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Articles 4501 - 4530 of 5173
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Increasing Nutrition Knowledge And Food-Related Behavior Practices Among Participants In The "Dining With Diabetes" Program In West Virginia, Amy B. O'Dell
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Diabetes is a serious disease that effects a large number of West Virginia's population. A study was conducted using 591 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects who attended the "Dining with Diabetes" program. Subjects completed a demographic form, pretest, and posttest. Pearson's correlation and ANOVA were used to determine the effect of a diabetes intervention program on nutrition knowledge, diabetes behaviors, and practices. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in nutrition knowledge between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Interaction was noted when subjects were placed into groups based on their pretest score (p < 0.07). The change in score (posttest score-pretest score) was negatively correlated with pretest score (r = -0.75, p < 0.00). Significant association was also noted between nutrition knowledge score and several behavior and diabetic practices. The results conclude that diabetes education programs may significantly affect some behaviors and diabetic practices.
Effect Of Manufacturing Process Conditions On The Durability Of Pultruded Vinyl Ester/Glass Composites, Chrystal Ann Garland
Effect Of Manufacturing Process Conditions On The Durability Of Pultruded Vinyl Ester/Glass Composites, Chrystal Ann Garland
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Fiber reinforced polymer composites, FRPs, have an increased role in structural applications. Environmental durability is important for the design of structural components. Processes such as pultrusion are cost-effective methods of producing FRPs. This research focused on the durability of pultruded FRP with different processing conditions. Pultruded samples made at different line speeds (4, 8, and 12 ipm) were immersed in water at 25, 50, and 85°C for varying lengths of time and the mechanical properties evaluated via 3-point bending tests. A reduction in strength was observed for the samples immersed in 50 and 85°C water, with the largest reduction occurring …
Investigation And Simulation Of The Planetary Combination Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Csaba Toth-Nagy
Investigation And Simulation Of The Planetary Combination Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Csaba Toth-Nagy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of this study was the detailed examination of a Planetary Combination Hybrid Electric Vehicle design (PC-Hybrid). The PC-Hybrid unites all the advantages of the existing hybrid electric vehicle powertrain concepts, such as series, parallel and combination, while eliminating the disadvantages of each.;The PC-Hybrid powertrain is built up of an internal combustion engine, and two electric motor/alternators connected together via a planetary gear set. Several different powertrain configuration layouts were investigated as possible setups of the PC-Hybrid and the two most promising ones were chosen for further investigation and simulation. A control strategy has been developed for the optimal …
Evaluation Of Survival And Recovery Characteristics Of Bifidobacteria As Indicators Of Fecal Pollution Of Water, John Elmer Ravenscroft Jr.
Evaluation Of Survival And Recovery Characteristics Of Bifidobacteria As Indicators Of Fecal Pollution Of Water, John Elmer Ravenscroft Jr.
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The examination of aquatic environments for bacterial indicator organisms has proven to be a useful and well-established practice for the purpose of monitoring microbiological water quality. An ideal indicator of fecal pollution should be present in sufficient density to allow detection, present simultaneous with pathogen(s), incapable of aftergrowth in external aquatic environments, easy to enumerate, and exclusively of fecal origin. Unfortunately, none of the indicator organisms presently in use today meet all of these requirements. Bifidobacteria show promise as indicators of fecal pollution in water with the additional ability of potentially distinguishing between fecal pollution of human and animal origin. …
Encoding Of Periodic Skin Stimuli By Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons, Jeffrey J. Lawson
Encoding Of Periodic Skin Stimuli By Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons, Jeffrey J. Lawson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The encoding of vibrotactile pitch by neurons of the somatosensory system has been investigated at many levels of the neuraxis. These studies, however, have not extended to the spinal dorsal horn, which is known to process low threshold mechanoreceptive input. The studies presented here were designed to assess the possible role of the dorsal horn in the encoding of vibrotactile pitch. To accomplish this task, dorsal horn single unit extracellular recordings were obtained during periodic electrical and sinusoidal mechanical stimulation of their receptive fields. Techniques used in classifying vibrotactile pitch encoding were similar to those used in other somatosensory nuclei, …
Effects Of Reinforcement History For Following Rules On Sensitivity To Contingencies Of Reinforcement, Carolina Aguilera
Effects Of Reinforcement History For Following Rules On Sensitivity To Contingencies Of Reinforcement, Carolina Aguilera
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The present experiment manipulated subjects' experimental history of reinforcement for following rules in order to assess sensitivity to contingency changes. Ten undergraduate students were presented with four training tasks. Half the subjects were presented with instructions that corresponded with the reinforcement contingencies for these tasks (Accurate Instructions group), while the other half was presented with instructions that did not correspond with the reinforcement contingencies (Inaccurate Instructions group). After meeting stability criteria, unsignaled changes in the contingencies of one of the tasks were made to test for sensitivity. Although the behavior of all the subjects eventually changed after contacting the changed …
