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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Moment-Type Nonparametric Estimation In Some Direct And Indirect Models, Fairouz M.Ali Elmagbri Jan 2016

Moment-Type Nonparametric Estimation In Some Direct And Indirect Models, Fairouz M.Ali Elmagbri

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this research, several approximation of the probability density function, cumulative distribution function in some direct and indirect models are proposed. They are based on the knowledge of the moments and the scaled Laplace transform of the target functions. The upper bounds for the uniform rate of approximations as well as the mean squared errors are established. Two cases when the support of underlying function is bounded and unbounded from above are studied. Proposed constructions provide new non-parametric estimates of the distribution and the density functions in right censored, current status, mean residual life time and length biased models. Simulation …

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Applications Of The Scaled Laplace Transform In Some Financial And Risk Models, Adetokunbo Ibukun Fadahunsi Jan 2016

Applications Of The Scaled Laplace Transform In Some Financial And Risk Models, Adetokunbo Ibukun Fadahunsi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this work, we propose several approximations for the evaluation of some risk measures and option prices based on the inversion of the scaled version of the Laplace transform which was suggested by Mnatsakanov and Sarkisian (2013). The classical risk model is considered for the evaluation of probability of ultimate ruin. Approximations of the inverse function of the ruin probability is proposed and its natural extension to the computation of Value at Risk, a benchmark risk measure for insurance and finance sectors, is proposed. The recovery of the distributions of bivariate models and bivariate aggregate claims amount on insurance policies …

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Grainyhead-Like 2 Reverses The Metabolic Changes Induced By The Oncogenic Epithelialmesenchymal Transition: Effects On Anoikis, Joshua C. Farris Jan 2016

Grainyhead-Like 2 Reverses The Metabolic Changes Induced By The Oncogenic Epithelialmesenchymal Transition: Effects On Anoikis, Joshua C. Farris

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

When deprived of connections to their extracellular matrix, normal epithelial cells trigger a process of programmed cell death referred to as anoikis. The transcriptional reprogramming event known as Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers anoikis resistance and ultimately, increased metastatic potential. Distant metastatic disease contributes to the majority of deaths occurring in many cancer types, especially those originating in breast tissue. The ability to metastasize depends critically upon a cancer cell's ability to evade anoikis. Heterogeneity of tumors containing anoikis, therapy resistant populations likely explains the tendency of disease to reappear in distant locations after a period of apparent remission. The wound …

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Recovery Of The Regression Functions And Distributions In Some Incomplete Models, Broti Garai Jan 2016

Recovery Of The Regression Functions And Distributions In Some Incomplete Models, Broti Garai

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In this research, we propose formulas for recovering the regression function based on the product moments as well as recovering the distributions and derivative function in some indirect models. The upper bounds for the uniform rate of approximations are also derived. For regression functions two cases where the support of underlying functions is bounded and unbounded from above are studied. Based on the proposed approximations, new types of nonparametric estimates of the cumulative distribution, the density functions and the derivative functions in multiplicative-censoring model, as well as the approximations of conditional variance, are constructed. The suggested approach is also applied …

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A Geometric Hashing Technique For Star Pattern Recognition, Joshua Gerhard Jan 2016

A Geometric Hashing Technique For Star Pattern Recognition, Joshua Gerhard

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

With the present interest in deep space missions by NASA and other space agencies, various techniques are continuously being developed and tested for accurate spacecraft attitude determination. One particularly important problem is the situation where the spacecraft has no a priori attitude information --- the so called "lost-in-space'' problem. This thesis presents a novel method for recognizing star patterns in an image with no a priori attitude information, with applications to spacecraft star trackers and other similar attitude sensors. Specifically, a geometric hashing approach is proposed that describes star patterns by the four interior star angles that form the perimeter …

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Concept And Operation Of Robotic Nondestructive Testing Systems For Space Exploration Objectives, Drew M. Goodman Jan 2016

Concept And Operation Of Robotic Nondestructive Testing Systems For Space Exploration Objectives, Drew M. Goodman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Interaction with asteroid bodies is an important component of the upcoming NASA Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) and further space exploration. To provide in-situ material identification for exploration objectives, two robotic nondestructive testing (NDT) systems titled the Impact Sensor (IS) and Robotic UPV were proposed. The IS device is based on the impact hammer NDT approach. While an impact hammer relies solely on a rebound value, analysis was conducted to determine if impact force-time histories could provide similar information. The IS prototypes consisted of impact mechanisms, as well as; a force torque sensor (FTS) and 7 degree of freedom (7-DOF) robotic …

