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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Modeling And Analysis Of Multiple Engine Aircraft Configurations For Fault Tolerant Control, Frederick M. Beamer Dec 2011

Modeling And Analysis Of Multiple Engine Aircraft Configurations For Fault Tolerant Control, Frederick M. Beamer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A formal framework is presented that allows for the analysis of the potential for using engine thrust control for aircraft actuator failure accommodation. Three sets of parameters have been identified as critical: number of engines and their position, engine thrust and throttle dynamics, and type and severity of the actuator failure. A mathematical model was developed that allows for the determination of the values of some of the parameters when the others are imposed such as determining the thrust control authority when the engine locations and Euler angles are known. Additionally, the engine locations can be determined when the thrust …


A Statistical Approach For Shadow Detection Using Spatio-Temporal Contexts, Yiyang Liu Dec 2011

A Statistical Approach For Shadow Detection Using Spatio-Temporal Contexts, Yiyang Liu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background subtraction is an important step used to segment moving regions in surveillance videos. However, cast shadows are often falsely labeled as foreground objects, which may severely degrade the accuracy of object localization and detection. Effective shadow detection is necessary for accurate foreground segmentation, especially for outdoor scenes. Based on the characteristics of shadows, such as luminance reduction, chromaticity consistency and texture consistency, we introduce a nonparametric framework for modeling surface behavior under cast shadows. To each pixel, we assign a potential shadow value with a confidence weight, indicating the probability that the pixel location is an actual shadow point. …


The Relationship Of Teachers' Perceptions Of High School Principal's Monitoring Student Progress And Student Achievement In Southeastern Ohio, T. C. Chappelear Dec 2011

The Relationship Of Teachers' Perceptions Of High School Principal's Monitoring Student Progress And Student Achievement In Southeastern Ohio, T. C. Chappelear

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Principals in school buildings across this nation and perhaps throughout the world are under immense pressure to improve outcomes for all students. Recent literature suggests this accountability may be warranted, at least in part, as there is overwhelming evidence that building principals can positively impact student achievement through their behavior as effective instructional leaders. Much of the evidence for this emanates from the elementary school level. The problem is that little research exists at the high school level to examine the relationship between building principals monitoring student progress and student achievement.;This baseline study examined the relationship between teachers' perceptions of …


The Impact Of A Modified Cooperative Learning Technique On The Grade Frequencies Observed In A Preparatory Chemistry Course, Bridget J. Hayes Russell Dec 2011

The Impact Of A Modified Cooperative Learning Technique On The Grade Frequencies Observed In A Preparatory Chemistry Course, Bridget J. Hayes Russell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation explored the impact of a modified cooperative learning technique on the final grade frequencies observed in a large preparatory chemistry course designed for pre-science majors. Although the use of cooperative learning at all educational levels is well researched and validated in the literature, traditional lectures still dominate as the primary methodology of teaching. This study modified cooperative learning techniques by addressing commonly cited reasons for not using the methodology. Preparatory chemistry students were asked to meet in cooperative groups outside of class time to complete homework assignments. A chi-square goodness-of-fit revealed that the final grade frequency distributions observed …


Modeling Studies To Evaluate Performance Of The Horizontal Wells Completed In Shale, Abbas Belyadi Dec 2011

Modeling Studies To Evaluate Performance Of The Horizontal Wells Completed In Shale, Abbas Belyadi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The results of the modeling studies to determine the production performance of multiple fractured horizontal wells completed in shale formation has been summarized in this dissertation. A commercial reservoir simulator was utilized to model both single and dual porosity reservoir (with and without adsorption) with multiple layers. The impact of reservoir characteristics including natural fractures and hydraulic fractures properties on the production performance were investigated. In addition, the results were utilized to investigate the flow regimes for horizontal wells with one or multiple hydraulic fractures.;Flow regime identification in low permeability reservoirs is extremely critical to evaluate performance of the horizontal …


Utilization Of Igs Information For Improved Real-Time Gps Positioning, Francis James Barchesky Dec 2011

Utilization Of Igs Information For Improved Real-Time Gps Positioning, Francis James Barchesky

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The estimation of a precise user's position is a difficult and complex problem. In addition, the use of geodetic grade position instruments is often not possible for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV) systems. However, the availability of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and International GNSS Service (IGS) predicted product data allows an attempt to increase the precision of a navigation algorithm, which is the aim in this thesis.;The utilization of this information within an algorithm work environment is a complex problem, requiring the development of multiple tools in order to use and access the IGS raw and product data. …


The Arts-Integrated Curriculum (Aic) And Its Possible Impact On The Self-Concepts Of Adolescent Girls And Their Perceptions Of Beauty: A Phenomenological Study, Miriam Roth Douglas Dec 2011