Commercialism, Subsistence, And Competency On The Western Virginia Frontier, 1765--1800, John M. Boback
Commercialism, Subsistence, And Competency On The Western Virginia Frontier, 1765--1800, John M. Boback
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Since the early nineteenth century, Americans have frequently associated the pioneers of the Appalachian Mountains with subsistence farming, economic independence, and a certain degree of hostility toward capitalism. This thesis disproves the myth of pioneer self-sufficiency by demonstrating how the men and women who settled in western Virginia during the final third of the eighteenth century used a variety of tactics in their struggle to achieve a competency. Although subsistence activities, such as hunting and farming, undoubtedly held an important place in the backcountry domestic economy, the settlers also interacted with the commercial market as both producers and consumers of …
Students' Perception Of Performance Through Self-Assessment, Javier Dejesus Coronado-Aliegro
Students' Perception Of Performance Through Self-Assessment, Javier Dejesus Coronado-Aliegro
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study was designed as a qualitative investigation and it focuses on the non-graded self-assessment adult ESL students make of their performance. It is based upon findings from previous studies of self-assessment in several settings (Glazer, 1999; Glazer et al., 1995; Optiz, 1995; Manning, 1997; Levy, 1999; Fazey, 1993; Boud, 1992; Orsmond et al., 1997; Sullivan and Hall, 1997; and Lan, 1996). The present research reports and analyzes data collected from eleven students who expressed their views concerning their performance through a checklist, two questionnaires and an interview in an ESL setting. The data collected and analyzed suggest that students …
Structural Determinants Of Murine Leukemia Virus (Mlv) Reverse Transcriptase (Rt) Important For Fidelity And Drug Resistance In Vivo, Elias Konstantine Halvas
Structural Determinants Of Murine Leukemia Virus (Mlv) Reverse Transcriptase (Rt) Important For Fidelity And Drug Resistance In Vivo, Elias Konstantine Halvas
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Error-prone DNA synthesis by retroviral reverse transcriptases (RTs) is a major contributor to variation in retroviral populations generating mutants that exhibit altered host tropisms, resistance to antiviral drugs, and the ability to escape the host's immune system. To identify structural elements of murine leukemia virus (MLV) RT important for fidelity and drug-resistance in vivo, we developed a D17-based encapsidating cell line (ANGIE P) which is designed to express the amphotropic MLV envelope. ANGIE P cell line also contains an MLV-based retroviral vector (GA-1), which encodes a wild-type bacterial beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene. Transfection of ANGIE P …
Mechanical Property Characterization Of Recycled Thermoplastics, Johnny Edward Bargo
Mechanical Property Characterization Of Recycled Thermoplastics, Johnny Edward Bargo
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Reuse of engineering thermoplastics retrieved from discarded computers, monitors and printers called as electronic shredder residue is described in the following thesis. Virgin, blend of virgin and recycled, and 100% recycled polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) are characterized for mechanical properties as part of this research. This research consists of characterization of mechanical properties such as tension, bending, compression, impact, hardness, and creep of ABS and PC plastics.;Long-term mechanical property retention and environmental durability are very important for infrastructure and automotive applications. The resins alone do not have the strength or stiffness to meet the …
Evaluation Of The Use Of Remotely Sensed Images To Speciate Mixed Appalachian Forests, Doru Ioan Pacurari
Evaluation Of The Use Of Remotely Sensed Images To Speciate Mixed Appalachian Forests, Doru Ioan Pacurari
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Advancements in technology have led to development of various new sensors and platforms. Among them, the airborne digital camera has potential for use in detailed forest vegetation management, and they offer a number of advantages over conventional aerial photographs. The aim of the study was to determine the ability to speciate mixed Appalachian hardwood forests using the Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) System 1000, and to determine the optimal spatial resolution and the optimal scale of the acquired images. Digital images of a 200-ha area in west central West Virginia were acquired for the study.;The first objective of the …
Relationship Between Cutting Parameters And Bit Geometry In Rotary Cutting, Srikanth Addala
Relationship Between Cutting Parameters And Bit Geometry In Rotary Cutting, Srikanth Addala
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The main objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between cutting parameters (cutting force, penetration force, specific energy, specific respirable dust) and the bit geometry parameters (angle of the bit tip, bit tip size and shape of the bit) in order to reduce the amount of specific respirable dust generated and the specific energy consumed in rotary cutting. In the cutting process when two grooves are made in the rock at certain spacing, a land/ridge is formed between the two adjacent grooves. If that land/ridge can be removed in a cutting cycle, then a clean surface will be …
Opportunities That Exist For Communication Experts In The Field Of Communication Consulting, Dale Eugene Shriver Ii
Opportunities That Exist For Communication Experts In The Field Of Communication Consulting, Dale Eugene Shriver Ii
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This study examined the opportunities that exist for communication experts, particularly graduate students, in the field of consulting. Interviews were conducted with established consultants to determine how consultants describe their job functions, what kinds of consultants are needed in organizations, and what barriers to entry exist for those wishing to enter the field. Results indicate that there are several factors to consider when attempting to enter the field of consultation.
