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Redesigning Choice Architecture For The College Selection And Application Process For High School Juniors, Lindsey Estep
Redesigning Choice Architecture For The College Selection And Application Process For High School Juniors, Lindsey Estep
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Choice architecture, a term coined in the 2008 book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness by behavioral scientist Richard H. Thaler and professor of law Cass R. Sunstein, is the belief that no choice can be neutral because the way in which a choice is presented influences the decision-maker. Designers, perfectly positioned to structure choices in both print and digital format, should equally embrace this role and handle it with great responsibility. Rather than use the power to structure choice architecture to bolster consumerism, we should instead harness the opportunity to help individuals make choices that improve their …
The Role Of Physical Appearance In The Peer Acceptance Of Emerging Adults Undergoing Chemotherapy, Megan E. Samples
The Role Of Physical Appearance In The Peer Acceptance Of Emerging Adults Undergoing Chemotherapy, Megan E. Samples
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Peer acceptance has been shown to influence the overall social development of an individual and physical appearance has been shown to be heavily influential in the overall peer acceptance of an individual. This study considered how appearing as if undergoing treatment for cancer impacted peer acceptance. A sample of 182 emerging adults (79% female; 21% male) evaluated four types of hypothetical emerging adult peers (a healthy male, a healthy female, a male who appears to be undergoing chemotherapy, and a female who appears to be undergoing chemotherapy. Results showed that the healthy female model had significantly higher peer acceptance scores …
Utilization Of Fish For Constitutional And Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities For Diagnostic And Prognostic Purposes, Amy L. Shackelford
Utilization Of Fish For Constitutional And Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities For Diagnostic And Prognostic Purposes, Amy L. Shackelford
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
ABSTRACT Utilization of FISH for Constitutional and Acquired Chromosomal Abnormalities for Diagnostic and Prognostic Purposes Amy L. Shackelford Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a useful molecular cytogenetics technique for counting chromosomes and identifying specific chromosomal sequences of interest. FISH probe targets include centromeres, single loci, subtelomeres, and telomeres, using DNA or peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes. FISH probes were used to determine chromosome number, copy loss or gain, and signal size in four studies involving acquired chromosomal changes in malignancy, mosaicism, and aneuploidy in pre- and postnatal constitutional abnormalities. In the first series of experiments, subtelomere probes for 5p and …
A Hypermedia Design For Both High And Low Knowledge Readers, Jonathan Vickers
A Hypermedia Design For Both High And Low Knowledge Readers, Jonathan Vickers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this case study is to examine possibilities for improving upon hypermedia design in regards to readers and their varied levels of prior knowledge. By creating a hypermedia website that looks at the development of rock climbing at Coopers Rock State Forest, I will explore the possibility of using prompts intended to help prepare readers with low levels of subject (rock climbing) knowledge to understand and make sense of the content. However, at the same time, it is important to allow readers with high levels of subject knowledge to bypass these prompts because of their ability to limit …
Structural Elucidation Of Glycerophospholipids Using Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (Mad-Ms), Robert E. Deimler
Structural Elucidation Of Glycerophospholipids Using Metastable Atom-Activated Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (Mad-Ms), Robert E. Deimler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent developments in analytical instrumentation have allowed scientists to investigate systems that were unattainable in the past. In the biomedical community this increase in investigative power has allowed the exploration of biological components like proteins, lipids, and DNA and their role in the many different cycles necessary for human life. By understanding the nuances of these processes, medical professionals can more easily recognize the products of mutations or malfunctions that can lead to more accurate prognosis and diagnosis of disease. Typically, lipids are analyzed through hyphenated chromatography-mass spectrometry instruments and especially using collision-induced dissociation (CID). Low-energy CID typically produces both …
Untangling Compact And Diffuse Ionized Emission Toward Galactic Hii Regions, Logan A. Hough
Untangling Compact And Diffuse Ionized Emission Toward Galactic Hii Regions, Logan A. Hough
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
HII regions are clouds of ionized hydrogen gas surrounding B0- and O-type stars. The ionized hydrogen in these regions emits both radio recombination line (RRL) and also thermal radio continuum. Diffuse ionized hydrogen, known as the 'Warm Ionized Medium' (WIM) also exists in the Galaxy. The WIM also emits RRLs and thermal radio continuum. Previous observation of compact \hii regions found two RRL components for many sources, one from the \hii region and the others from the WIM. By observing off-target positions sampling only the diffuse emission, we discerned the correct source velocities for 93 out of 116 HII regions …