The Arts-Integrated Curriculum (Aic) And Its Possible Impact On The Self-Concepts Of Adolescent Girls And Their Perceptions Of Beauty: A Phenomenological Study, Miriam Roth Douglas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examines what phenomena may be associated with the self-concept and perceptions of beauty of adolescent girls who completed an Arts-Integrated Curriculum (AIC) in Elementary School. It is designed to add to the descriptive data on the perceptions of beauty that students, teachers, and parents have, especially with regard to girls' concept of self in relation to the AIC learning experiences. This work is driven by a qualitative research method known as phenomenology, which describes the lived experiences of a phenomenon for a group of people (Patton, 2005). The main research data were collected from interviews with ten participants: …


Modeling Of Utility Distribution Feeder In Opendss With Steady State Impact Analysis Of Distributed Generation, Vaidyanath Ramachandran Dec 2011

Modeling Of Utility Distribution Feeder In Opendss With Steady State Impact Analysis Of Distributed Generation, Vaidyanath Ramachandran

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the deregulation of the electric power industry and the advancement of new technologies, the attention of the utilities has been drawn towards adopting Distributed Generation (DG) into their existing infrastructure. The deployment of DG brings ample technological and environmental benefits to the traditional distribution networks. The appropriate sizing and placement of DGs which generate power locally to fulfill consumer demands, helps to reduce power losses and avoid transmission and distribution system expansion.;The primary objective of this thesis is to model a utility distribution feeder in OpenDSS. Studies are conducted on the data obtained from American Electric Power utility. This …


Hardware Prototype For A Multi Agent Grid Management System, Jerry Lee Thompson Dec 2011

Hardware Prototype For A Multi Agent Grid Management System, Jerry Lee Thompson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There is great effort in the power industry to incorporate Smart Grid functionalities to existing power systems. Distributed generation and the hardware necessary to interface the existing grid, as well as control algorithms to efficiently couple and operate these systems are being researched and implemented extensively. However, the added complexity of such components results in greater opportunities for failure in a system which is already challenging to protect.;There is great effort in the power industry to incorporate Smart Grid functionalities to existing power systems. Distributed generation and the hardware necessary to interface the existing grid, as well as control algorithms …


West Virginia 4-H Camp Songs And Music Traditions, Jason A. Burnside Dec 2011

West Virginia 4-H Camp Songs And Music Traditions, Jason A. Burnside

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of music in 4-H traditions from the beginning of the organization to the present. In addition to the overall 4-H traditions, the research focused on traditions in the 4-H camping program. The research examined songs, song quality, and the role they played in the 4-H tradition and/or the 4-H camp experience. Differences and similarities of 4-H music from the beginning of the 4-H program in West Virginia to the present day were explored. The study also examined the origins of the songs used in the West Virginia 4-H program discerning …


Spatial Features Of Okun's Law Using U.S. Data, Casto Martin Montero Kuscevic Aug 2011

Spatial Features Of Okun's Law Using U.S. Data, Casto Martin Montero Kuscevic

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation addresses issues related to the regional labor market interactions within the United States using the Okun's Law as theoretical framework. In chapter one I estimate the state-level Okun's law after accounting for national changes and spatial spillovers. The estimates show that state-specific growth has a small effect on state unemployment rate changes. State growth experiences that are part of national or regional growths have a substantially bigger effect on state unemployment rates. I compare my results with international data which show a much larger association after accounting for time effects and spatial spillovers; implying that uncoordinated state-level demand …


Immobilized Cytochrome P450 2c9 (Cyp2c9): Applications For Metabolite Generation, Monitoring Protein-Protein Interactions, And Improving In-Vivo Predictions Using Enhanced In-Vitro Models, Lance A. Wollenberg Aug 2011

Immobilized Cytochrome P450 2c9 (Cyp2c9): Applications For Metabolite Generation, Monitoring Protein-Protein Interactions, And Improving In-Vivo Predictions Using Enhanced In-Vitro Models, Lance A. Wollenberg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are a family of oxoferroreductase enzymes containing a heme moiety and are well known to be involved in the metabolism of a wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic materials. It is estimated that roughly 75% of all pharmaceutical compounds are metabolized by these enzymes. Traditional reconstituted in-vitro incubation studies using recombinant P450 enzymes are often used to predict in-vivo kinetic parameters of a drug early in development. However, in many cases, these reconstituted incubations are prone to aggregation which has been shown to affect the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Moreover, the presence of other isoforms …


Pedagogical Practices: Nurturing And Maintaining Democratic Habits, Lucretia Marie Hubler-Larimore Aug 2011