Net Section Rupture In Tension Members With Connection Eccentricity, Peter Atwood Bartels
Net Section Rupture In Tension Members With Connection Eccentricity, Peter Atwood Bartels
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Tension members consisting of single and double angles, single channels and similar sections are frequently used for lateral bracing and as truss elements. Such members will normally have eccentric connections, and it is often permitted, by current design specifications, to neglect this eccentricity in the design of the member. In this study, load tests were performed on three series of short tension member specimens to investigate the influence of varying connection eccentricity and length on the load capacity of the members. Additionally, studies were conducted to investigate the influence of hole fabrication methods. Two methods were used: punched holes and …
Assessment Of A Space Shuttle Trajectory Evaluation System (Dolilu Ii), Diwakar Chakravarthy
Assessment Of A Space Shuttle Trajectory Evaluation System (Dolilu Ii), Diwakar Chakravarthy
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
DOLILU II is a ground control system that generates space shuttle's launch trajectories, first stage guidance commands and verifies whether the generated trajectories are safe for the flight. It is a safety critical system and a high degree of confidence in its safety and reliability must be gained through assessment. We addressed three issues related to its safety and reliability assessment. We developed a reliability assessment framework for DOLILU II system. We proposed techniques to speed up test case execution and designed methodologies for the generation of input conditions needed to test the system.;We used a Bayesian statistical framework for …
Emissions And Operational Aspects Of Methanol As An Alternative Fuel In A Stationary Gas Turbine, Richard William Guiler
Emissions And Operational Aspects Of Methanol As An Alternative Fuel In A Stationary Gas Turbine, Richard William Guiler
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
During this research techniques have been developed to measure the lubricating properties of methanol and various additives. Suitable lubricant additives were found to improve methanol's lubricity to equal that of aviation kerosene, with as little as 1% additive. The lower heating value of methanol required modifications to the WVU gas turbine's fuel system and atomizer, to provide higher flow rate of fuel then required with aviation kerosene. The gas turbine was modified and operated on methanol for an extended period, without failure. Exhaust gas emissions were tested for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), total hydrocarbons …
Evaluating Diagnostic And Treatment Modalities In The Management Of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia In The Veterans Administration Population, Ancilla William Fernandes
Evaluating Diagnostic And Treatment Modalities In The Management Of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia In The Veterans Administration Population, Ancilla William Fernandes
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a common prostatic condition among aging males significantly affects quality of life. Though clinical practice guidelines for BPH management have been established, little research has been done to determine adherence to such guidelines. To assess adherence to such guidelines, this study evaluated diagnostic and treatment modalities in BPH management in the VA population (a population with a high percentage of elderly males). A survey, containing simulated BPH patient cases, was mailed to 292 VA urologists, of which 114 (39%) responded. Urologists showed good adherence to the recommended diagnostic tests but preferences varied for the optional tests …
Optical Characterization Of Compound Semiconductors Using Photoconductivity And Photoreflectance, Vladimir Alexandru Stoica
Optical Characterization Of Compound Semiconductors Using Photoconductivity And Photoreflectance, Vladimir Alexandru Stoica
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Custom photoreflectance modulation spectroscopy and photoconductivity spectroscopy set-ups were constructed and used to characterize semiconductor materials. The ternary Cd1--xZnxTe compound was studied to achieve fine control over its composition to provide lattice-matched substrates for the growth of Hg1--xCdxTe which is used in infrared detectors. Photoreflectance spectroscopy, capable of accurate estimations of energy levels in semiconductors, was applied to determine composition in CdZnTe standards via band gap energy determinations. The excitonic contributions at room temperature were shown to be in agreement with literature data. The lack of lattice matched substrates for the growth of GaN is still providing material with considerable …
Dynamic Analysis Of A Composite Moving Beam, Ganesh Chandrasekaran
Dynamic Analysis Of A Composite Moving Beam, Ganesh Chandrasekaran
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this thesis, an attempt is made at studying the dynamic characteristics of a composite-moving beam.;The model considered is an overhang beam on simple supports oscillating in the longitudinal direction. The lateral response of the beam is studied due to an initial lateral deflection. The beam is made-up of laminated composite materials. Both symmetric and unsymmetrical lay ups are considered. Since unsymmetrical lay ups introduce bending-axial coupling, axial deformation needs to be considered also. First Order Shear Deformation theory (FSDT) is used to formulate the problem since transverse shear deformations are important for composite beams. When reducing laminate plate theory …
