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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
The Effect Of Treadmill Exercise On The Long Bones Of Young Adult Zucker Obese (Fa/Fa) And Lean Male Rats., Tsun Yin Ip
The Effect Of Treadmill Exercise On The Long Bones Of Young Adult Zucker Obese (Fa/Fa) And Lean Male Rats., Tsun Yin Ip
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Background: Studies indicate that weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and bone strength. There are also suggestions that obesity may result in bone loading that increases bone mass and strength. Objective: To investigate the combined effect of exercise and obesity on body mass, bone strength and bone mineral content (BMC) in young Zucker obese fa/fa and lean male rats. Methods: Young (age 6 weeks) obese (fa/fa) and lean male Zucker rats were randomly assigned (n=8-9/group) to either no exercise or treadmill exercise for 9 weeks at a 0% incline. Following the 9-week experiment, both femurs and tibiae were excised and bone …
The Byzantine Perspective Of The First Crusade: A Reexamination Of Alleged Treachery And Betrayal., Laura M. Nelson
The Byzantine Perspective Of The First Crusade: A Reexamination Of Alleged Treachery And Betrayal., Laura M. Nelson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Scholars have generally ignored the Crusades from the Byzantine perspective with the majority of scholarship focusing on the Western, and more recently, Arabic viewpoints. Western sources from the period such as the Gesta Francorum and the account of Fulcher of Chartres typically portray Alexius I, the Byzantine emperor during the First Crusade, as anti-Western. It is this study’s position that Alexius’s actions derived from a need to protect his people and empire rather than a desire to see the crusaders’ mission fail. By studying the Byzantine perspective, we gain a fuller understanding of the First Crusade and the Crusades as …
The Efficacy Of The Bitestrip In Determining Patients Awareness Of Nocturnal Bruxism., Emily R. Tolley
The Efficacy Of The Bitestrip In Determining Patients Awareness Of Nocturnal Bruxism., Emily R. Tolley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The presence of nocturnal bruxism in patients undergoing prosthodontic treatment can have a significant effect on the long term success of restorations. Patients who experience nocturnal bruxism are at risk for dysfunction of the stomatognathic system. This includes TMJ, muscles of the head and neck, the teeth and any restorations, and the periodontium. This condition affects the diagnostic treatment planning, treatment goals, and treatment prognosis of any prosthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study is to compare the incidence of nocturnal bruxism determined by an electronic device when compared to self-reporting from verbal and written dental histories. The hypothesis of …
An Exploratory Study Of The Application Of Implementation Of Ecers Criteria., Corina L. Ward
An Exploratory Study Of The Application Of Implementation Of Ecers Criteria., Corina L. Ward
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examines whether attending Module One of the Experienced ECERS-R Observer Training corresponds to classroom changes as reported by participating teachers. Teachers attended the module training and were to make changes in their classrooms to improve quality. Six months after attendance at the workshop, participants were emailed a questionnaire that consisted of a listing of the subscales and items on the ECERS-R. The teachers were to mark what items they changed after attending the module and also comment on how they improved their classroom. Teachers reported changes to their classrooms. Although there were small modifications, the reported changes were …
Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge: A Life Of Philanthropy In The Twentieth Century., Vanessa P. Tome
Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge: A Life Of Philanthropy In The Twentieth Century., Vanessa P. Tome
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge was one of the most important patrons of music in the United States and Europe in the 20th century. Raised as a member of Chicago’s upper middle class, Coolidge was prepared for a life as a wife and mother. An amateur pianist, she regularly performed at many of Chicago’s musicales. Coolidge had ambitions of pursuing a concert career which was discouraged by her family and social values. After the deaths of her father, mother, and husband she devoted her work to music. She brought chamber music into the public domain, as it once was reserved for private …
The Interactions Between Perceived Motivational Climate And Achievement Goal Orientations, And Their Relationship To Competitive State Anxiety And Self-Confidence Among High-School Swimmers., Justine Vosloo
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Current literature examining motivational climate (PMC) and goal orientations (AGO) with respect to anxiety found these variables may predict anxiety levels (Carr & Wyon, 2003) and be related to self-confidence levels (Magyar & Feltz, 2003). However, limited research exists on the compatibility/incompatibility of the interactive relationship between PMC and AGO on anxiety and self-confidence within a competitive sport setting. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the interaction between PMC, AGO and experienced intensity of competitive anxiety and self-confidence and interpretation of anxiety among high school swimmers (N=151). Gender differences were also examined. Results indicated no statistically significant interactions …
The Effects Of Contaminants On Sperm Quality And Intersex Condition Of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus Dolomieu) In The Potomac River., Holly Henderson