Pedagogical Practices: Nurturing And Maintaining Democratic Habits, Lucretia Marie Hubler-Larimore

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This case study examined the pedagogical practices of four teachers of one public elementary school whose mission seeks to nurture and maintain democratic habits for participation in a democratic society. Historically, public schools have been charged with the duty of preparing young minds to live within in a democratic society and as such this argument has been cited as one of the fundamental reasons for providing public financial support of schools. The exploration of how pedagogical choices and curriculum development were used to create opportunities for experiencing democracy was considered within the specific social contexts of the school. Contexts considered …


An Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of A Nurse-Run Clinic For Women At Increased Risk For Breast Cancer On Anxiety, Depression, And Cancer Worry, Lisa Muto Aug 2011

An Evaluation Of The Effectiveness Of A Nurse-Run Clinic For Women At Increased Risk For Breast Cancer On Anxiety, Depression, And Cancer Worry, Lisa Muto

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Many women have risk factors that can increase their risk for developing breast cancer. These women may benefit from recommendations based on their personal and family history. Women at increased risk may experience higher levels of anxiety, depression, or cancer worry than women who are at average or only slightly increased risk. By providing these women with an accurate risk assessment, these factors may be decreased. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of a nurse-run clinic for women at increased risk for breast cancer on anxiety, depression, and cancer worry.;A pre-test/post-test longitudinal design was used with …


Feature Selection Methods For Boosted Crosspectral Face Recognition, Sirisha Boothapati Aug 2011

Feature Selection Methods For Boosted Crosspectral Face Recognition, Sirisha Boothapati

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As a successful technology in commercial as well as surveillance applications, face recognition has attracted significant attention. Wide range of applications using this technology has been a constant motivation for research developments over the past decade. Major issues with color images are illumination variation and pose change in which illumination variation has been overcome by involving Short and Long Wave Infrared imagery. However, properties of color images and Short and Long Wave Infrared images are different. Their crossmatching presents a great challenge.;In this thesis, we propose a methodology that will be able to crossmatch color face images and Short Wave …


Entertaining A False Reality: A Social Comparison Examination Of Beauty Pageant Participation And The Effect On Body Dissatisfaction, Depression, And Self-Esteem, Angela Everhart Aug 2011

Entertaining A False Reality: A Social Comparison Examination Of Beauty Pageant Participation And The Effect On Body Dissatisfaction, Depression, And Self-Esteem, Angela Everhart

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study investigated the effects of beauty pageant participation on body dissatisfaction, depression, and self-esteem among women. A group of 20 women who participated in reality show beauty pageants as adults was compared with another group of 20 women who had never participated in beauty pageants. Pageant participants scored higher on body dissatisfaction as well as self-esteem. Neither group had mean depression scores in the clinically significant range. These findings suggest that beauty pageant participation among young adult women may influence their body dissatisfaction and self-esteem but may not have a significant effect on depression.


Models For Reducing Deadheading Through Carrier And Shipper Collaboration, Erin D. Bailey Aug 2011

Models For Reducing Deadheading Through Carrier And Shipper Collaboration, Erin D. Bailey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The competitive nature in the trucking industry has forced trucking firms to develop innovative solutions to improve their operational efficiency and decrease marginal costs. There is also a great need to reduce deadheading miles of heavy trucks to help reduce the amount of air pollutants they emit. One way carriers and shippers are attempting to accomplish these goals is through various collaborative operational strategies. This work focuses on developing multiple collaboration frameworks and formulating optimization models for each framework that demonstrates the operations and reveals the potential cost savings of each framework.;The first collaboration framework focuses on how a medium …


Numerical Simulation Of A Load-Based Microindentation Technique For Nde On Thermal Barrier Coating Systems, Kwangsoon Lee Aug 2011

Numerical Simulation Of A Load-Based Microindentation Technique For Nde On Thermal Barrier Coating Systems, Kwangsoon Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The durability and life-cycle of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) applied to gas turbine blades and combustor components limits the maximum temperature and subsequent efficiency at which gas turbine engines operate. The development of new materials, coating technologies and evaluation techniques is required if enhanced efficiency is to be achieved. Of the current ceramic materials used in turbines, Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is widely used for TBCs are most prevalent, due to its low thermal conductivity, high thermal expansion coefficient and superior mechanical strength. However, thermally grown oxide (TGO) and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch are the major causes of large residual …


Experimental Characterization Of Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Power System And Determination Of Optimal Trajectories Of Operation Using A Model Predictive Controller, Bernardo Restrepo Aug 2011