Detection Of Subsurface Anomalies In Composite Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography, Hasan Moh'd Alqennah
Detection Of Subsurface Anomalies In Composite Bridge Decks Using Infrared Thermography, Hasan Moh'd Alqennah
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This document presents the findings of an experimental study on the use of Infrared Thermography for nondestructive evaluation of subsurface anomalies in composite bridge decks.;Composite bridge deck specimens were constructed in the laboratory with varying subsurface delamination conditions such as sizes, thicknesses and filler materials. These simulated delaminations were placed between the 3/8&inches; thick wearing surface and the top of the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) deck. The laboratory specimens were tested using the infrared imaging system. The infrared images from the delaminated specimens were compared with solid (undamaged) specimens to study the effect of subsurface anomalies (delaminations) on the infrared …
Assessing West Virginia Nipf Owner Characteristics And Preferred Assistance Topics, Daniel Joseph Magill
Assessing West Virginia Nipf Owner Characteristics And Preferred Assistance Topics, Daniel Joseph Magill
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Four hundred and fifty-one Non-Industrial-Private-Forest (NIPF) owners (49% response rate) in West Virginia responded to a survey of their forestry assistance needs. Most of the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, their reasons for owning the property, the types of activities they were engaged in on the property and the agencies that provided assistance by themselves significantly (Chi2 & ANOVA) differentiated those interested and not interested in obtaining assistance. However, when all 39 factors were considered together (Logistic Regression) only a small number of these factors were needed to explain the difference between landowners wanting and not wanting a specific assistance …
Effects Of Plant Flavonoids On The Fate Of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Rhizosphere Soil, Xiujin Qui
Effects Of Plant Flavonoids On The Fate Of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Rhizosphere Soil, Xiujin Qui
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
High-molecular-weight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent in the environment although a wide variety of microorganisms can metabolize PAHs. In the past decades, laboratory and filed studies have shown that PAH degradation in soil is often limited by poor bioavailability and oxygen availability. Bound residue formation of PAHs with macromolecules of soil organic matter is an important fate mechanism. More recently, phytoremediation for PAH-contaminated soils is being explored. It is believed that PAH degradation may be enhanced in rhizosphere soil due to the improved aeration condition and the active soil microbial community sustained by root exudates. Whether certain root exudates …
Adapting Parent -Child Interaction Therapy To Train Head Start Teachers In Behavior Management, Alisa B. Bahl
Adapting Parent -Child Interaction Therapy To Train Head Start Teachers In Behavior Management, Alisa B. Bahl
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Efforts toward greater inclusion of children with a range of presenting problems have resulted in increasingly more children with difficult behavior in non-specialized classrooms. Unfortunately, teachers report that they have not been trained adequately to work with children who exhibit extreme behaviors. It is important, therefore, that effective methods of training teachers are empirically investigated. In clinical settings, strategies for training parents of young children with disruptive behavior disorders have substantial empirical support. Therefore, using these techniques to train teachers is a logical step. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy is one empirically validated parent training approach that uses coaching as a means …
Development And Application Electrochemical And Spectrophotometric Methods Based Upon Ac Potential Modulation For Characterization Of Hybrid Bilayer Membranes And Electroactive Self -Assembled Monolayers Supported On Gold Electrodes, Dmitri A. Brevnov
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Applications of the electrochemical method, AC Voltammetry (ACV), and its modifications based upon monitoring ac current as a function of ac potential modulation are described. The first chapter involves investigating the effect of a short peptide, melittin, on both hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) dielectric properties and HBM resistance to heterogeneous electron transfer. These effects are discussed in terms of three possible mechanisms by which melittin may affect HBMs. In the second chapter, a modification of ACV, second harmonic ACV, is considered. A data processing method is suggested to analyze data collected at high perturbation frequencies at which the effect of …
Structural Determinants Of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase That Are Important For Template Switching, Fidelity, And Drug Resistance, Evguenia S. Svarovskaia
Structural Determinants Of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase That Are Important For Template Switching, Fidelity, And Drug Resistance, Evguenia S. Svarovskaia