The Effects Of Contaminants On Sperm Quality And Intersex Condition Of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus Dolomieu) In The Potomac River., Holly Henderson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to analyze sperm quality parameters and intersex severity of smallmouth bass in the South Branch of the Potomac River, and to determine if contaminants present in this river negatively affect these parameters. Samples were collected by boat electrofishing in May 2006 from three sites in the South Branch of the Potomac River and one site in the Gauley River. The three South Branch sites are in areas with historically high intersex occurrence. The site on the Gauley serves as the reference site. Gonads were collected from 38 male fish. Samples were split, one gonad …
The Effects Of Utilizing A Preshot Routine And Deep Breathing On Reducing Performance Anxiety And Improving Serving Performance Among Youth Tennis Players., Brandyn H. Fisher
The Effects Of Utilizing A Preshot Routine And Deep Breathing On Reducing Performance Anxiety And Improving Serving Performance Among Youth Tennis Players., Brandyn H. Fisher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Support for the use of preshot routines and deep breathing in youth sport is limited, yet the available research in this area suggests that this skill can be useful for improving performance and reducing anxiety in youth athletes (Lidor & Singer, 2000; Mamassis & Doganis, 2004). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of preshot routine and deep breathing interventions among youth tennis players. Six male and female tennis players ages 9-11 participated in this study. Participants completed the Children’s Form of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2C; Stadulis, Eidson, MacCracken, & Severance, 1995) and performed a …
Sensor Validation Scheme With Virtual Nitrogen Oxides Sensing For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines., Victor C. Chew
Sensor Validation Scheme With Virtual Nitrogen Oxides Sensing For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines., Victor C. Chew
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
On January 24, 2007, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) signed a proposed regulation to require an On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system to monitor malfunctions in large highway diesel and gasoline trucks over 14,000 lbs from 2010 onwards. A sensor validation scheme, known as SFDIA which has been used in aircraft controls were modified and developed to not only monitor sensor malfunctions but also isolate the faulty sensor signals. The isolated signals would then be accommodated using an estimated value obtained from predictive sensor models. The models for this study were developed using a statistical modeling technique known as Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines …
Understanding Tree - Soil Interactions: Can Species Alter Soil Nitrogen Availability?, Margaret A. Harlacher
Understanding Tree - Soil Interactions: Can Species Alter Soil Nitrogen Availability?, Margaret A. Harlacher
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Increasing anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition has the potential to result in nitrogen saturation in Northeastern forests. The response of forests to chronic N additions may be governed by the stand composition and may differ across spatial scales. This suite of experiments addresses three objectives: (1) To determine the robustness of species-specific patterns of soil N availability across various spatial scales, and (2-3) To determine the potential species-specific effects of litter and seedlings of different species on soil N availability variables using a common-garden greenhouse experiment. There are detectable species-specific differences in soil N availability and related properties beneath dominant canopy …
A Decentralized Cooperative Control Framework For Multiple Uavs., Dustin Michael Geletko
A Decentralized Cooperative Control Framework For Multiple Uavs., Dustin Michael Geletko
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main focus of this research and thesis was the development of a decentralized framework for the cooperative control of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The goal of the software was to coordinate multiple UAVs to perform a wide area search on a defined area. The developed algorithms were based on the idea that simple rules can be programmed leading to an overall complex behavior. The simple algorithm that was developed illustrates a high level of autonomy, including reactive behavior without human interaction. The developed software was tested and run onboard an actual hardware avionics unit with a payload computer …
Service Design: Disegno Italia., Amber D. Helms
Service Design: Disegno Italia., Amber D. Helms
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
While attending the summer session of Disegno Italia (Design in Italy) in 2007, I observed several areas about the trip that could use improvements. The problems I noticed are as follows: Problem 1, although informative, the information session presentation does not encourage students to participate in the program. Problem 2, it is hard for students to keep track of due dates. Problem 3, students are not sure what to pack and how to prepare for the Disegno Italia trip. Problem 4, it is very difficult for students to find necessary information on the Disegno Italia web site. Problem 5, students …
Determination Of Diel Chemical Cycle Presence Within Abandoned Coal Mine Drainage Streams In Harrison County, West Virginia., Michael Jay Smilley
