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Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

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Productivity Index Of Horizontal Gas Well, Abdullah A. Almuraikhi Jan 2017

Productivity Index Of Horizontal Gas Well, Abdullah A. Almuraikhi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the most direct techniques to evaluate gas well production capacity is by productivity index (PI). As the application of horizontal wells has significantly increased since 1980s, a number of correlations for predicting the horizontal well PI have been developed by modification of the PI correlations for vertical wells. However, the predicted PI values by different correlations differ significantly. Furthermore, there are no available guidelines for proper application of the various correlations. The objective of this research is to determine the most reliable correlation for horizontal well productivity index in a gas reservoir and identify the key parameters that …

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A Data-Driven Smart Proxy Model For A Comprehensive Reservoir Simulation, Faisal Alenezi Jan 2017

A Data-Driven Smart Proxy Model For A Comprehensive Reservoir Simulation, Faisal Alenezi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The preferred common tool to estimate the performance of oil and gas fields under different production scenarios is numerical reservoir simulation. A comprehensive numerical reservoir model has tens of millions of grid blocks. The massive potential of existing numerical reservoir simulation models have gone unrealized because they are computationally expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, an effective alternative tool is required for fast and reliable decision making. To reduce the required computational time, proxy models have been developed. Traditional proxy models are either statistical or reduced-order models (ROM). They were developed to substitute complex numerical simulation with producing a representation of the …

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Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol Jan 2017

Monitoring And Control Framework For Advanced Power Plant Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Ghassan Khalil Ismaeel Al-Sinbol

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation presents the design, development, and simulation testing of a monitoring and control framework for dynamic systems using artificial intelligence techniques. A comprehensive monitoring and control system capable of detecting, identifying, evaluating, and accommodating various subsystem failures and upset conditions is presented. The system is developed by synergistically merging concepts inspired from the biological immune system with evolutionary optimization algorithms and adaptive control techniques.;The proposed methodology provides the tools for addressing the complexity and multi-dimensionality of the modern power plants in a comprehensive and integrated manner that classical approaches cannot achieve. Current approaches typically address abnormal condition (AC) detection …

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Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias Jan 2017

Efficacy Of Self-Directed Exposure Using Smart Phone Technology: First Versus Third Person Perspective, Matthew C. Arias

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Exposure therapy, including its self-directed forms, is effective for treatment of specific phobias. Nevertheless, there are issues with patient adherence in the use of exposure therapy, including its self-directed formats. Technological advancements, as with smartphones, may improve adherence to self-directed exposure therapy, perhaps due to exposure stimuli being more readily accessible. Thus, there is a need to examine how presenting phobic material on a smartphone might promote increased adherence in conducting self-directed exposure. Additionally, exposure can incorporate phobic material from different perspectives (i.e., first-person or third-person), which is one factor that may impact treatment effectiveness. Participants (N = 36) were …

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Metaphors Of Reading: Cognition And Embodiment In Contemporary Metafiction, Amanda L. Bailey Jan 2017

Metaphors Of Reading: Cognition And Embodiment In Contemporary Metafiction, Amanda L. Bailey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This project brings together methodologies from sensory and cognitive approaches to literature to posit that Conceptual Metaphors of Readings mediate the experience of readers with fiction and provide an organizing framework for scholars and readers alike to consider the diverse sensory and cognitive phenomena that are used to describe the experience of reading. These conceptual metaphors are culturally and historically developed and can be used in combination with each other by authors to achieve desired effects on readers; however, there are clear patterns in metaphor blends. I demonstrate the robustness of this framework by analyzing metafictional readers, scenes of reading, …

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Selected Topics In Image Super-Resolution: Guided Image And Learning Representation, Wentian Zhou Jan 2017

Selected Topics In Image Super-Resolution: Guided Image And Learning Representation, Wentian Zhou

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Obtaining high-resolution images is a fundamental challenge for many vision related tasks. It is highly desirable to develop effective and efficient super-resolution algorithms to enhance the spatial resolution of acquired images. However, estimating high-resolution images is an ill-posed problem where a large set of possible solutions exist. To make this inverse problem more tractable, it is often necessary to constrain the targeted high-resolution image with a priori information (i.e., in model-based approaches) or to assume the availability of additional training data (i.e., in learning-based approaches). In this dissertation, we propose to (i) use simultaneous-sparse-coding and machine learning techniques to incorporate …