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Development Of A Cobinamide-Based Optical Sensor For Hydrogen Cyanide And Hydrogen Sulfide, Lee Ann Greenawald Jan 2016

Development Of A Cobinamide-Based Optical Sensor For Hydrogen Cyanide And Hydrogen Sulfide, Lee Ann Greenawald

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In an occupational or military environment, a personal air-purifying respirator must be provided when breathing-air is contaminated by harmful dust, fumes, gases, aerosols, or vapors. Too often, a respirator user does not have enough information to know when to change his/her cartridge/canister and thus is potentially exposed to toxic gases. Currently, there is no definitive way to determine when respirators' carbon beds have begun to fail. When an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) is incorporated into the carbon bed, it informs one, in real-time, when imminent breakthrough is occurring and to replace the cartridge/canister. ESLIs are a more reliable and safer way …

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Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Of La2-Xsrxnio 4+Delta Electrodes For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Bo Guan Jan 2016

Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Of La2-Xsrxnio 4+Delta Electrodes For Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Bo Guan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the development of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC), mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIEC) have drawn big interests due to their both ionic and electronic species transport which can enlarge the 3-dimension of the cathode network. This thesis presents an investigation of MIEC of Ruddlesden-popper (RP) phases like K2NiF4 type La2NiO4+delta (LNO)-based oxides which have interesting transport, catalytic properties and suitable thermal expansion coefficients. The motivation of this present work is to further understand the fundamental of the effect of Sr doing on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics of LNO cathode.;Porous symmetrical cells of La2-xSrxNiO4+delta (0≤x≤0.4) were fabricated …

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Multi-Scale Simulation Of Carbon Capture Processes Based On Mesoporous Silica-Supported, Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Sorbents, Kuijun Li Jan 2016

Multi-Scale Simulation Of Carbon Capture Processes Based On Mesoporous Silica-Supported, Polyethyleneimine-Impregnated Sorbents, Kuijun Li

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The mechanism of CO2 uptake in silica-supported, polyethylenimine (PEI)-impregnated sorbents under dry and humid conditions has been investigated in a new chemical model based on quantum chemical calculations and a comparison of reaction-diffusion models with experimental data. First-principles quantum chemical calculations showed that the zwitterion, which is not stable in the gas phase even when considering a polar environment similar to water, can be stabilized by nearby water and amine molecules. Stabilized zwitterions serve as diffusive intermediates to transport adsorbed CO2 into the PEI bulk. Compared to amine-stabilized zwitterions, water-stabilized zwitterions are more numerous and have a lower activation energy …

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Covariance Expressions For Eigenvalue And Eigenvector Problems, Andrew J. Liounis Jan 2016

Covariance Expressions For Eigenvalue And Eigenvector Problems, Andrew J. Liounis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

There are a number of important scientific and engineering problems whose solutions take the form of an eigenvalue--eigenvector problem. Some notable examples include solutions to linear systems of ordinary differential equations, controllability of linear systems, finite element analysis, chemical kinetics, fitting ellipses to noisy data, and optimal estimation of attitude from unit vectors. In many of these problems, having knowledge of the eigenvalue and eigenvector Jacobians is either necessary or is nearly as important as having the solution itself. For instance, Jacobians are necessary to find the uncertainty in a computed eigenvalue or eigenvector estimate. This uncertainty, which is usually …

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Shale Lithofacies Modeling Of The Bakken Formation In The Williston Basin, North Dakota, Shuvajit Bhattacharya Jan 2016

Shale Lithofacies Modeling Of The Bakken Formation In The Williston Basin, North Dakota, Shuvajit Bhattacharya

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Bakken petroleum system (Devonian-Mississippian) in the Williston basin of North Dakota and Montana in the United States, and Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada is one of the largest unconventional oil plays in North America. The Bakken Formation consists of three members: upper, middle, and lower. Both upper and lower members are shale (source rocks), whereas the middle member (reservoir rock) is composed of mixed lithologies, including sandstone, dolostone, and limestone. Underlying the lower Bakken shale member, the Three Forks Formation is another target for hydrocarbon exploration.;Although the middle Bakken member along with the Three Forks Formation have been the …

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Echo Phenomena In Populations Of Chemical Oscillators, Tianran Chen Jan 2016

Echo Phenomena In Populations Of Chemical Oscillators, Tianran Chen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The emergence of collective behavior has been observed in all levels of biological systems, for example, the aggregation of slime mold, swarm motion of insects and the collective motion in schools of sh. Synchronization is one of the most important collective behaviors and can play a pivotal role in maintaining the normal function of a living system, such as pacemaker cells in the heart, circadian rhythms, and insulin release from pancreatic cells. Synchronization typically arises as a result of the interaction of large ensembles of oscillators. Studies of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) chemical oscillators have shown a variety of collective dynamical …