Application Of Nano Fluids In Changing Reservoir Rock And Fluid Properties For Enhanced Oil Recovery, Mohammad Ehtemam Haghighi
Application Of Nano Fluids In Changing Reservoir Rock And Fluid Properties For Enhanced Oil Recovery, Mohammad Ehtemam Haghighi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In conventional oil reservoirs after drilling a well, the hydrocarbon starts to produce by the natural force of the reservoir. After a period of production the reservoir energy declines and the secondary recovery methods are used to keep the production rate constant. The most common secondary method is water flooding in which by injecting water into the reservoir, trapped oil is pushed toward the producing wells. Water flooding is not a long term method for producing oil and as soon as the water finds its path to the producers, water cut goes up and injection is not economical anymore. Therefore …
Modeling Of Caprock Seal Failure Due To Fluid Injection, Hari Kiran Nambu
Modeling Of Caprock Seal Failure Due To Fluid Injection, Hari Kiran Nambu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The past, present, and projected trends of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration levels in the atmosphere have raised serious concerns about global warming. Several efforts are being made to stabilize the current levels of CO2 emissions. Geologic sequestration of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is considered to be one of the potential options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. A tight, low-permeability caprock layer overlying the CO2-targeted reservoir limits the upward migration of CO2 and acts as a primary seal layer to trap CO 2. Large volumes of fluid or CO2 injected in the subsurface may over-pressurize the …
"It's Not Just Your Dad And It's Not Just Your Coach..." The Dual-Role Relationship In Female Tennis Players, Olivier N. Schmid
"It's Not Just Your Dad And It's Not Just Your Coach..." The Dual-Role Relationship In Female Tennis Players, Olivier N. Schmid
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Parents and coaches were encouraged to keep their roles separate in order to promote optimal youth sport participation and avoid excessive and pressuring involvement (Gould, et al., 2008; Wolfenden & Hoyt, 2005). Despite these recommendations, the phenomenon of parents volunteering to coach their own children has dramatically increased (Brown, 1998). Managing the blurred boundaries of these coaching dual-role relationships throughout the athlete's development is a delicate endeavor and remains unexplored in individual sports (Jowett, 2008; Weiss & Fretwell, 2005). Tennis has been identified as an ideal context to examine the dynamics of parenting and coaching relationships and is notorious for …
Socio-Demographic And Behavioral Factors Associated With Hiv Testing And Hiv Seropositivity Among Women And Children In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Population-Based Multilevel Analysis, Zelalem T. Haile
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS is one of the leading causes of mortality that disproportionately affects women and children. In this sub-region, 57% of those living with HIV are women and is home for 90% of children under the age of 15 that are living with HIV. This study examined socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with HIV testing and HIV seropositivity among women and children using nationally representative data.;Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design using data from Demographic and Health Survey and AIDS Indicator Survey, conducted between the years 2006 and 2012 from 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. …
Cultural Identity, Vocational Development, And The Meaning Of Work Among Appalachian Coal Miners: A Qualitative Study, Susan Chamberlain
Cultural Identity, Vocational Development, And The Meaning Of Work Among Appalachian Coal Miners: A Qualitative Study, Susan Chamberlain
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this study I explore what coal mining means to underground miners in Appalachia, and how these meanings interact with participants' cultural and vocational identities. Using narrative data from eight underground coal miners, the study investigates the connections between cultural values, career, and personality. These connections are singularly intertwined in Appalachia, where economic and social landscapes have been heavily influenced by coal mining for over a century. The resulting relationships have blurred the lines of identity among career, family, and community. This qualitative study is based on data from semi-structured interviews; participant language was analyzed using grounded theory to create …
Spacing Of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Laterals In Low Permeability Formations, Franck Donfack
Spacing Of Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Laterals In Low Permeability Formations, Franck Donfack
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The discovery of unconventional reservoirs such as tight gas sands and shale gas, the resolve for the United States to become independent of foreign hydrocarbons, toppled with depleting conventional fields around the world, has pushed for new technologies and effective and efficient approaches in unconventional reservoirs long-term production to supply their ever-growing demand.;Horizontal drilling along with hydraulic fracturing are the two most popular methods used to render low-permeability formations such as the Marcellus Shale economically productive. Nowadays, coupled with horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, new strategies and tools such as coil tubing and multi-lateral horizontal wells are being strategized and …
