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The Relationship Of Job Congruence, Job Satisfaction, And Social Support On The Mental And Physical Health Of Sport Officials., Paul James Sundell Jan 1999

The Relationship Of Job Congruence, Job Satisfaction, And Social Support On The Mental And Physical Health Of Sport Officials., Paul James Sundell

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to expand the research associated with the effects of stress on sport officials. The study examined the impact that job congruence, job satisfaction, and social support may have on health among sport officials by testing a mediational model of relationships in a system developed through theory and previous research. Data were collected from 125 sport officials sanctioned to officiate in the state of Iowa. They responded to the Vocational Preference Inventory, Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Social Support Questionnaire, Symptom Checklist-90R, and a demographic data sheet. Statistically significant correlations were found between job congruence and positive …


A Study To Identify Operational Computer Lab Models And To Develop An Instrument To Assist In Evaluating Programs That Provide Computer Technology To Accommodate Needs Of Students With Disabilities In Higher Education., Carol H. Kann Jan 1999

A Study To Identify Operational Computer Lab Models And To Develop An Instrument To Assist In Evaluating Programs That Provide Computer Technology To Accommodate Needs Of Students With Disabilities In Higher Education., Carol H. Kann

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The problem of this research is to identify operational computer lab models and to develop an instrument to assist in evaluating programs that provide computer technology to accommodate needs of students with disabilities in higher education. The following research questions were answered: (1) What operational models for adaptive computer labs are currently being used within college and university environments? (2) What criteria are used to evaluate these operational models? (3) Can a self-evaluation instrument be designed to assist institutions of higher education determine the quality of their adaptive computer labs? A modified Delphi technique was used to arrive at consensus …


An Examination Of Child, Family And Professional Factors That Influence The Use Of Assistive Technology In Early Intervention., Erin Denise Hider Jan 1999

An Examination Of Child, Family And Professional Factors That Influence The Use Of Assistive Technology In Early Intervention., Erin Denise Hider

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Technology is becoming more commonplace in our society. It is being used with young children in every setting to improve quality of life and increase educational opportunities. Many parents and service providers have not been adequately trained on how to use assistive technology with young children. Camp Gizmo was set up as a forum for parents, professionals, and college students to learn what assistive technology is available and how to use it to meet the needs of children. The camp gave parents an opportunity to try different technologies with their children. These children, their siblings and the children of camp …


Gerald Finzi's Songs For Baritone On Texts By Thomas Hardy: An Historical And Literary Analysis And Its Effect On Their Interpretation., Curtis Alan Scheib Jan 1999

Gerald Finzi's Songs For Baritone On Texts By Thomas Hardy: An Historical And Literary Analysis And Its Effect On Their Interpretation., Curtis Alan Scheib

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research document examines twenty-six of the forty-nine songs composed by Gerald Finzi (1901–1956) to texts by Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). The songs were written for baritone and are found in the sets; Earth and Air and Rain, Before and After Summer, and I Said to Love. The study views the songs within the context of Finzi's life and compositional style as well as in relation to his affinity with the poetry and outlook of Thomas Hardy. It examines in some detail the lives of both composer and poet, and also looks at song composition in Britain during the first half …


A Comparison Of Cardiovascular Reactivity To Laboratory Stressors And Day-Night Blood Pressure Differences Assessed By 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring., Scott Lee Schauss Jan 1999

A Comparison Of Cardiovascular Reactivity To Laboratory Stressors And Day-Night Blood Pressure Differences Assessed By 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring., Scott Lee Schauss

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to laboratory stressors and sleep-related blood pressure changes were compared in mild hypertensive (n = 23) and normotensive (n = 30) Caucasian men and women ranging from 30 to 67 years old. None of the participants had a history of cardiovascular disease and hypertensive patients were medication free at the time of cardiovascular reactivity assessment and 24-hr ambulatory blood pressure recording. Cardiovascular reactivity to mental arithmetic and a modified Digit Symbol task and sleep-related attenuations in blood pressure and heart rate were compared using standardized residual change scores. In general, correlations between laboratory assessed CVR and sleep-related …


Desire For Thinness And Desire For Health In Eighteen And Nineteen-Year-Old Females, Monica Gene Andis Dec 1998

Desire For Thinness And Desire For Health In Eighteen And Nineteen-Year-Old Females, Monica Gene Andis