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Differences In School Climate Means: Exploring Contextual Factors Among A Sample Of Appalachian Youth, Shay M. Daily Jan 2016

Differences In School Climate Means: Exploring Contextual Factors Among A Sample Of Appalachian Youth, Shay M. Daily

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) provides a means for states to streamline current assessment systems and integrate multidimensional measures. The use of comprehensive measures (i.e. school climate) is important in understanding non-academic factors that influence the quality of a school. There are limited studies which describe how contextual factors influence the learning and behavior of students within demographically homogenous populations, especially from rural settings. Rural populations are characterized to have higher prevalence of multiple social, behavioral, and contextual characteristics that negatively affect their perception of school when compared to their urban counterparts.;The purpose of this study was to examine …

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Synergistic Modeling Of In-Vitro And In-Vivo Data Via Stochastic Kriging With Qualitative Factors (Skq), Behnam Dehghan Jan 2016

Synergistic Modeling Of In-Vitro And In-Vivo Data Via Stochastic Kriging With Qualitative Factors (Skq), Behnam Dehghan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The objective of this study is to model in-vivo propranolol plasma concentration after administrating oral propranolol extended-release (ER) tablets. In-vivo data are typically expensive and scarce. To save time and cost needed to achieve high-quality in- vivo profile, this work utilizes both in-vitro and in-vivo data.;The ensemble of in-vitro and in-vivo data is modeled by stochastic kriging with qualitative factors (SKQ). It treats in-vivo and in-vitro as the two distinct levels of a qualitative factor. By synergistically modeling both types of data, SKQ is able to provide fitted in-vivo profiles whose quality is much higher than those obtained from modeling …

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Spatial Redistribution Of Organic Phosphorus In Hay And Grass Pastures Of Eastern West Virginia Following Longterm Animal Manure Applications, Michael B. Harman Jan 2016

Spatial Redistribution Of Organic Phosphorus In Hay And Grass Pastures Of Eastern West Virginia Following Longterm Animal Manure Applications, Michael B. Harman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study was conceived to investigate the fate of organic P (Po) in typical hay and grass pasture of eastern West Virginia. It is not uncommon in this region of West Virginia for hay and grass pastures to receive annual applications of animal manure, often on a nitrogen basis. As P management has evolved, many farms in the region have begun to use management tools such as a P index to continue use of animal manure as N fertilizer. However, many hay and grass pastures in the region already have a high degree of P saturation. There are reasonable expectations …

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Investigating Continuously Updated History Matching Using Smart Proxy (Surrogate Reservoir Model), Qin He Jan 2016

Investigating Continuously Updated History Matching Using Smart Proxy (Surrogate Reservoir Model), Qin He

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In oil and gas industry, quick decisions on reservoir management have a huge impact on business success. Typically, reservoir simulation is used to predict field performance and analyze uncertainties for assistance on decision making, while history matching is a key step of reservoir simulation, which is a process of model adjustment and simulation runs with different reservoir parameter settings until the difference between simulated data and historical data reaches minima. An efficient reservoir simulation model must be the one that can predict reservoir performance and update history matching results continuously by modifying reservoir model as long as new data becomes …

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Journeys Toward Reflective Practice: How Engaging In National Board Certification Influences Teacher Identities And Practices, Marylu Hutchins Jan 2016

Journeys Toward Reflective Practice: How Engaging In National Board Certification Influences Teacher Identities And Practices, Marylu Hutchins

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of accomplished teaching practitioners by tracing the development of the teaching expertise of participants using a narrative inquiry frame. This allowed time and space for participants to engage in making meaning of the memories of lived teaching experiences. This perspective took into account the influence of the cultures and contexts in which the teacher was situated prior to, during, and after engaging in the National Board process. The implications of the study indicated engaging in continuous reflection enabled teachers to mitigate problems by framing and reframing practices. Educators at …

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Conditioning The Estimating Ultimate Recovery Of Shale Wells To Reservoir And Completion Parameters, Maher Jasim Alabboodi Jan 2016

Conditioning The Estimating Ultimate Recovery Of Shale Wells To Reservoir And Completion Parameters, Maher Jasim Alabboodi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the last years, gas production from shale has increased significantly in the United States. Therefore, many studies have been focused on shale formation in different areas such as fracturing, reservoir simulation, forecasting and so on. Forecasting production or estimating ultimate recovery (EUR) is considered to be one of the most important items in the production development planning. The certainty in EUR calculation is questionable because there are different parameters that impact production and consequently the EUR such as rock properties and well completion design.;Different methods to calculate EUR have been used in the industry. Traditionally, the decline curve analysis …