Patch-Based Ensemble Learning Scheme For Heterogeneous Face Recognition, Cunjian Chen
Patch-Based Ensemble Learning Scheme For Heterogeneous Face Recognition, Cunjian Chen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The problem of Heterogeneous Face Recognition (HFR) involves comparing and matching face images that look significantly different primarily due to variations in their photometric composition. Examples include matching face images acquired in different spectral bands (e.g., visible versus thermal spectrum), or before and after the application of makeup. In this dissertation, we develop and evaluate a robust face recognition method to address this challenge.;The first part of the thesis deals with the topic of facial cosmetics. In this regard, we demonstrate the negative impact of facial cosmetics on existing face recognition as well as gender and age estimation systems. Next, …
The Relationship Between Student Perceptions Of Satisfaction Of Social, Teaching, And Cognitive Presence With Asynchronous Communication Tools For Online Learning In A Region V Community College, Torie L. Jackson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As a commonplace medium for instructional content in community colleges, the use of online courses is prevalent in higher education and is expected to continue to grow. While online classes offer a number of benefits to students, drawbacks of online education also exist. Because participants in an online classroom are not physically present together, they rely on communication tools to allow for interaction and collaboration. This study addressed the relationship between community college student perceptions of satisfaction of the use of asynchronous communication tools and community college student perceptions of satisfaction of social, teaching, and cognitive presence in a Region …
Estimating Ultimate Gas Recovery From Unconventional Gas Reservoir, Amgd M. Kharabah
Estimating Ultimate Gas Recovery From Unconventional Gas Reservoir, Amgd M. Kharabah
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The rise in natural gas global demand is the major factor influencing the increase in exploration and development of the unconventional gas resources. Most of the unconventional gas reservoirs have very low permeability and are not able to produce an economic flow rate without stimulation treatments. The application of the advanced technologies including a horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has been responsible for the economic development of unconventional gas resources. Horizontal wells with multiple hydraulic fracture treatments have proven to be an effective method for development of shale reservoirs. However, there is no simple technique available for the predicting the …
Effectiveness Of Community-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Compared To Treatment As Usual, Jocelyn Stokes
Effectiveness Of Community-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Compared To Treatment As Usual, Jocelyn Stokes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a "probably efficacious" treatment for children with disruptive behavior disorders (Eyberg, Nelson, & Boggs, 2008). However, many of the characteristics of the efficacy studies (e.g., therapy conducted in university-based clinics, graduate student therapists, supervision and feedback on integrity to the model, recruited families, homogeneous samples) supporting PCIT may limit the generalization of the results to the community setting where most families receive treatment (e.g., Weisz, Jensen-Doss, & Hawley, 2006). Few studies of PCIT have examined the effectiveness of PCIT implemented by community therapists, and these studies have many methodological limitations including no reliability of observational …
In Vitro Recapitulation Of Functional Microvessel Using Microfluidic Platform, Xiang Li
In Vitro Recapitulation Of Functional Microvessel Using Microfluidic Platform, Xiang Li
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Microfluidic technologies have enabled in vitro studies to mimic in vivo microvessel environment with sufficient complexity. However, there are still existing knowledge gaps and lack of convincing evidence to demonstrate and quantify key features of a functional microvessel. In this dissertation, a physiologically realistic microvessel model was developed with a stable and mature endothelium for studying complex vascular phenomena, such as endothelial cell signaling and barrier functions with the microscopic resolution at individual cellular levels. With advanced micromanufacturing and microfluidic technologies, two types of cost-efficient, easy to operate and reproducible microchannel network devices were fabricated, and the fabricated microchannels mimicked …
A Content Analysis Of Celebrity-Endorsed Cosmetic Products In Fashion Magazines, Caroline Szwed
A Content Analysis Of Celebrity-Endorsed Cosmetic Products In Fashion Magazines, Caroline Szwed
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
While there have been many studies examining celebrity-endorsed advertisements, few have studied the relationship between race and ethnicity and body types found in celebrity-endorsed advertisements. A sample of 265 celebrity-endorsed advertisements was collected from both Cosmopolitan and ELLE magazine during the first quarter of the year (January, February, March) between 2008-2013. A content analysis was constructed in order to determine the race and ethnicity of each celebrity found in the advertisement as well as their body type. The results suggest that there has been a tendency to use non-minority celebrities in celebrity-endorsed advertisements than non-minority celebrities. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate …
