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Articles 4441 - 4470 of 5148
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Overwintering Abundance And Distribution Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxtilis) In The Hudson River Estuary Using Hydroacoustic Techniques, Brian William Nagy
Overwintering Abundance And Distribution Of Striped Bass (Morone Saxtilis) In The Hudson River Estuary Using Hydroacoustic Techniques, Brian William Nagy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Using a modification of standard techniques, a target strength to length relationship was developed for white perch (Morone americana) and striped bass (Morone saxtilis). This target strength to length relationship was compared to two standard relationships (Love and Foote). The calculated relationship was not found to be significantly different from Love's equation, but was different from Foote's equation. This calculated relationship was applied to hydroacoustic data collected on the Hudson River in December of 1995 and 1997. The goal of the hydroacoustic data collection was to assess the abundance and distribution of overwintering Hudson River striped bass. Results from this …
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Frp Composite Members Using Infrared Thermography, Gurudutt Sundara Ram Bangalore
Nondestructive Evaluation Of Frp Composite Members Using Infrared Thermography, Gurudutt Sundara Ram Bangalore
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The objective of this research is to establish infrared thermography as an effective tool for nondestructive evaluation of structural members made of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials. The applicability of this method for the detection of subsurface anomalies such as voids, cracks, debonding, and delaminations in concrete bridge decks and pavements and in some configurations of FRP decks has been studied earlier by other researchers. These earlier studies have yielded reasonably satisfactory results though further refinement of the methodology and improvements in the image processing techniques were recommended.;To enhance the effectiveness of the infrared thermography technique, it is important …
Spatial Population Dynamics Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) In A Central Appalachian Watershed, Peter John Lamothe
Spatial Population Dynamics Of Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) In A Central Appalachian Watershed, Peter John Lamothe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
I examined the spatial population dynamics of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a central Appalachian watershed. The objectives of my research were: (1) identify factors that influence reproduction; (2) determine if factors that influence reproduction influence the distribution and abundance of juvenile and adults; and (3) to determine if the spatial arrangement of stream habitat influence growth, residency, and population fluctuation rates. I used visual surveys and redd counts to quantify spatial variation in habitat quality and brook trout spawning activity. I conducted a mark-recapture study over four seasons to quantify population parameters. The results of my research show that: …
Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar
Appalachian Diabetes Patients' Preferences For Mental Health Treatment, Sameep Dilip Maniar
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although psychologists are beginning to be employed in medical settings, little is known about medical patients' preferences when encountering mental health problems. One population that could be better served by this type of research is diabetes mellitus because of the poor adherence rates and high depression associated with the disease. The current study aimed to identify diabetes patients' preferences for treatments and helpers when encountering emotional difficulties. Data were collected on 80 patients from an Appalachian region of the United States who had previously been diagnosed with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Results indicated that diabetes patients were …
In Vitro Genotoxicity Investigations Of Jet Fuel, Shawna M. Jackman
In Vitro Genotoxicity Investigations Of Jet Fuel, Shawna M. Jackman
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The 60 billion gallons of jet propulsion fuels consumed worldwide create an exposure situation to over two million military and civilian personnel per year. The potential mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic potency of military jet fuel was investigated in this study through in vitro systems such as human peripheral lymphocytes and metabolically competent hepatic cell lines. A battery of genotoxicological evaluations is employed, focusing on the comet assay to examine the induction of DNA damage. Cellular exposures to fuel were carried out directly and indirectly with an ethanol (EtOH) carrier. The fuel was found to be nonmutagenic with and without metabolic …
Heart Rate Reactivity, Aggression, Anger, And Antisocial Behavior In Dating Males, Jennifer L. Guriel
Heart Rate Reactivity, Aggression, Anger, And Antisocial Behavior In Dating Males, Jennifer L. Guriel
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study assessed heart rate reactivity and antisocial characteristics, subjective report of anger, and family history variables in 18 aggressive and 18 non-aggressive undergraduate males in an attempt to test the generalizability of Gottman et al.'s (1995) investigation of cardiovascular reactivity as a typological variable for male batterers. Participants were categorized according to their scores on the Conflict Tactics Scale, Revised. Heart rate reactivity, personality variables (using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition), and anger (using the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory) were subsequently measured during standardized interpersonal discussion tasks with a female confederate during the laboratory phase. Aggressive …