Determination Of Diel Chemical Cycle Presence Within Abandoned Coal Mine Drainage Streams In Harrison County, West Virginia., Michael Jay Smilley
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diel (24-hour) cycling of dissolved ions has been linked to various mechanisms such as fluctuations in temperature and photosynthetically-mediated pH. Yttrium and the rare earth elements (YREE) appear to fluctuate in response to temperature. After selecting a field site based on pH and temperature screening, five sampling events were undertaken: each involved hourly or bihourly sampling with concurrent stage, pH and temperature logging. For all events, YREE increased during the nighttime and decreased during the daytime. Dissolved Fe and Mn exhibited similar trends at one of the two sampled locations. Speciation models suggest that sulfate and carbonate-bound YREE species dominate …
An Aging Population: Relationships Between Motivations, Facilities And Services, Participation And Socio-Demographics In Outdoor Recreation., Karen Faye Robinson
An Aging Population: Relationships Between Motivations, Facilities And Services, Participation And Socio-Demographics In Outdoor Recreation., Karen Faye Robinson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to examine the outdoor recreation behavior of Oregon’s aging population, including their motivations, degree of participation and the affect facilities and services have on their outdoor recreation intentions. A stratified random sample of Oregon residents was drawn of Oregon residents, and a mail-back questionnaire was chosen to sample those individuals. Information gathered included their level of outdoor recreation participation, importance of motivations, the affects of facilities and services items and socio-demographic variables. Data collection took place in the summer of 2006 and of the 4,562 surveys mailed, 1,219 surveys were returned revealing a 31% …
"And A Little Child Shall Lead Them": Romanticism And Quakerism In Edward Hicks' Peaceable Kingdoms., Alison E. Keller
"And A Little Child Shall Lead Them": Romanticism And Quakerism In Edward Hicks' Peaceable Kingdoms., Alison E. Keller
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Edward Hicks, the American Quaker minister and artist, painted a series of works entitled The Peaceable Kingdom between 1820 and 1849. This series of paintings is based on the Old Testament passage Isaiah 11:6. This thesis explores the intersection of Quakerism and Romanticism in nineteenth-century America which is represented in Hicks‟ Peaceable Kingdoms. Romantic themes in the Peaceable Kingdom are the concept of childhood, the presence of Nature, and the ideal of the noble savage. Romanticism in nineteenth-century America was impacted by Christian Romanticism and the development of special educational, social, and spiritual roles for children. The presence of Nature …
Stress Perceptions In Occupational Therapy Students: Traditional Versus Distance Education., Amanda Kessler Rogers
Stress Perceptions In Occupational Therapy Students: Traditional Versus Distance Education., Amanda Kessler Rogers
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Increased stress is a common problem in students enrolled in medical and allied health college programs. The negative effects of stress can result in physical and psychological illnesses, in addition to negatively impacting a student’s academic performance. The purposes of this study were to (1) determine the stress level of the occupational therapy students, (2) determine the social provisions (social support) experienced by the students, and (3) determine the relationship between stress levels and various predictors, such as marital status and grade level. The sample of convenience (n= 69) included 54 traditional and 15 distance education occupational therapy students enrolled …
"A Brave New World?": A Study Of The Disappearing Boundaries Between Entertainment And Hard News., Michael William Janney
"A Brave New World?": A Study Of The Disappearing Boundaries Between Entertainment And Hard News., Michael William Janney
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As journalism moves ahead in the 21st Century, alternate methods of presentations could distort the information and messages presented. This thesis examines the presence of such distortions in broadcast journalism. Analyzing three types of programs ñ the traditional nightly news broadcast, the political pundit commentary/news broadcast and satirical/fake news broadcast, the study examines some of their characteristics to see how they compare and contrast. Methodologies include a quantitative content analysis, along with a descriptive observation and analysis of the data set. Research concludes that these programs have many similarities in their methods of presentation and inclusion of entertainment, but differ …
De Novo Asymmetric Syntheses Of Unnatural Manno-Trisaccharides, Homo-Adenosine, Digitoxin And Landomycin A., Maoquan Zhou
De Novo Asymmetric Syntheses Of Unnatural Manno-Trisaccharides, Homo-Adenosine, Digitoxin And Landomycin A., Maoquan Zhou
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
De novo asymmetric synthesis is a strategy that uses asymmetric catalysis to construct chiral molecules from achiral starting materials. De novo approach to carbohydrate builds saccharides from commercially available achiral starting material which will enable the medicinal chemist to install a much broader range of carbohydrates on natural products and in a SAR-amenable fashion. The palladium-catalyzed glycosylation reaction stereoselectively converts 2-substituted 6-tert-butoxycarboxy-2H-pyran-3(6H)-ones into 2-substituted 6-alkoxy-2H-pyran-3(6H)-ones. By using this reaction, a divergent library of the natural and unnatural 1,4-manno-trisaccharides as well as branched 1,4- and 1,6-linked trisacchardes were synthesized. The 1,4-α-manno-disaccharides were achieved in eight total steps starting from achiral acylfuran. …