Microfluidic 3d Gradient Generator For Studying Tubulogenesis, Bhargavi Thotakura
Microfluidic 3d Gradient Generator For Studying Tubulogenesis, Bhargavi Thotakura
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tubulogenesis and Angiogenesis is an important process in the formation of new blood vessels, and play a vital role in many physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer metastasis. To study this process in the laboratory, versatile, reliable and affordable assays are essential. The objective of this thesis work was to develop a microfluidic three-dimensional (3D) gradient device, which embedded collagen within the device for generating chemical gradient through it, and investigated it as a useful research tool for angiogenesis study with endothelial cells forming branching tubes inside the collagen.;With the enormous growth of microfluidic technologies, the scope for creating …
Feasibility Of Hydrogen Peroxide Production From Wastewater Treatment Using Bioelectrochemical Systems, Chenjie Wu
Feasibility Of Hydrogen Peroxide Production From Wastewater Treatment Using Bioelectrochemical Systems, Chenjie Wu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Recent developments of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) have shown promising advancements in applying these innovative technologies for municipal wastewater treatment. These systems promise several distinct energy and environmental benefits over the existing activated sludge processes including electricity conservation and production, less biological sludge production, significant reduction in greenhouse gas emission, and potential useful chemical production from wastewater treatment. The goal of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using a two-chambered BES to generate an environmental friendly oxidizer, hydrogen peroxide, from wastewater treatment. Five research objectives were proposed to achieve the research goal by filling several identified knowledge gaps: 1) …
Roles Of Nitric Oxide And Shear Stress In The Regulation Of Microvessel Permeability In Intact Rat Mesenteric Venules, Sulei Xu
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Mechanical forces have been indicated to play important roles in the regulation of inflammatory cell interaction with endothelium resulting in localized leakage formation and contributing to many disease-associated microvascular dysfunctions. However, most of the mechanical force related studies were conducted in vitro. The underlying mechanisms are still controversial. There is a need to investigate how shear stress regulates the endothelial cell (EC) signaling and related vascular barrier function using intact microvessels with experimental conditions closely replicating in vivo situations. The overall aim of my dissertation is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how shear stress and nitric oxide …
Numerical Modeling Of Inertial Flows In Proppant-Reservoir Rock Interfaces, Abdulla Alkaabi
Numerical Modeling Of Inertial Flows In Proppant-Reservoir Rock Interfaces, Abdulla Alkaabi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Predicting accurate pressure drops in the reservoirs is essential for estimating the ultimate hydrocarbons recoveries and production rates. In hydraulically fractured wells, inertial flows can cause excessive pressure drops, beyond the predicted values form the Darcy equation. Therefore, predicting these excessive pressure drops through defining non-Darcy factors is of particular significance.;Excessive pressure drops in inertial flows are caused by acceleration/deceleration of fluids, which usually occur when fluids are moving from constricted areas to larger pores and vice versa. In the interface between the propped fracture and the reservoir rock, the pores in the latter are in connection with the former …
Understanding The Mechanism Of Hard Metal (Wc-Co) Toxicity: In Vitro Studies And In Vivo Exploration, Andrea Lynn Armstead
Understanding The Mechanism Of Hard Metal (Wc-Co) Toxicity: In Vitro Studies And In Vivo Exploration, Andrea Lynn Armstead
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Hard metals, such as tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co), are frequently used for a number of industrial applications such as surface coatings for heavy machinery and tools. In particular, WC-Co coatings are prevalent in mining and drilling applications where extensive, repetitive use of these tools causes wear over time. In enclosed environments, WC-Co wear particles become airborne and present an occupational inhalation hazard. It is known that inhalation of WC-Co "dusts", composed of nano- and micro-sized WC-Co particles, contributes to the development of hard metal lung disease and increased risk for lung cancer; however, the relationship between acute WC-Co toxicity and …
Sport Psychology "App"Lication: Ncaa Coaches' Preferences For A Mental Training Mobile App, Raymond F. Prior
Sport Psychology "App"Lication: Ncaa Coaches' Preferences For A Mental Training Mobile App, Raymond F. Prior
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study utilized a consumer marketing approach to investigate National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) head coaches' preferences for a mental training mobile application (mobile map) using a conjoint market analysis. Head coaches' preferences for a mental training mobile app were compared based on price, ability to track athlete use of the app, recommendation sources, the inclusion of daily functions, coaches' awareness of the app being used by other teams, and the credibility of the mobile app content creators. Price and tracking athlete use were the two most important characteristics to coaches. Considering all characteristics, coaches preferred mobile apps that cost …