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Desire for thinness and desire for health were surveyed among eighteen and nineteen year old female adolescents in north-central West Virginia to determine the incidence of these motivations within this population and their relationship to unnecessary weight loss concerns, and dieting behaviors. Variables derived from body image satisfaction, self-esteem, socioeconomic status, religiosity, and food management behavior were examined for their ability to predict desire for thinness and health in subjects.;Using the statistical process of discriminate analysis, 51.6% of 345 subjects were correctly classified into groups desiring thinness and/or health. Only weight perception accuracy and food management group were found to …


Determination Of Resistance Across Development Section Return Stoppings, James Robert Gandy Dec 1998

Determination Of Resistance Across Development Section Return Stoppings, James Robert Gandy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This thesis describes a ventilation engineering study to determine the resistance across return stoppings on continuous miner development sections. By determining the resistance across return stoppings, one equivalent resistance branch can be created to model leakage across a return stopping line on a development section. This thesis evaluates four types of return stoppings to determine which construction techniques and materials provide the highest resistance, thus allowing minimal leakage from the intake to return entry.;The first phase of the thesis outlines the data gathering process including; station locations, equipment requirements and techniques. Second, the data is used to create a model …


Acquisition Of Observing Responses With Delayed Conditioned Reinforcement, Gregory A. Lieving Dec 1998

Acquisition Of Observing Responses With Delayed Conditioned Reinforcement, Gregory A. Lieving

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Six pigeons were trained to key peck for 3-s access to mixed grain on a multiple variable-interval 60-s extinction schedule. The schedule then was changed to a mixed variable-interval 60-s extinction schedule. Simultaneously, a treadle was introduced into the chamber. For 3 pigeons, the stimulus correlated previously with the variable-interval schedule could be produced by treadle pressing (i.e., an observing response) on a tandem fixed-ratio 1 differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior 10-s schedule. For the other 3 pigeons, no contingency was implemented for treadle pressing. Treadle pressing was established equally in the presence and absence of the observing contingency. The results did not extend …


Fixed -Interval Timeout From Avoidance With Humans, Janet L. Emmendorfer Dec 1998

Fixed -Interval Timeout From Avoidance With Humans, Janet L. Emmendorfer

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

On fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement, humans and other animals often have different response patterns. For example, the pattern typically associated with animals is the scallop: a pause followed by a gradual acceleration in responding. Humans generally show terminal-minimum (i.e., pause until the end of the interval, then make 1 or 2 responses) or constant-rate patterns. There have been numerous investigations of the variables that control such different response patterns. The most common variables in those studies are instructions, verbal ability, response cost, concurrent tasks, and food and points as reinforcers. The purpose of the present experiments was to investigate …


Processing Resources, Cautiousness, Memory Self -Efficacy, And Age Differences In Free Recall, Wei Huang Dec 1998

Processing Resources, Cautiousness, Memory Self -Efficacy, And Age Differences In Free Recall, Wei Huang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Both experimental and individual-differences approaches were used in the present study to investigate the effects of processing resources, cautiousness, and memory self-efficacy on adult age differences in free recall performance. A total of 80 young college students (mean age = 23 years) were used for the experimental manipulations; 40 older adults (mean age = 75 years) served as a comparison group. The experimental manipulations were based on a 2 (sex) by 2 (processing speed) by 2 (cautiousness) by 2 (working memory) mixed design. Cautiousness was manipulated by monetary incentive and punishment. Age-related reduction in working memory capacity was simulated by …


Determination And Analysis Of Natural Gas Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions Based On Continuous Cvs Measurement, Jingang Fu Dec 1998

Determination And Analysis Of Natural Gas Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions Based On Continuous Cvs Measurement, Jingang Fu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Code of Federal Regulations Title 40 (CFR-40) specified a formula for calculating constant Dilution Factor (DF) to account for background pollutants in Constant Volume Sampler (CVS) emissions measurement system. However, it is recognized that the DF is dynamically changing due to the CVS mechanism. Based on the continuous measurement data obtained from natural gas vehicle emissions testing, a new approach was used in this study to calculate instantaneous DF of the CVS system during the test cycle. Using the instantaneous DF improves the accuracy of mass emission measurements, especially when the exhaust pollutant concentrations were approaching that in the ambient …


Identifying The Type And Appropriateness Of The Evaluations Of Selected Agriculturally Related Science And Technology-Based Usaid Projects Conducted Between 1985 And 1995, Allen E. Bayles Dec 1998

Identifying The Type And Appropriateness Of The Evaluations Of Selected Agriculturally Related Science And Technology-Based Usaid Projects Conducted Between 1985 And 1995, Allen E. Bayles