A Case Study Exploring Streaming Video In A University Setting., Brent Matthew Eastwood
A Case Study Exploring Streaming Video In A University Setting., Brent Matthew Eastwood
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The aim of this study was to examine the representations of adaptation and innovation among communications employees at West Virginia University. This case study was based on a marketing and communication project called “Stream of the Week,” which featured streaming video news reports on the university’s main web page. A data set of the videos was analyzed based on criteria set forth by the university’s marketing and communication goals. Qualitative interviews were conducted with key personnel to explore ways to better meet the university’s communication goals. Responses were classified as either adaptive or innovative communication. Recommendations were made to improve …
Hand Transmitted Vibration In A Simulated Industrial Task: A Psychophysical Evaluation., Sergio Augusto Caporali Filho
Hand Transmitted Vibration In A Simulated Industrial Task: A Psychophysical Evaluation., Sergio Augusto Caporali Filho
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Continued occupational exposure to hand transmitted vibration (HTV) has been related to a series of disorders, which have been collectively defined as the hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Based on existing knowledge, the International Standard Organization has developed a standard for the measurement, evaluation and assessment of HTV, which documents the measurement and reporting methodology, the dose-response relationship, and the weighing filter for the assessment of HTV. Some researchers have emphasized the need for the development of improved weighing functions and dose-response relationships, for which it is vital to undertake further systematic investigations in order to enhance our understanding of HAVS, …
Women's General And Oral Health Topics In Associate /Certificate, Baccalaureate, And Master's Degree Dental Hygiene Curricula., Joan Carol Gibson-Howell
Women's General And Oral Health Topics In Associate /Certificate, Baccalaureate, And Master's Degree Dental Hygiene Curricula., Joan Carol Gibson-Howell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The first purpose of this survey was to identify what women's general and oral health topics were included in dental hygiene curricula. Such variables as the dental hygiene degree granted, whether it was an associate/certificate (A/C), baccalaureate (BS), or master's degree (MS) and the course status were included. The second purpose was to investigate and compare demographic data and related educational issues, such as sources of instruction used by faculty when teaching women's health, continuing education completed by faculty in the past two years on women's health, where and how students apply their women's health knowledge, perception of satisfaction, perceived …
An Investigation Of Help-Seeking Behavior In Battered Women., Sarah Fentress Lewis
An Investigation Of Help-Seeking Behavior In Battered Women., Sarah Fentress Lewis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Although domestic violence is a topic that has been the focus of a great deal of research, little attention has been paid to the help-seeking behavior of battered women. No evaluation to date has examined variables that facilitate and inhibit help-seeking behavior in battered women, using relevant comparison groups. The purpose of the present study was to investigate factors that discriminate battered women who seek help from those who do not. Variables that were hypothesized to impact the help-seeking behaviors of battered women were examined, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, social support, social isolation, coping styles, and general distress. A …
Hate Crime In The Media: A Content Analysis Of "The Washington Post" And "The New York Times"., Jennifer Michelle Hatcher
Hate Crime In The Media: A Content Analysis Of "The Washington Post" And "The New York Times"., Jennifer Michelle Hatcher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In 1990, the United States Congress passed the Hate Crime Statistics Act (HCSA) which set into motion the development of a law-enforcement based data collection system aimed at learning more about “hate crimes.” By 1999 the term “hate crime” had become so widely used and recognizable that when news broke of the murders of Matthew Shephard, a University of Wyoming student who was brutally murdered because he was gay, and James L. Byrd, a disabled black man who was savagely murdered because of his race, the media understandably labeled these acts as “hate crimes.” In this paper the authors will …
The Prevalence Of Heart-Healthy Menu Items In Restaurants Of West Virginia., Jenni Lin Jones
The Prevalence Of Heart-Healthy Menu Items In Restaurants Of West Virginia., Jenni Lin Jones
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Heart disease and obesity are concurring health problems in the state of West Virginia (WV). With obesity levels rising and heart disease remaining the number one cause of mortality in WV, the need for a lifestyle change is prominent. The West Virginia Restaurant Survey attempted to determine the availability of heart-healthy food items that restaurants offer and how the items are promoted in order to determine the need for intervention programs that support heart-healthy food choices. Menus were analyzed from restaurants located in the top ten most populated cities in WV. Gas stations, mini-marts, and bars without restaurants were excluded. …
Formal And Informal Recruitment Of College Graduates: Implications For Economic Growth And Development In West Virginia., Brian Edward Lego