Reservoirs Modeling Of Gas Hydrate Deposits In North Slope Of Alaska And Gulf Of Mexico, Manohar Gaddipati
Reservoirs Modeling Of Gas Hydrate Deposits In North Slope Of Alaska And Gulf Of Mexico, Manohar Gaddipati
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In order to address the world's growing energy demand, the necessity to explore more and more unconventional sources of energy arises. Recently there has been increased interest in the potential of natural gas hydrates as an alternate energy resource. Methane hydrates are crystalline solids, very similar to ice, in which non-polar molecules are trapped inside the cages formed by water molecules. Methane hydrates could be potentially a vast source of energy. The production of natural gas from hydrates economically poses a big challenge to today's scientific world. Two sites for greatest potential for gas production from gas hydrates as identified …
Extent Of Hydraulic Fractures In A Multilayered Geologic Media, Carter L. Hulcher
Extent Of Hydraulic Fractures In A Multilayered Geologic Media, Carter L. Hulcher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this report, the vertical extent of hydraulic fractures in a layered geological formation was investigated. In reality, the geology of the earth is heterogeneous, and therefore fracture growth will be significantly different. Fracture growth was simulated by using numerical models with relevant geomechanical, fluid flow and proppant transport properties. Results show the horizontal stress gradient plays an important role in fracture propagation. Lower horizontal stress contrasts between layers allow for greater fracture propagation in the vertical direction. Higher fluid viscosities tend to increase the fracture height and width, while decreasing the fracture length. Several other geomechanical properties such as …
Influence Of Geochemical Processes On The Geomechanical Response Of The Overburden Due To Co2 Storage In Saline Aquifers, Sai Bharath Kumar Varre
Influence Of Geochemical Processes On The Geomechanical Response Of The Overburden Due To Co2 Storage In Saline Aquifers, Sai Bharath Kumar Varre
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Saline aquifers have been identified as desirable geologic formations, suitable for the storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in large amounts. While the impermeable caprock layer(s) in the overburden provide(s) the primary trap for injected carbon dioxide, other trapping mechanisms, such as solubility, residual, ionic or mineral trapping, help contribute to CO2 storage. Geochemical reactions alter the petrophysical properties such as porosity in the target reservoir, and may have an influence on the reservoir storage capacity. When CO2 is injected for long periods of time, it changes the fluid pressures and the overburden geomechanical response. The geomechanical response associated with time-dependent …
Effects Of Novel Feed Ingredients And Additives On Feed Quality And Broiler Performance, Ashley Marie Evans
Effects Of Novel Feed Ingredients And Additives On Feed Quality And Broiler Performance, Ashley Marie Evans
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In the poultry industry, feed and feed manufacture account for 60 to 70% of production costs. Because of this, integrators are continually seeking ways to decrease costs while maintaining pellet quality and bird performance. The research presented in this dissertation offer several novel feed ingredients that have the potential to replace costly feed ingredients, increase pellet quality, improve bird growth and performance, and improve nutrient digestibility. In Chapter 2, four experimental phytase enzymes (A -- D) were examined for thermostability during pelleting, as well as efficacy in vivo. Phytase activity post-pelleting demonstrated high variability between phytases, ranging from 120 to …
Aquaponic Production Of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Using Effluent From A Cold Water Flow-Through Aquaculture System, Gaylynn Elise Johnson
Aquaponic Production Of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Using Effluent From A Cold Water Flow-Through Aquaculture System, Gaylynn Elise Johnson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture (the rearing of fish) and hydroponics (the conventional method of soilless farming). Effluent produced from the production of fish can be utilized as a source of nutrients by plants for growth in a hydroponic subsystem. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an economically important vegetable crop that can be grown aquaponically. However, the suitability of lettuce for production in cold water flow-through systems (FTSs) is poorly described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth, market rating, and nutrient uptake of lettuce grown in a cold water FTS. Three objectives were established to examine …
Slope Stability And Alternative Design Methodology For Highway Rock Cut Slopes In West Virginia, Michael A. Kulbacki
Slope Stability And Alternative Design Methodology For Highway Rock Cut Slopes In West Virginia, Michael A. Kulbacki
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This report presents the findings of numerical modeling analyses on rock cut slopes sites in Hardy County (U.S. Route 48) and Raleigh County (U.S. Route 121), West Virginia, and investigates the feasibility of design alternation in lieu of current cut slope practices performed by West Virginia Department of Highways. The scope of this research was to provide a new design process (i.e. flow charts and design charts) for rock cut slope design with respect to geotechnical bench reduction with the aid of numerical modeling.;The numerical modeling involved evaluations of current cut slopes and the investigation of design alternatives in various …