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A review of the literature indicated that baseline data that described how and what were being evaluated at the project level by agencies involved in third world development had not been published. This was a descriptive study using content analysis of the available evaluative reports for the USAID projects involved with the transfer of agriculturally-related technology identified in the National Science Foundation research project, Assessing the Literature on the Benefits of External Science and Technology Aid Assistance to Developing Countries (Pytlik, Vasudevan, Bayles & Spitznogle, 1997).;The research concludes that impact evaluations were not being conducted at the project level. While …


Do Christian Schools Implement Long -Range Plans?, Steven L. Degeorge Dec 1998

Do Christian Schools Implement Long -Range Plans?, Steven L. Degeorge

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine long-range plans of schools accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) to determine whether evidence of implementation is present in administrators' job descriptions and evaluation documents.;Data were gathered through the use of a survey and by the collection and comparison of long-range plans, administrators! job descriptions, and evaluation documents. A second survey of board chairs was taken to determine the acceptance of the rational planning model presented and their attitudes toward implementation.;Thirty-two schools participated in the study, in which major points of the long-range plans were fisted on a chart. …


Language Imperialism Versus Linguistic Rights: The Case Of Native Americans., Jonathan Woodruff Maffay Jan 1998

Language Imperialism Versus Linguistic Rights: The Case Of Native Americans., Jonathan Woodruff Maffay

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

From the days of the Old Testament and Tower of Babel through the nineteenth century efforts to create artificial languages, the human race has longed for a universal language. Its purpose would be to bind the linguistically diverse people of the world into a cohesive whole. With English apparently well on its way to becoming just such a universal language, many people are now growing concerned at the prospect. For them English is an imperial language that threatens the world’s rich cultural and language complexity. Linguistic rights activists have now begun trying to counter this universalizing trend with language repair …


American Workers In The Soviet Union Between The World Wars: From Dream To Disillusionment., Vincent Edward Baker Jan 1998

American Workers In The Soviet Union Between The World Wars: From Dream To Disillusionment., Vincent Edward Baker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This is a an examination of those Americans who went to the Soviet Union to live and work during the interwar period, and what became of them. Why they went, how many went, and whether they survived the experience. American attitudes, both private and public of the Soviet Union are also discussed.


Pausing And Escape On Fixed-Interval Schedules: Effects Of Stimuli Correlated With Different Reinforcer Magnitudes And Different Reinforcement Rates., Leo A. Carlin Jan 1998

Pausing And Escape On Fixed-Interval Schedules: Effects Of Stimuli Correlated With Different Reinforcer Magnitudes And Different Reinforcement Rates., Leo A. Carlin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Research has shown that both pausing and escape are controlled jointly by past and upcoming conditions of reinforcement. The present research was designed to investigate the contextual variables that influence pausing and escape on FI schedules and to assess further the functional similarities between pausing and escape. It was of particular interest that the effects of past events have been observed long after they had been removed from the environment of the organism. To shed light on the nature of control by such past events on pausing and escape, three experiments were arranged with fixed-interval schedules that manipulated stimuli correlated …


Development Of A Systems Approach To Planning, Design And Operations Of Intermodal Passenger Transfer Facilities To Increase The Mobility And Safety Of Older Travelers., Mohammad Anwarul Karim Jan 1998

Development Of A Systems Approach To Planning, Design And Operations Of Intermodal Passenger Transfer Facilities To Increase The Mobility And Safety Of Older Travelers., Mohammad Anwarul Karim

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

America, as a society, is aging. Currently, 13% of the population is 65 years of age or older. This percentage is expected to rise to 21% by 2030. Since older travelers frequently suffer from one or more age-related physical and/or information handling decrements, they often have problems using intermodal passenger transfer facilities. The overall goal of this study was to develop a framework which can provide an approach to identify older traveler issues associated with intermodal passenger transfer facilities and serve to guide planning and engineering improvements to intermodal passenger transfer facilities to increase the safety and mobility of older …


A Study Of Factors Relating To The Attrition From The West Virginia University - Marshall University - West Virginia Graduate College Cooperative Doctoral Program Administered By The West Virginia Board Of Trustees., Rudy Dale Pauley Jan 1998

A Study Of Factors Relating To The Attrition From The West Virginia University - Marshall University - West Virginia Graduate College Cooperative Doctoral Program Administered By The West Virginia Board Of Trustees., Rudy Dale Pauley

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the statistical relationship between 12 selected demographic and situational variables and the completion of the doctorate from the West Virginia University - Marshall University - West Virginia Graduate College Cooperative Doctoral Program. In order to explore this relationship, the Doctoral Student Survey was designed utilizing variables drawn from a search of the literature pertaining to attrition from doctoral programs. This survey was sent to the 226 students that were admitted to the Cooperative Doctoral Program between 1980 and the Fall of 1993. Responses were received from 62% of those surveyed. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences …


Antioxidation And Nf Kappa B: A Practical Consideration., Meir S. Sacks Jan 1998

Antioxidation And Nf Kappa B: A Practical Consideration., Meir S. Sacks

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Inhalation of silica is characterized by initial pulmonary inflammation which may lead to fibrosis. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship of the transcriptional regulatory factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) to the early inflammatory events involved with silica exposure. Male F-344 rats received an intratacheal (i.t.) instillation of silica (100mg/kg in a volume of 1mg/kg) of saline. At 1, 3, 6 and 18 hours post-installation, the rats were sacrificed and underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for functional analysis of inflammation. Beginning at 1 hour post-inslillation, the silica-instilled (Si) rats displayed significant increases in neutrophils in BAL fluid as compared …


Determining The Environmental Training Needs And Training Preferences Of Tribal Officials On Reservations In The United States., Jeeta Lakhani Saxena Jan 1998

Determining The Environmental Training Needs And Training Preferences Of Tribal Officials On Reservations In The United States., Jeeta Lakhani Saxena

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The problem of this research was to determine the priority environmental management training needs (drinking water, wastewater, and solid waste), classroom training system preferences and related cultural factors of Native American tribal officials with environmental responsibilities living on reservations in the United States. The researcher conducted telephone interviews with 18 tribal officials on reservations in diverse geographic areas of the United States to determine their classroom training preferences. These officials also responded to a mail/fax survey comprised of 28 statements describing their environmental responsibilities in the areas of drinking water, wastewater, and solid waste. Tribal officials indicated how important the …


Constructing Identities And Defining The Nation: Germany Since 1949., Frank Anthony Allevato Jan 1998

Constructing Identities And Defining The Nation: Germany Since 1949., Frank Anthony Allevato

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Not long after Germans began the historic task of dismantling the Berlin Wall in 1989, their country was again reunited after forty-five years of division. For the second time in less than a century, a majority of Europe’s Germans were brought together under the banner of a single political sovereignty. As the enlarged Federal Republic psychologically reorients and physically reconstructs itself, the event is likely to have continued European and worldwide implications. Understanding the new Germany’s internal development and its evolving self-perceptions is to conceive of the country’s role now and in the years ahead; central to understanding Germany today …


Identification Of Content, Priority, And Methods Of Instructional Delivery For A Women's Health Component In An Internal Medicine Residency Program: A Modified Delphi Study., Alicia Jean Williams Jan 1998

Identification Of Content, Priority, And Methods Of Instructional Delivery For A Women's Health Component In An Internal Medicine Residency Program: A Modified Delphi Study., Alicia Jean Williams

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this research was to determine the general content, topics and sub-topics, priorities of the content, and methods of instructional delivery for a women's health component within the Internal Medicine residency program at West Virginia University. Panel members chosen for the study were MD's and PhD's who worked in a health-related field for at least two years and had an interest in women's health. A modified Delphi method was used for this study to determine the content. Panel members also identified their current and preferred methods of instructional delivery in a separate section of the study. The panel …


A Study Of Job Satisfaction Of Female Administrators In The National Education Association And Its Affiliates., Jacqueline G. Goodwin Jan 1998

A Study Of Job Satisfaction Of Female Administrators In The National Education Association And Its Affiliates., Jacqueline G. Goodwin

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age, tenure of employment, level of administrative position, educational level, and personality type and the degree of self-expressed job satisfaction among female administrators in the National Education Association (NEA) and affiliate organizations. The total population of 181 female administrators employed at the National Education Association and its affiliates were surveyed. Each participant was mailed a survey packet containing a cover letter, a demographics sheet, and two questionnaires. Personality type was determined by scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-Form G (1977). Demographic information was collected using the Survey of National …


A Study Of The Relationship Between Tenure And Non-Tenure Track Faculty Of West Virginia University Extension And Public Service Unit And Job Satisfaction., Patrick Irving Nestor Jan 1998

A Study Of The Relationship Between Tenure And Non-Tenure Track Faculty Of West Virginia University Extension And Public Service Unit And Job Satisfaction., Patrick Irving Nestor

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Extension and Public Service has completed ten years in the tenure system at West Virginia University. During the ten year time span, problems associated with the tenure system have occurred. Tenure status of Extension faculty and their job satisfaction have been an important problem for supervisors as well as faculty members. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between tenure status, selected demographic characteristics of faculty and their job satisfaction. Procedure. The respondents for the study were all Extension faculty in the tenure and non-tenure status at West Virginia University. The data were collected by means of …