Formal And Informal Recruitment Of College Graduates: Implications For Economic Growth And Development In West Virginia., Brian Edward Lego
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This research analyzes effects of firm demographics and local labor market characteristics on a firm’s selection of college graduate recruitment techniques. A survey of West Virginia businesses expected to employ relatively more college graduates was administered to gauge differences in characteristics of businesses participating in formal college graduate recruitment programs versus those that do not. Descriptive statistics and a multinomial logistic regression model reveal that larger establishments and businesses with a higher percentage of employees with a college degree utilize formal college graduate techniques in the employee search process. As a matter of policy, the availability of college graduates from …
Is Environmental Quality Improving For Environmental Justice Communities? An Examination Of Trends In Toxic Pollution Levels In Texas., Michael J. Meleady
Is Environmental Quality Improving For Environmental Justice Communities? An Examination Of Trends In Toxic Pollution Levels In Texas., Michael J. Meleady
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The environmental justice movement has focused national attention on the relationships between race, income, and environmental quality. With the signing of Executive Order 12898, one would expect to see improvements in the environmental quality in minority and low-income communities. Using information available through the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) as the measure of environmental quality, this paper empirically examines trends in toxic chemical release levels within the state of Texas for the years before and after the signing of the Executive Order. The primary hypotheses to be tested are: (1) minority and low-income populations are more likely to live in areas …
The Relationships Among Self-Percieved Body Image, Interaction Involvement, And Interpersonal Communication Motives., Suzanna D'Ette Miller
The Relationships Among Self-Percieved Body Image, Interaction Involvement, And Interpersonal Communication Motives., Suzanna D'Ette Miller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among self-perceived body image, interaction involvement, and interpersonal communication motives. Participants (N = 137) completed the Self-Perceived Body Image Scale (Richmond, 1998), the Interaction Involvement Scale (Cegala, 1981), and the Interpersonal Communication Motives Scale (Rubin, Perse, & Barbato, 1988). Results indicated that self-perceived body image was negatively related with the inclusion and relaxation motives, but was not significantly correlated with the pleasure, affection, escape, and control motives. It was also found that women have a significantly lower self-perceived body image than men. Limitations and directions for future research were also …
Narrating Machines: Figurations Of Technology In "1 Henry Vi", "Robinson Crusoe", And "The Matrix"., Robert Patton Fanning
Narrating Machines: Figurations Of Technology In "1 Henry Vi", "Robinson Crusoe", And "The Matrix"., Robert Patton Fanning
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This essay attempts to demonstrate a tradition of the narrative use of technological tropes in Anglo-American popular narratives since the Renaissance. A play by William Shakespeare, a narrative by Daniel Defoe, and a recent movie are analyzed and compared to show the varying ways that technology has consistently figured in narrative attempts to address the contemporary social concerns narratively.
Development Of Antibiotic Resistance Due To Chromosomal Mutation Caused By Ah26 Endodontic Sealer., Jason J. Hales
Development Of Antibiotic Resistance Due To Chromosomal Mutation Caused By Ah26 Endodontic Sealer., Jason J. Hales
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The endodontic resin sealer AH26® has been shown in multiple studies to have mutagenic potential. A unique test designed to identify phenotypic change in antibiotic resistance due to chromosomal mutation was described and performed. This test, modeled after the Ames test, used the Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) as the test organism. The test was divided into four phases. 1. Mutation Phase 2. Protein Expression Phase 3. Plate Incorporation 4. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance - changes in MIC values to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline & erythromycin identified with Etest®. The AH26® demonstrated a log-fold increase in mutant rate compared to the spontaneous mutant rate. …
The Contributions Of Optimism And Pessimism To Physical And Psychological Well-Being Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes., Jenessa C. Johnson
The Contributions Of Optimism And Pessimism To Physical And Psychological Well-Being Among Adults With Type 2 Diabetes., Jenessa C. Johnson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The current study investigated how expectancies for good (optimism) vs. bad (pessimism) outcomes contribute to physical and psychological well-being among adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were 71 community-dwelling adults, ages 45 to 88. Telephone interviews queried about optimism and pessimism via the Life Orientation Test (LOT) and a diabetes-specific LOT (DLOT), depression, positive affect (PA), negative affect (NA), diabetes perceptions, and selfcare behaviors (diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring). Higher LOT optimism was associated with lower levels of depression and higher PA. Higher LOT and DLOT pessimism were related to lower PA. Neither the LOT nor DLOT were associated with …
The Impact Of The Transition From Analog To Digital Process Display Gauges On Human Error And Safety In The Chemical Industry, Allen J. Thacker