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Retroviruses exhibit high mutation rates. High mutation and recombination rates increase variation within a viral population and result in production of drug-resistant mutants and/or mutants that can escape a host immune response. Mutations are introduced into the viral genome by error-prone reverse transcriptase (RT), a virally encoded enzyme that converts single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded DNA. In the current study we are trying to understand what structural determinants of RTs are important for fidelity, frequency of template switching, and drug-resistance. First, we developed an in vivo assay and performed mutational analysis of manne leukemia virus (MLV) RT to identify structural …
Characterization And Applications Of Pulsed Millisecond Glow Discharge Sources, Cris Lee Lewis
Characterization And Applications Of Pulsed Millisecond Glow Discharge Sources, Cris Lee Lewis
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
Most modern analytical techniques are derived from coupled methods involving a chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. These techniques are employed in modern laboratories in the form of gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometric systems. Chromatography methods separate and concentrate different chemical species based on phase partitioning. Once separated, the sample is analyzed mass spectrometrically, where further information and identification of the analyte may be deduced based on its inherent mass-to-charge ratio. However, following chemical separation and previous to any mass spectrometric detection, the analyte most be ionized. To date there are numerous possible methods for ionization, however, they …
Dynamical Analysis Of Infant Social Referencing, Melissa Sue Atkins
Dynamical Analysis Of Infant Social Referencing, Melissa Sue Atkins
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
The purpose of the present study was to examine relations between joint attention, language, maternal sensitivity, and temperament and the emergence of social referencing in infants and to closely observe variability in social referencing. Five infants, 7 months of age, were observed on a weekly basis for a period of four months. All five infants were engaging in social referencing behavior at the beginning of the study, which is much earlier than the literature indicates; therefore, the onset of the behavior was missed. However, results did indicate variability in social referencing behavior, in that infants referenced more in the laboratory …
Carnivalized Narratives In The Postmodern Long Poem, Joe Wade Moffett
Carnivalized Narratives In The Postmodern Long Poem, Joe Wade Moffett
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
As a decidedly American tradition, the long poem has become the premier literary endeavor for poets in the twentieth-century. Writers such as T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams have pursued the long poem, but under the auspices of the "modern epic." Three postmodern long poems---Kenneth Koch's Seasons on Earth, Edward Dom's Gunslinger, and James Merrill's The Changing Light at Sandover---illustrate a dramatic rupture with the texts of modernism by introducing comic situations and multi-voiced narration---situations described by Mikhail Bakhtin as "dialogism" and "carnival," receptively---into the canon of American long poems. These innovations allow the postmodern long poem …
Determining The Influence On Technology Integration By The Problem Solving Styles Of Instructors Of History, Classics And Humanities Courses, Karl Nels Nelson
Determining The Influence On Technology Integration By The Problem Solving Styles Of Instructors Of History, Classics And Humanities Courses, Karl Nels Nelson
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
More is spent on a single B-2 bomber than the combined annual budgets of the National Endowments for the Arts, the Humanities, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. History, classical, humanities studies instructors are traditionally the last to receive instruction on integrating technology in their fields. The purpose of this study was to investigate how history, humanities and classical studies instructors at a mid-Atlantic university used a web-page designed to supplement and/or support their traditional classroom instruction. This study looked at how individual problem solving styles of instructors influenced the level at which they integrated new Internet technologies in their …
West Virginia State Legislators' Opinions Of Local Mass Media, Timothy Shaw Penn
West Virginia State Legislators' Opinions Of Local Mass Media, Timothy Shaw Penn
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
This survey of members of the West Virginia House of Delegates and Senate regarding their opinions of local mass media found that the majority of lawmakers felt local mass media had little influence on their decision making process. The legislators did not, however, view the media as neutral sources of political information. Self-described "conservative" lawmakers rated media sources described as "liberal" as being less accurate in their coverage of the legislature than did self-described "liberal" or "middle-of-the-road" lawmakers. The thesis used discriminate analysis to develop a statistically significant function able to classify, with high confidence, the political orientation of lawmakers, …