The Ambassador Of Development: Aretas Brooks Fleming, West Virginia's Political Entrepreneur, 1839-1923., Jeffery Blane Cook Jan 1998

The Ambassador Of Development: Aretas Brooks Fleming, West Virginia's Political Entrepreneur, 1839-1923., Jeffery Blane Cook

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Aretas Brooks Fleming (1839–1923) businessman and Democratic party boss came from a prominent Fairmont family with extensive political connections throughout the region. He was not rich, but was well born, and able and followed the Virginia tradition of marrying well. He used an extensive kinship network, which was a community unto itself, to build a successful law practice and to start his climb up the political ladder. Fleming's dedication brought both political and business success, as he served in the West Virginia legislature and then judge of the second judicial circuit of West Virginia. Fleming's basic interest in politics, however, …


The Prevalence Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Federal Prison Inmates, Robert K. Guthrie Jan 1998

The Prevalence Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Federal Prison Inmates, Robert K. Guthrie

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Incarceration in the United States has increased dramatically in recent years. The total number of inmates under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) on September 30, 1995, was 100,958, an increase of over 11,000 (12%) from January 1, 1994 (U. S. Department of Justice, 1995a) and an increase o f over 60,000 (152%) from 1981 (U. S. Department of Justice, 1994a). Approximately 92% of this population is male. Rubin and McCampbell (1995) point out that conservative estimates indicate that 6-8% (6,000-8,000) of inmates currently under BOP control exhibit a major mental disorder, such as bipolar affective disorder, …


Fracture Mechanics Of Human Cortical Bone: The Relationship Of Geometry, Microstructure And Composition With The Fracture Of The Tibia, Femoral Shaft And The Femoral Neck., Yener Nail Yeni Jan 1998

Fracture Mechanics Of Human Cortical Bone: The Relationship Of Geometry, Microstructure And Composition With The Fracture Of The Tibia, Femoral Shaft And The Femoral Neck., Yener Nail Yeni

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Bone fracture is a major health problem in old population with its complications leading to mortality and morbidity. Therapies mostly involve preventing bone mass loss. Individuals with high bone mass, however, may still suffer fractures suggesting that additional components such as bone microstructure and composition may be responsible for increased fracture risk in the elderly. The relationship of bone constituents with bone fragility, however, is not well-understood. A better understanding of these relationships will help improving therapies by controlling the relevant biological processes. Bone is a composite material with many constituents such as osteons embedded with vascular channels, collagen fibers, …


An Assessment Of Presidential Perceptions Of Goal Compliance Stated In West Virginia Senate Bill 547., Mark Stephen Carter Jan 1998

An Assessment Of Presidential Perceptions Of Goal Compliance Stated In West Virginia Senate Bill 547., Mark Stephen Carter

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The article is a report of a qualitative study to determine whether Presidents of West Virginia higher education institutions maintain attitudes commensurate with goal statements contained in Senate Bill 547: a West Virginia legislative initiative that requires institutional compliance with various legislated goals. Findings of the study are presented in a brief, case study format for each President. In addition, a global assessment of Presidential perceptions with associated issues of compliance/noncompliance is presented.


Placental Xenobiotic And Steroid Metabolism In Normal And Diabetic Patients., Donna Jean Mcrobie-Belle Jan 1998

Placental Xenobiotic And Steroid Metabolism In Normal And Diabetic Patients., Donna Jean Mcrobie-Belle

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The primary function of the human placenta is to ensure an optimal environment for fetal growth and development. Nutrients, endogenous substances and xenobiotics enter the placenta via the maternal circulation. The placenta possesses the ability to metabolize a number of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by processes (cytochrome P450 enzymes and/or glutathione conjugation pathways) similar to those in the liver. Although the metabolites produced are usually inactive, reactive or toxic metabolites may also be generated. Therefore, changes in placental enzymatic function could alter fetal exposure to these reactive/toxic metabolites. Animal and in vivo human studies suggest diabetes alters the liver's xenobiotic …


Emotional Hijacking Versus Safe Behavior., Christopher Monteressi Jan 1998

Emotional Hijacking Versus Safe Behavior., Christopher Monteressi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research investigated the types of reasoning used by coal mine employees when exposed to potentially dangerous situations. Information was gathered through interviews of coal miners who related actual experiences in the coal mines. The information in the interviews and in the review of the literature was used to develop and implement an experiential program that promoted an individual's responsibility for their safety and the safety of co-workers. The experiential program addressed safe work behaviors from the perspectives of emotional and cognitive memories and the functions of the human brain. This program had three overall objectives of assisting miners to …