The Impact Of The Transition From Analog To Digital Process Display Gauges On Human Error And Safety In The Chemical Industry, Allen J. Thacker
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The use of new technological instruments in the work place has enabled operators to control processes and product development to tolerances that were unachievable in past decades. The chemical industry has exhibited rapid growth in the implementation of control monitoring instruments such as analog and digital display gauges as well as the software applications that provide the flexibility to successfully integrate the technology into the chemical manufacturing processes. This research was designed to examine the effects of the transition from analog displays to digital displays in the chemical industry. The results of the research provide benefits to chemical manufacturers and …
The Efficacy Of A Media Literacy Program For The Prevention And Treatment Of Eating Disturbances: Implications For The Continuum Model Of Eating Disorders., Janelle Wilder Coughlin
The Efficacy Of A Media Literacy Program For The Prevention And Treatment Of Eating Disturbances: Implications For The Continuum Model Of Eating Disorders., Janelle Wilder Coughlin
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a two-session media literacy program, A.R.M.E.D. (Acknowledging and Rejecting the Media's Influence on Eating and Body Image Disturbances), was an effective intervention for individuals who fell at various points on the eating disorder continuum. Ninety-three female college students participated in the study, with 46 experimental participants attending A.R.M.E.D and 47 participants serving as a control group. Between-subjects analyses did not reveal differences between the experimental and control group on each of the seven dependent variables. Within-subjects repeated measures analyses did, however, reveal that women who attended A.R.M.E.D. significantly reduced their …
A Comparison Of Psychologists Who Engage In Nonsexual And Sexual Dual Relationships With Psychologists Who Do Not., Debra Kristine Ehlert
A Comparison Of Psychologists Who Engage In Nonsexual And Sexual Dual Relationships With Psychologists Who Do Not., Debra Kristine Ehlert
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine and understand potential differences between psychologists who have engaged in a nonsexual and sexual dual relationship and psychologists who have not. Psychologists from across the United States (N = 59) completed questionnaires concerning object relations, parentification, narcissistic injury, self-esteem, and ethical judgment. Measures included a demographic questionnaire, the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI) with four subscales of alienation, insecure attachment, egocentricity, and social incompetence), the Parentification Questionnaire (PQ), the Narcissistic Injury Scale (NIS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Ethical Judgment Scale (EJS), and four open-ended questions regarding the experience of being …
The Effects Of A One-Week Training Course On Preservice Pete Students' Knowledge Of Critical Elements, Error Detection Skill And Feedback Precision., Michael Allen Graves
The Effects Of A One-Week Training Course On Preservice Pete Students' Knowledge Of Critical Elements, Error Detection Skill And Feedback Precision., Michael Allen Graves
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The use of pedagogical skills such as critical element knowledge, error detection skill, and feedback precision are deemed necessary by researchers in creating effective teachers. However, most studies have examined these skills independently rather than studying them as a process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 1-week intervention program on the feedback giving process. Specifically, the study examined (1) PETE students knowledge of critical elements, (2) the ability to detect errors from a video performance, and (3) the precision of feedback following such an observation on 12 movement skills. Seeing whether the feedback process …
The Urotsa Cell Line As A Model Of Human Urothelium., Michael Ronald Rossi
The Urotsa Cell Line As A Model Of Human Urothelium., Michael Ronald Rossi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The UROtsa cell line is a unique model of human urothelium with considerable utility in toxicology-based research. UROtsa cells maintained in serum-free medium have several morphological features of transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder including a multilayered appearance and apically located umbrella-like cells that exhibit tight junctions. These cells also have a basal expression pattern of heat shock protein (hsp) and metallothionein (MT) genes similar to that observed in in situ urothelium. To characterize the functional heat shock and metallothionein stress response in UROtsa cells, confluent cultures grown in serum-free medium were treated with a variety of acute and chronic …
The Effects Of Age On The Chromosomal And Physiological Integrity Of Human Sperm., Eddie D. Sloter
The Effects Of Age On The Chromosomal And Physiological Integrity Of Human Sperm., Eddie D. Sloter
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Integrated biomarkers of physiologic and genetic damage in sperm are needed to identify factors that affect male fertility and influence a father's risk of producing abnormal progeny. Offspring studies show a preferential paternal origin for heritable structural chromosomal abnormalities, presenting the need for methods to efficiently detect structural chromosomal abnormalities in human sperm. This dissertation breaks new conceptual ground toward the understanding of paternally transmitted genetic disease by adapting FISH technology to detect human sperm that carry chromosomal breaks and partial chromosomal duplications and deletions and by integrating state-of-the-art biomarkers of semen quality including computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). These sperm …
The Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns And Locus Of Control., Andrea Marie Nardello
The Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns And Locus Of Control., Andrea Marie Nardello
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study used the newly developed Interpersonal-Goal Locus of Control scale (IGLOC) and the Revised Family Communication Patterns (RFCP) scale to investigate the relationship between people’s family communication growing up with their sense of locus of control later in life. It was hypothesized that family communication patterns would be related to the subscales of the IGLOC. College undergraduates (N=215) were given a survey which measured their locus of control and family communication patterns. Results of a Pearson Correlation show conversation-orientation to be positively related to internal, structural, other-owned, and negatively related to normative and phenomenal locus of control. Conformity-orientation was …
Differential Reinforcement Of Fixed-Interval Interresponse Times: Effects On Choice., Tammy Renee Wade
Differential Reinforcement Of Fixed-Interval Interresponse Times: Effects On Choice., Tammy Renee Wade
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Eight rats were exposed to a concurrent-chains procedure. Half of the rats chose between a fixed-interval schedule that required low rates of responding in the paced terminal link and a simple fixed-interval schedule in the unpaced terminal link. The other half chose between a fixed-interval schedule that required high rates of responding and a simple fixed-interval schedule. Interresponse-time criteria were based on the percentiles of a baseline distribution of interresponse times obtained for each rat. The criteria increased in stringency across conditions. Consistent changes in response rates as the result of the interresponse-time criteria were not obtained. Therefore, preference between …
Learning To Do The Job: The Transfer Experiences Of Three Child Welfare Workers., Patricia Ann Chase
Learning To Do The Job: The Transfer Experiences Of Three Child Welfare Workers., Patricia Ann Chase
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Three child welfare workers were studied over the period of one month to investigate their transfer experiences with learning one aspect of their agency's information system. Internal reviews within the agency had determined that the information system was not being used effectively, so this investigation was conducted to construct a picture of how these workers learned to use the system and whether there were issues related to both training and transfer that contributed to the ineffective use of the system. Data on each case were collected before, during, and after training using interviews, pre/post tests, questionnaires, observation notes, and worker …
Investigation Of Techniques To Improve Measurement Accuracy Of Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide And Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines., Praveen Rampatna Narasimhamurthy
Investigation Of Techniques To Improve Measurement Accuracy Of Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide And Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines., Praveen Rampatna Narasimhamurthy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), commonly referred to as NOx, are known to be harmful to human health. Oxides of nitrogen also rate among the principal agents of photochemical smog. Consequently, the Federal standards for NOx emissions have become increasingly stringent and have been lowered from 6.0 g/bhp-hr in 1990 to 0.2 g/bhphr in 2007. Engine out NOx emissions from diesel engines are typically composed of about 95% of NO and 5% NO2. However, under low load and speed conditions, as in present urban day driving, the NO2 component of NOx can be as high as 30%. Considering …
An Analysis Of The Relationship Between Hate Crimes Reporting And Administrative Policies As They Relate To Community Policing., Everett Otto Elliott
An Analysis Of The Relationship Between Hate Crimes Reporting And Administrative Policies As They Relate To Community Policing., Everett Otto Elliott
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
It has been 12 years since the passing of the Hate Crimes Statistics Act. Since that time much has been written about it. However, not many useful applications have been developed using the data that is collected. The author goes about identifying important discoveries made since 1990 about the nature of reporting hate crimes. The author also identifies problems with the reporting of hate crimes. By using a combination of the data from Hate Crime Statistics collected under the Uniform Crime Reports and data from the Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies, the author hopes to be able to identify …
A Comparison Of Faculty Role Ambiguity And Role Conflict At Freestanding And Component Community And Technical Colleges In West Virginia., Pamela Jane Hamilton
A Comparison Of Faculty Role Ambiguity And Role Conflict At Freestanding And Component Community And Technical Colleges In West Virginia., Pamela Jane Hamilton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to determine the difference, if any, between the levels of role conflict and role ambiguity as perceived by full-time faculty at two types of community and technical colleges in West Virginia. Full-time faculty from two freestanding and seven component institutions participated. Demographic characteristics were also compared with role conflict and role ambiguity by institutional type. Two survey instruments were mailed to the total population of 332 faculty. A return rate of 61% was attained. Role variables were measured with the Role Perception Questionnaire (Rizzo, House, & Lirtzman, 1970). A Faculty Demographic Questionnaire was used …