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Determination Of Cost-Effective Range In Surface Finish For Single Pass Turning, Mazin Fahad Alahmadi Jan 2016

Determination Of Cost-Effective Range In Surface Finish For Single Pass Turning, Mazin Fahad Alahmadi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Surface finish is considered a critical characteristic for manufacturing components when manufacturers strive to produce components with high-quality characteristics predefined by design engineers. The objective of this research is to provide a cost-effective range in surface finish for single pass turning that enables the design engineers to explore a wider spectrum of alternative solutions without significantly affecting the functionality of the part. Apart from the one optimal solution, the proposed methodology, which is based on Geometric Programming, would provide a range of cutting conditions solutions that satisfy the economic and functional needs for the designer. This can be achieved by …

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A Study On Dicycles And Eulerian Subdigraphs, Khalid A. Alsatami Jan 2016

A Study On Dicycles And Eulerian Subdigraphs, Khalid A. Alsatami

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

1. Dicycle cover of Hamiltonian oriented graphs. A dicycle cover of a digraph D is a family F of dicycles of D such that each arc of D lies in at least one dicycle in F. We investigate the problem of determining the upper bounds for the minimum number of dicycles which cover all arcs in a strong digraph. Best possible upper bounds of dicycle covers are obtained in a number of classes of digraphs, including strong tournaments, Hamiltonian oriented graphs, Hamiltonian oriented complete bipartite graphs, and families of possibly non-hamiltonian digraphs obtained from these digraphs via a sequence of …

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The Challenges Faced By New Science Teachers In Saudi Arabia, Salman Alsharari Jan 2016

The Challenges Faced By New Science Teachers In Saudi Arabia, Salman Alsharari

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Growing demand for science teachers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, fed by increasing numbers of public school students, is forcing the Saudi government to attract, recruit and retain well-qualified science teachers. Beginning science teachers enter the educational profession with a massive fullfilment and satisfaction in their roles and positions as teachers to educating children in a science classroom. Nevertheless, teachers, over their early years of practice, encounter numerous challenges to provide the most effective science instruction. Therefore, the current study was aimed to identify academic and behavioral classroom challenges faced by science teachers in their first three years of …

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Analysis Of The Potential Of Renewable Energy Development In Saudi Arabia, Fahad Alqahtani Jan 2016

Analysis Of The Potential Of Renewable Energy Development In Saudi Arabia, Fahad Alqahtani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Saudi Arabia is one nation that has been exploring the potential of renewable energy for many years. Saudi authorities, scientists, and researchers view renewable energy as a preferable long-term energy strategy. Despite this, because Saudi Arabia is one of the leading oil producing nations and relies heavily on it as a form of energy, solar energy has not been given much serious consideration. Solar and wind energy are the best sources of renewable energy in Saudi Arabia; however, because of the large amount of oil in the country, most do not want to explore the option of renewable energy. Hence, …

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Developing A Smart Proxy For Fluidized Bed Using Machine Learning, Amir Ansari Jan 2016

Developing A Smart Proxy For Fluidized Bed Using Machine Learning, Amir Ansari

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Using fossil fuel which has been grown dramatically during the recent century, causes an increase in greenhouse gas emission. The global warming issue pushes the engineers toward the cleaner type of energy like Hydrogen. Coal gasification is one of the cheapest methods to obtain Hydrogen. Coal gasification is a special case of more general problem called fluidized bed. In order to design and optimize a gasification process, a deep understanding of multiphase flow in a gasifier is needed. MFiX is a commercial multi-phase flow simulator which has been used to simulate the gas and solid transport and reaction in the …

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Site Characteristics Associated With Conventional And Unconventional Petroleum Development In West Virginia, Frederick Christian Zinkhan Jr. Jan 2016

Site Characteristics Associated With Conventional And Unconventional Petroleum Development In West Virginia, Frederick Christian Zinkhan Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Little research has been done on the characteristics of surface disturbance between conventional (C) and unconventional (UC) wells in West Virginia. To understand the impacts of petroleum development in West Virginia, a total of 296 conventional wells and 206 unconventional wells were digitized for the purposes of this study. Using a combination of spatial and resource-related data, the total land area impacted, forest fragmentation characteristics, and forest resource impacts were investigated between conventional and unconventional wells. A metric was developed to understand natural gas production per land area disturbed for both conventional and unconventional wells. The absolute magnitude of the …