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The Treatment Of The Piano In Six Selected Chamber Works By Colombian Composers In The Twenty-First Century, Javier Camacho Jan 2017

The Treatment Of The Piano In Six Selected Chamber Works By Colombian Composers In The Twenty-First Century, Javier Camacho

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This research project examines selected contemporary chamber-music works with piano by Colombian composers. It describes the different styles, techniques, pianistic elements, and pedagogical approaches present in: Rapsodia (Rhapsody) for clarinet and piano (2000) by Jorge Alejandro Salazar (b. 1978); A la Memoria de 21 Angeles (In memory of 21 Angels) for trumpet and piano (2014) by Mauricio Arias (b. 1984); Andromeda for violin and piano (2007) and Scorpius for soprano, violin and piano (2010) by Jorge Humberto Pinzon (b. 1968); Into the Silence for violin, clarinet and piano (2011) by Paola Marquez (b. 1978); and Dospianazo No. 1 (2011) by …

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Examining Strain Propagation In The Lateral And Codominant Branch Attachment Using Digital Image Correlation, Robert T. Eckenrode Iv Jan 2017

Examining Strain Propagation In The Lateral And Codominant Branch Attachment Using Digital Image Correlation, Robert T. Eckenrode Iv

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Static load testing of branches is a well-established method for examining attachment strength of trees. Information gathered from these experiments is used to better understand how branches fail, and predict how they are attached to their parent stem. Digital image correlation (DIC) is used to directly measure strain on the surface of materials during static load testing. By examining how strain moves through the branch attachment, a better understanding of how trees carry loads can also be attained. In these experiments, strain propagation in the branch connection zone of lateral and codominant stems was measured utilizing digital image correlation. In …

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The Transformation Of Occupations: A Case Study Of Professionalism In Cocktail Bartending, Jacqueline Fowler Jan 2017

The Transformation Of Occupations: A Case Study Of Professionalism In Cocktail Bartending, Jacqueline Fowler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One focus in the sociology of work and occupations literature concerns the phenomena by which occupations transform into skilled professions. This study focuses on a craft cocktail bar and the attending cocktail bartenders as a case study of occupational professionalization. Cocktail bartenders are uniquely suited for this type of inquiry, as many aspects of their occupation carry the markers of professionalism, such as mastery of a skill, a deep understanding of their field, and their potential to be cultural intermediaries.;This study utilizes observation and interviews to elucidate how bartenders define themselves, their work, and their occupation as a whole. By …

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Social Capital Structure And Dynamics In Stream Restoration: A Social Network Analysis Approach To The Upper Shavers Fork, West Virginia, Paul J. Kinder Jr. Jan 2017

Social Capital Structure And Dynamics In Stream Restoration: A Social Network Analysis Approach To The Upper Shavers Fork, West Virginia, Paul J. Kinder Jr.

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Streams are common pool resources embedded in watersheds representing complex socio-ecological systems that provide ecological goods and services as well as economic and social benefits. They have been referred to as the lifeblood of civilization. Streams, however, are among the most vulnerable natural resources globally to anthropocentric impacts and are all too often in need of restoration. While the primary objective of stream restoration is to bring back healthy ecological functions, other benefits and outcomes from restoration efforts exist, but are often overlooked. These benefits and outcomes relate to effective natural resource governance systems, which rely on social networks comprised …

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A Study Of Nikolai Kapustin's Sonata No. 12, Op. 102: A Contemporary Jazz Sonata In Two Movements, Mark Peters Jan 2017

A Study Of Nikolai Kapustin's Sonata No. 12, Op. 102: A Contemporary Jazz Sonata In Two Movements, Mark Peters

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Nikolai Girshevich Kapustin emerged as a musical figure during the latter part of the 20th century. Kapustin's virtuosic piano ability (trained in the traditional Russian school of technique) and fascination for American jazz music equally contributed to his unique compositional style. Despite an early interest in jazz, he continued his traditional studies as a concert pianist. In the face of resistance from the Russian government, jazz continued to gain traction throughout the middle of the twentieth century.;Inspired by the styles and harmonic colors that defined jazz, Kapustin decided to merge his knowledge of Classical piano with his admiration for this …