The Effects Of The Herbicide Atrazine On Mammalian Immune Function., Alexander M. Rowe
The Effects Of The Herbicide Atrazine On Mammalian Immune Function., Alexander M. Rowe
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Atrazine is the most heavily used herbicide in the United States by weight and human exposure to the compound is wide spread. This study sought to define the immunotoxic effects of atrazine for two types of atrazine exposure models; maternal exposure to atrazine over a period of weeks and acute exposure of adult immune cells to atrazine. We hypothesized that maternal atrazine exposure from day ten of pregnancy to day ten of lactation would result in significant changes to the adult immune system. At three months of age we observed a gender specific increase in the offsprings’ immune function. Male …
Synthesis Of Polyol Natural Products: Applications To Rk-397 And Virginiamycin., Matthew S. Mortensen
Synthesis Of Polyol Natural Products: Applications To Rk-397 And Virginiamycin., Matthew S. Mortensen
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
A 3-step method for the preparation of 2-methyl-l,3-syn diols was developed and demonstrated on several examples. A previous incarnation of this method was used in the formal synthesis of two polyoxygenated natural products. RK-397 is a 32-membered oxopolyene macrolide antibiotic which also exhibits anti-cancer activity. Virginiamycin M2 (also known as flavofungin I) is a member of the streptogramin antibiotic family which are active against vancomycin-resistant s. aureus. The methodology employed for setting many of the stereocenters in these two products is asymmetric catalysis. This allows for either enantiomer to be created and also is efficient by means of chirality multiplication.
The Effect Of Aerobic Exercise On Endothelial Dysfunction In Overweight Children., Emily C-S Murphy
The Effect Of Aerobic Exercise On Endothelial Dysfunction In Overweight Children., Emily C-S Murphy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Childhood obesity is an edpidemic in the United States, and is directly associated with risk factors for both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction (EDF) is thought to be an initiating factor in both these diseases, and recent studies have established the presence of EDF in obese children. While the prevalence of EDF amongst obese children is unknown, EDF in the first two decades of life is predicted to increase both morbidity and mortality from CVD and type 2 diabetes. Purposes. (1) To determine the prevalence of EDF in obese children; (2) To determine whether aerobic exercise …
An Analysis Of Transnational Corruption., Gregory P. Noone
An Analysis Of Transnational Corruption., Gregory P. Noone
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Transnational corruption is the type of corruption that crosses borders, involves corporate and state actors, and employs sophisticated and grand schemes to siphon the wealth of a country from its rightful owners: the people of the country. Quite simply, it is the grand theft of public funds for private gain. This is a significant problem because the amount of money stolen each year is staggering. Over one-quarter of Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) is lost to corruption annually, and in Latin America about ten percent of their GDP vanishes due to corruption. Transparency International estimates that at least four hundred …
Using The Social Cognitive Theory To Investigate Physical Activity In Middle-Aged And Older Married Couples: A Dyadic Perspective., Brian J. Ayotte
Using The Social Cognitive Theory To Investigate Physical Activity In Middle-Aged And Older Married Couples: A Dyadic Perspective., Brian J. Ayotte
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Research suggests that physical activity is positively associated with mental and physical health outcomes for adults of all ages. However, despite concerted effort to increase the activity levels of adults, the rates of adults who engage in regular physical activity remain low. The present study had two primary objectives: (a) to examine dyadically the role of self-efficacy and spousal self-efficacy in the amount of physical activity in which middle-aged and older adults engage, and (b) to test the full social cognitive theory in terms of how well it explains the variance in physical activity in a sample of middle-aged and …
An Investigation Of Student Characteristics' Influence On Retention At A Two-Year Proprietary Career College., Lisa Boice
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Many students who enroll in higher education fail to complete their credential. This is especially true for students enrolled in two-year proprietary colleges where almost half leave without meeting their educational goals. Students at these institutions are largely underprepared and mostly nontraditional; their attrition has dire consequences for not only their own success, but that of society as well. Because most two-year students who drop out of college do so in their first year, early identification and intervention strategies are critical for student accomplishment and graduation. The purpose of the study was to uncover key retention issues that students face …
Tempted: Development And Psychometric Properties Of A Tool To Evaluate Materials Used In Patient Education., Laura H. Clayton
Tempted: Development And Psychometric Properties Of A Tool To Evaluate Materials Used In Patient Education., Laura H. Clayton