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Designing A Valid And Reliable Instrument To Measure Teachers' Use And Perceptions Of Initiatives That Address The Low Socioeconomic Achievement Gap In West Virginia Title I Schools, Rosemary Beatrice Coyle Anderson Jan 2016

Designing A Valid And Reliable Instrument To Measure Teachers' Use And Perceptions Of Initiatives That Address The Low Socioeconomic Achievement Gap In West Virginia Title I Schools, Rosemary Beatrice Coyle Anderson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Initiatives that research tells us should be increasing achievement for poor children have not succeeded in reducing the achievement gap for the low socioeconomic subset in the United States and in West Virginia schools (Reardon, 2011; WVDE, 2009). This study developed a valid and reliable instrument to examine teachers' perceptions of the use of 16 research based initiatives that have been directed to improving the achievement gap of poor children. The research question was: What are the psychometric properties of a survey instrument that is designed to assess teachers' perceptions of the uses and effectiveness of reform initiatives that have …

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Determining The Angle Of Impact From The Analysis Of Bullets Following Perforation With Glass, Roger L. Jeffreys Ii Jan 2016

Determining The Angle Of Impact From The Analysis Of Bullets Following Perforation With Glass, Roger L. Jeffreys Ii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

When two objects come into contact with one another, there is a potential for the transfer of material between those objects. The goal of this research was to develop statistical models to aid investigators in the reconstruction of a shooting incident. Specifically, the determination of the direction of fire from the angle of impact of the bullet was addressed by assessing the deformation of the bullet and the transfer of glass onto the bullet. Transfer of material to bullets is an underexploited area of trace evidence. Current research has mainly been observational and no attempt has been made to provide …

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Effects Of Executive Functioning On False Memory In Children, Pamela Swift Tessier Jan 2016

Effects Of Executive Functioning On False Memory In Children, Pamela Swift Tessier

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Misremembering is a common phenomenon in normal human development that has great potential to become problematic, especially in legal situations. The Deese/Roediger--McDermott (DRM; Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) model has been commonly used in the literature to uncover mechanisms for why these false memories may occur. Children have only recently begun to be investigated using this paradigm. Some related mechanisms in children for false recollection that have yet to be investigated are child executive functioning and socioeconomic status. In the current study, executive functioning was investigated as a potential mechanism for false recollections using a DRM paradigm. Children completed …

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Effects Of Pristine And Nitrogen-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes On Human Lung Epithelial And Fibroblast Cells, Amy Mihalchik Jan 2016

Effects Of Pristine And Nitrogen-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes On Human Lung Epithelial And Fibroblast Cells, Amy Mihalchik

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) were first described by Iijima in 1991 as "needle-like tubes" made up of concentric sheets of graphene lattice composed of hexagonal carbon units. MWCNT have been reported to be extremely strong, light-weight, and durable, thus making them a highly valued nanomaterial commercially. In order to improve their electrical conductivity and dispersibility for industrial and biomedical uses, materials scientists began functionalizing CNT in the mid-1990s. One type of functionalized MWCNT, nitrogen doped-MWCNT (ND-MWCNT), have nitrogen directly incorporated into the carbon lattice, disrupting sp2 bonding and decreasing the crystallinity of MWCNT. Nitrogen-doping significantly increases the brittleness, chemical reactivity, …

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The Role Of Personality And Gender In Performance In Science And Engineering, Rossina B. Miller Jan 2016

The Role Of Personality And Gender In Performance In Science And Engineering, Rossina B. Miller

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) student success is important to universities across the nation. Existing studies have examined standardized exams and high school GPA as predictors of student success; fewer studies have examined the role of personality. The present study examined whether STEM students have different personalities than the general population, whether population-level gender differences in personality were evident among STEM students, and if personality predicts academic success. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) measuring personality was given to a diverse population of students in introductory physics and calculus classes, as well as developmental mathematics (non-science track) classes, at a …

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Analysis Of Structured And Un-Structured Network Protocols For Data Aggregation Over Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks, Priyashraba Misra Jan 2016

Analysis Of Structured And Un-Structured Network Protocols For Data Aggregation Over Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks, Priyashraba Misra

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The focus of this thesis is on design and evaluation of one-shot data aggregation protocols for static and mobile wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The goal in one-shot data aggregation is to compute a statistical summary of sensor data such as max, average, sum, count and min, when initiated by a special node such as the base station. WSNs have wide range of applications in both static and mobile/dynamic systems. Static sensor networks are especially useful when monitoring is required in harsh, inaccessible environments and when the region to be monitored is really large. Examples of static sensor network applications include …

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