Experimental Characterization Of Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Power System And Determination Of Optimal Trajectories Of Operation Using A Model Predictive Controller, Bernardo Restrepo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Hybrid Performance (HyPer) hardware simulation facility installed in the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), U.S. Department of Energy is a hardware in the loop technology that couples a real recuperated gas turbine cycle with a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Model. The system is composed of a gas turbine, two high-efficiency recuperators, three different bypasses, and several associated pressure vessels and pipes that represent the volumes and flow impedance of the fuel cell. The real-time fuel cell model is used to control a gas burner which replicates the thermal output of a SOFC. Control of thermal energy in and out …


Effects Of Resveratrol Supplementation On Glycemic Response And Oxidant Status In Moderately Exercised Mature Quarter Horse Geldings, Jennie L. Zambito Aug 2011

Effects Of Resveratrol Supplementation On Glycemic Response And Oxidant Status In Moderately Exercised Mature Quarter Horse Geldings, Jennie L. Zambito

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Resveratrol, a naturally occurring phytocompound is known to exert numerous health benefits including improved insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, along with decreased tissue damage due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This compound is incorporated in a multitude of supplements targeted to performance horses, yet no research in an athletic equine model has been completed to date. Therefore, this study was performed to test the hypothesis that resveratrol supplementation would improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, while reducing oxidant damage in an exercising model. Six, healthy, fit aged (10.5+/-1.5yr, ~500kg) Quarter Horse geldings were assigned to three treatment groups in a …


Study On Surface Tension And Evaporation Rate Of Human Saliva, Saline, And Water Droplets, Tian Zhang Aug 2011

Study On Surface Tension And Evaporation Rate Of Human Saliva, Saline, And Water Droplets, Tian Zhang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cough, sometimes shedding plenty of germs and virus, is the human body's way of cleaning the breathing passages. The virus and germs spread rapidly through ambient air among humans and may cause infection. To reduce ultimately the infections caused by the germs and virus contained in human saliva droplets, it is necessary to understand the vaporization process of human saliva and its role on virus transmission. Virus-laden droplets, shed by an infected person through coughing and sneezing, evaporate until becoming droplet nuclei which will remain airborne for a long time and can infect other people. In other words, evaporation rate …


Nanocapillary Membrane Devices: A Study In Electrokinetic Transport Phenomena, Jarrod Schiffbauer Aug 2011

Nanocapillary Membrane Devices: A Study In Electrokinetic Transport Phenomena, Jarrod Schiffbauer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There is considerable interest in developing micro-total analysis systems, also known as lab-on-a-chip devices, for applications in chemical and biological analysis. These devices often employ electrokinetic transport phenomena to move, mix, concentrate and separate dissolved species. The details of these phenomena in micro- and nanometer scale geometries are not fully understood; consequently, the basic principles of device operation are often unclear. For example, nanocapillary membranes (NCM) and other nanometer-sized passages can exhibit charge-selectivity and rectification effects similar to those observed in biological membranes. This dissertation addresses several issues related to ion transport in these membranes. Leading-order 1D steady-state models for …


Mathematical Modeling And Analysis Of Epidemiological And Chemical Systems, Calistus N. Ngonghala Aug 2011

Mathematical Modeling And Analysis Of Epidemiological And Chemical Systems, Calistus N. Ngonghala

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation focuses on three interdisciplinary areas of applied mathematics, mathematical biology/epidemiology, economic epidemiology and mathematical physics, interconnected by the concepts and applications of dynamical systems.;In mathematical biology/epidemiology, a new deterministic SIS modeling framework for the dynamics of malaria transmission in which the malaria vector population is accounted for at each of its developmental stages is proposed. Rigorous qualitative and quantitative techniques are applied to acquire insights into the dynamics of the model and to identify and study two epidemiological threshold parameters reals* and R0 that characterize disease transmission and prevalence, and that can be used for disease control. It …


Imperial Intentions And Independent Interests: The Ohio Company Of Virginia And Its Agents, Thomas Cresap And Christopher Gist, 1748--1752, Emily S. Hager Aug 2011

Imperial Intentions And Independent Interests: The Ohio Company Of Virginia And Its Agents, Thomas Cresap And Christopher Gist, 1748--1752, Emily S. Hager

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Thomas Cresap and Christopher Gist, two common men from Maryland, began working for the Ohio Company of Virginia in 1748, in an attempt to expand the British Empire's claim in the Ohio River Valley by enlarging the colony of Virginia. This thesis analyses these two agents of empire and their trade and diplomacy with the Indians of the Ohio Valley, as well as their mapping and surveying. This thesis argues that these two "on the ground" agents were building the British Empire, through their work for the Ohio Company of Virginia. However, this was not their only imperial tie, there …


