging will be analyzed through content analysis and through a series of interviews with high school and college journalism instructors. Does computer-mediated communication, specifically Instant messaging have a positive or negative effect on written language? The author discovered that many instant message conversations, in personal and professional settings, have Internet slang …
Investigation Of Fabrication Process Development For Integrated Optical Grating Structures, Divya Pisharoty
Investigation Of Fabrication Process Development For Integrated Optical Grating Structures, Divya Pisharoty
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Sub-micron optical gratings are essential integrated elements to couple light into waveguides and for optical monitoring of microfluidic channels or MEMS devices. Since the required features in the sub-micron regime are difficult to achieve by mechanical ruling and photolithography, alternate fabrication techniques are investigated. Exposure by e-beam and laser are two direct write methods which are used. These methods preclude the need of a mask, require few processing steps, and can be used to write features of sizes desired for optical gratings. In this research, we explore and develop processes to create sub-micron gratings by both these methods. A resist …
Perceptions Of Mothers Labeled Adolescent Or Adult And Their Infants, Nichole L. Elliott
Perceptions Of Mothers Labeled Adolescent Or Adult And Their Infants, Nichole L. Elliott
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The aim was to examine how adolescent and/or unmarried mothers and their infants are perceived. Negative appraisals by others of adolescent and/or unmarried mothers and their infants may contribute to the difficulties they encounter. Psychology students viewed videotapes of adult mothers labeled as adolescent or adult and as unmarried or married interacting with their infants. Participants were asked to rate the infants, the mothers and their interactions. Results show that there were cases in which those labeled adolescent and unmarried were seen less positively than those labeled adult and married. There were also instances of counterintuitive findings of lower ratings …
Roughening Of Cobalt Thin Films On Sapphire (110) Upon Annealing And Superparamagnetic Behavior Of Cobalt Nanodots On Sapphire (001), Jorge Espinosa
Roughening Of Cobalt Thin Films On Sapphire (110) Upon Annealing And Superparamagnetic Behavior Of Cobalt Nanodots On Sapphire (001), Jorge Espinosa
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to investigate the surface roughness of 5.0 nm thick Co films as a function of the annealing temperature. Films were epitaxially grown on (110) sapphire via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and magnetron sputtering. Images were acquired in-situ at temperatures ranging between room temperature and 600°C. Surface roughening starts at 425°C and increases depending on the final annealing temperature and time. The films did not show a reversal of the roughening process upon sample cooling. Also a sub-monolayer film of Co was grown on Al2O 3 (0001) via MBE at room temperature. The film annealed …
Mass Communication Delivery Methods Used And Possessed By Extension Agents In West Virginia, Lisa Michelle Neehouse
Mass Communication Delivery Methods Used And Possessed By Extension Agents In West Virginia, Lisa Michelle Neehouse
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the study was to identify which mass communication methods were being utilized for delivering information to current and potential clientele by West Virginia University Extension agents. Descriptive survey research provided information regarding the frequency of use, preference of delivery method, skill rating, source of training, desire for additional training, and availability of each mass communication delivery method by West Virginia Extension agents.;The findings of the study concluded that the majority of West Virginia University Extension agents had some access to each of the mass communication delivery methods. West Virginia University Extension agents most frequently used and most …
Dynamic Response Of Plates And Buried Structures, Chee Heong Tee
Dynamic Response Of Plates And Buried Structures, Chee Heong Tee
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Soil is a particulate material, which provides a unique behavior when interacting with its adjacent structure. Emphases of this study are placed on the simulation of the behavior of a target plate and a buried structure. An analytical modeling technique, explicit Finite Element Method (FEM) by ABAQUS was used to simulate the dynamic responses of the plate and buried structure: (1) a plate resting on elastic half space under impact loading; (2) buried structure under a shock impulse system.;In the first analysis, a free-drop impact system was considered to generate the dynamic loading on the plate free surface. Two FEM …
Changing Religious Structures And Civil Society In Latin America: The Case Of Nicaragua, John G. Poffenbarger
Changing Religious Structures And Civil Society In Latin America: The Case Of Nicaragua, John G. Poffenbarger
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Two phenomena have been ongoing in Central America over the past 30 years. The first has been a change in the dominant religious structures in the region with the growth of Evangelical Protestantism and Pentecostalism, as well as ongoing changes within the Roman Catholic Church, such as the rise and fall of Progressive Catholicism. The other major phenomenon has been the establishment of democratic regimes across the isthmus. Putnam, Inglehart, Almond & Verba, among others, assert that for a democracy to flourish a vibrant civil society must be present. These scholars, along with Huntington, Weber, and Wald et al. believe …