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the reliability and validity of a newly developed instrument, “Tool to Evaluate Materials Used in Patient Education†(TEMPtEd). The instrument was developed using the classical work of Waltz, Strickland, and Lenz (2005). The instrument contains 5 subscales (content, motivating principles, literacy, layout and typography, and graphics) with 21 criteria for evaluation using a 4-point rating scale. Ninety-one nurse educators from throughout the United States used the TEMPtEd Beta Version # 4 to evaluate an educational brochure on how to follow a low sodium diet. Data analysis demonstrated that the TEMPtEd …
The Emerging Geographies Of Work And Identity: Exploring Alternative Employment Strategies And Work Subjectivities Of Women With Multiple Sclerosis (Ms)., Kimberly Lynne Cordingly
The Emerging Geographies Of Work And Identity: Exploring Alternative Employment Strategies And Work Subjectivities Of Women With Multiple Sclerosis (Ms)., Kimberly Lynne Cordingly
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system producing a varied range of symptoms affecting physical, cognitive, and sensory functioning. The variability and unpredictability of impairments, their duration and intensity on a day to day basis, and ongoing health impacts present formidable challenges to securing and maintaining employment. Research suggests, despite having recent and extensive work histories, as many as 70-80 percent of individuals with MS are unemployed after diagnosis. For women with MS, the challenge of negotiating paid and non-paid work responsibilities often leads to difficult choices about how to navigate these changing lifeworlds. For …
Federalism, Multi-Level Governance And Tobacco Control: Comparative Public Policy In The United Kingdom And South Africa., Bossman E. Asare
Federalism, Multi-Level Governance And Tobacco Control: Comparative Public Policy In The United Kingdom And South Africa., Bossman E. Asare
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The dissertation investigates the effects of federalism and multi-level governance on tobacco control policy in the United Kingdom and South Africa. It uses theories of federalism and multi-level governance, as well as policy transfer (diffusion) and interest groups politics to investigate their effects on tobacco control policy adoption. Methodologically, the research uses comparative case analyses augmented by elite interviews and secondary sources. The study found that each of the various explanations have influenced the adoption of comprehensive tobacco control policies in the two countries. In the end, the study argues that the policies of the two countries are converging, except …
Product Design For Energy Reduction In Concurrent Engineering: An Inverted Pyramid Approach., Nasr M. Alkadi
Product Design For Energy Reduction In Concurrent Engineering: An Inverted Pyramid Approach., Nasr M. Alkadi
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Energy factors in product design in concurrent engineering (CE) are becoming an emerging dimension for several reasons; (a) the rising interest in green design and manufacturing, (b) the national energy security concerns and the dramatic increase in energy prices, (c) the global competition in the marketplace and global climate change commitments including carbon tax and emission trading systems, and (d) the widespread recognition of the need for sustainable development. This research presents a methodology for the intervention of energy factors in concurrent engineering product development process to significantly reduce the manufacturing energy requirement. The work presented here is the first …
Examining Therapists' Perceptions Of Confidentiality Across Various Therapeutic Environments, Professional Organizations, And Client Development (An Exploratory Study)., Traci Aaron Berry-Harris
Examining Therapists' Perceptions Of Confidentiality Across Various Therapeutic Environments, Professional Organizations, And Client Development (An Exploratory Study)., Traci Aaron Berry-Harris
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Confidentiality is at the cornerstone of what can make or break the therapeutic relationship. Ethical guidelines are constantly changing, and therapists need to consider their ethical code and other variables including their state law and organizational policy when making decisions related to confidentiality. When working with clients of varying developmental levels, the decisions therapists make regarding confidentiality issues are often not clear. In addition, therapists’ views and experiences concerning confidentiality can play a large role in their decisions concerning obtaining informed consent, duty to protect, and breaching confidentiality in therapy. This exploratory study examined the differences among therapists of diverse …
Molecular Mechanisms Of Nuclear Factor-Erythroid-2 Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Regulation: Phosphorylation By Casein Kinase 2 (Ck2) And Interaction With Proto-Oncogene N-Myc In Neuroblastoma Cells., Patrick L. Apopa
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Environmental pollutants and toxicants expose cells to oxidative and electrophilic challenges. Oxidative and xenobiotic stresses caused by environmental toxicants are known to cause human diseases including cancer and diabetes. To protect against the insults, cells have developed detection and response mechanisms. One such sensor-defense cellular mechanism involves the Nrf2 pathway. The transcription factor Nuclear factor erythriod 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a member of the cnc bZIP transcription factors, regulates the expression and induction of phase II antioxidant and detoxification genes via antioxidant response element (ARE). In the presence of an antioxidant, Nrf2 has been shown to be activated, translocate …