A Study Of Additives For Aquagel/Bentonite Based Drilling Fluids In Relation To Filtration And Rheological Properties, Smectite Inhibition And Their Application To Marcellus Shale, Ike Eleanya O. Onuoha May 2011

A Study Of Additives For Aquagel/Bentonite Based Drilling Fluids In Relation To Filtration And Rheological Properties, Smectite Inhibition And Their Application To Marcellus Shale, Ike Eleanya O. Onuoha

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Since the dawn of rotary drilling, engineers and scholars have persevered, through study and research, to formulate an optimum inhibitive drilling fluid for the shale formations. Although fluids with acceptable performance in shale have been formulated, one only needs to examine the word "acceptable" in the context above to realize that the industry has ongoing activities to formulate an optimum inhibitive fluid for the Marcellus Shale. In accordance, this research seeks to fabricate a means of reducing formation damage (permeability reduction), stuck pipe incidences, heaving, sloughing and caving which are all due to the swelling of Smectite clay and shale. …


Analysis Of Systematic Risk: Decomposition And Portfolio Efficiency, Rudolf F. Klein May 2011

Analysis Of Systematic Risk: Decomposition And Portfolio Efficiency, Rudolf F. Klein

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation comprises three essays that tackle various aspects of linear asset pricing models. The first essay, recognizing the dependence problem between factors, in the context of linear multi-factor models, proposes an optimal procedure to find orthogonalized risk premia, which also facilitates the decomposition of the coefficient of determination. Importantly, the new risk premia may diverge significantly from the original ones. The decomposition of risk allows one to explicitly examine the impact of individual factors on the return variation of risky assets, which provides discriminative power for factor selection. The procedure is experimentally robust even for small samples. Empirically we …


Administrative Obstacles To Technology Use In West Virginia Public Schools: A Survey Of West Virginia Principals, David W. Agnew May 2011

Administrative Obstacles To Technology Use In West Virginia Public Schools: A Survey Of West Virginia Principals, David W. Agnew

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Public school principals must meet many challenges and make decisions concerning financial obligations while providing the best learning environment for students. A major challenge to principals is implementing technological components successfully while providing teachers the 21st century instructional skills needed to enhance students' utilization of technology. For this study, technology consisted of areas related to infrastructure (facilities, hardware, software, funding), social issues (staffing, staff development, principals' motivation, teacher and student perceptions), and policy affecting how principals implement technology in elementary, middle, and high school environments. These areas of technology are greatly impacted through the administrative decision making process. School systems …


Career And Technical Education At A Crossroads: A Delphi Study, Michael W. Cutright May 2011

Career And Technical Education At A Crossroads: A Delphi Study, Michael W. Cutright

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Career and technical education in the United States has reached a critical juncture. A three round Delphi method was used to determine a consensus on the future events of career and technical education to better inform educational decision makers. Forty-one individual experts in the field were invited to serve as panelists for the Delphi study and 19 agreed to participate. The first round asked the panel to respond to a general statement about their views of the future of career and technical education. In Round Two, the panel of experts provided feedback by rating each event regarding the time frame …


Wrestling For Our Humanity: An Examination Of College Degree Choice Processes Used By Freshmen And Sophomores At West Virginia University, Cyprien N. N. Lokko May 2011

Wrestling For Our Humanity: An Examination Of College Degree Choice Processes Used By Freshmen And Sophomores At West Virginia University, Cyprien N. N. Lokko

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research examined the extent to which future job prospects, peer and parental influence and or intrinsic interest impacted the college major selection processes utilized by freshmen and sophomores. Using a mixed method approach, the researcher interviewed six college recruitment officers, administered surveys to 466 freshmen and sophomores and also conducted a document analysis of college brochures and view books all in a bid to ascertain what combination of factors define the major selection process. Data analysis revealed that economic propensity which translates into projections about future job placement, job advancement and or job security somewhat played a role in …


Toward A Definition Of High Expectations: Interpretive Case Studies Of Selected Secondary Schools In West Virginia, David S. Tupper May 2011

Toward A Definition Of High Expectations: Interpretive Case Studies Of Selected Secondary Schools In West Virginia, David S. Tupper

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the curricular, instructional and administrative practices that teachers and principals used in establishing high expectations from interpretive case studies of selected West Virginia secondary schools. A qualitative research design was used to focus on the specific practices that teachers and principals used at the three sites. The three sites were chosen using purposeful sampling with a unique attribute. The unique attribute was that each school had to have met adequate yearly progress (AYP) for four consecutive years. Data collection included interviews where a semi-structured interview format was used. Included in the data …