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Student-Athletes' Experiences With Racial Microaggressions In Sport: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis, Sae-Mi Lee Jan 2017

Student-Athletes' Experiences With Racial Microaggressions In Sport: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis, Sae-Mi Lee

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Despite growing research on racial microaggressions as a subtle but prevalent form of racial discrimination, research on microaggressions in sport and their effects on the psychosocial wellbeing of athletes is scarce. Moreover, some researchers question the legitimacy of microaggressions due to their subtle nature and the inconsistency among individuals in how microaggressions are experienced (Lilienfeld, 2017). The purpose of this study was to examine U.S. collegiate student-athletes-of-colors' experiences with racial microaggressions in sport through a new theoretical lens, Foucauldian poststructuralist theory. I theorized microaggressions as an example of the daily panoptic gaze that leads to self-surveillance and the production of …

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Effect Of Individual Cultural Speeches On Accuracy And Cultural Content Knowledge Of Intermediate Spanish Students, Guadalupe Madrid Jan 2017

Effect Of Individual Cultural Speeches On Accuracy And Cultural Content Knowledge Of Intermediate Spanish Students, Guadalupe Madrid

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This quantitative study completed at an American university in Spring 2014 in intermediate Spanish classes measured if two individual cultural speeches (ICS tasks) had an effect not only on second language (L2) students' accuracy in Spanish during the oral presentation, but also their cultural content knowledge when answering the culture section of the final exam. The ICS task was presented in Spanish, orally without reading, so that students had the opportunity to speak Spanish and share cultural content knowledge with their classmates. The ICS task design was supported by The Robinson Cognition Hypothesis (2007), Ellis (2009) and Skehan and Foster's …

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Modeling, Simulation And Decentralized Control Of Islanded Microgrids, Farideh Doost Mohammadi Jan 2017

Modeling, Simulation And Decentralized Control Of Islanded Microgrids, Farideh Doost Mohammadi

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Modeling, Simulation and Decentralized Control of Islanded Microgrids by Farideh Doost Mohammadi This thesis develops a comprehensive modular state-space model of microgrids containing inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). The model is validated and then used for small signal stability enhancement and voltage and frequency control. State space models of various microgrid elements are first derived, which allow for the inclusion of any possible elements such as current controlled inverters that are missing in the literature. Then a complete state space model is obtained to complement the models that are available in the literature and whose objectives are system analysis only …

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Deep Extragalactic Neutral Hydrogen Surveys With The Green Bank Telescope, Nickolas M Pingel Jan 2017

Deep Extragalactic Neutral Hydrogen Surveys With The Green Bank Telescope, Nickolas M Pingel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

No abstract provided.

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Study Of Parameter Estimation And Model Calibration Using Bayesian Analysis Of Noisy Data For A Virus Model, Alejandro Mejia Jan 2017

Study Of Parameter Estimation And Model Calibration Using Bayesian Analysis Of Noisy Data For A Virus Model, Alejandro Mejia

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Numerous engineering problems are concerned with the challenge of representing real life systems through mathematical equations: modeling. Properly generated mathematical models can accurately predict the behavior of natural processes. The key objective of model development is to correctly build a set of equations or expressions that can reproduce the results observed from experimental measurements. By following this methodology, sources of error and uncertainty will arise as most natural processes have random factors that make the results stochastic, and therefore can never be exactly reproduced. A model can try to best approximate the actual outcome, but many times assumptions or simplifications …

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Student Interview And Preference Assessment As Functional Behavior Assessment Tools In Schools, Gabrielle Mesches Jan 2017

Student Interview And Preference Assessment As Functional Behavior Assessment Tools In Schools, Gabrielle Mesches

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Functional behavior assessments (FBA) identify the consequences that maintain challenging behavior. Much of the current literature suggests that functional analyses are the most effective component of an FBA. However, functional analyses are most commonly used with children with developmental and intellectual disabilities. For children with complex verbal repertoires, other types of assessment may identify consequences maintaining behavior that can be subsequently manipulated as part of a classroom-based intervention. In the current study, we compared a student-completed interview and preference assessment to the outcomes of a functional analysis, and used the outcomes of all three assessments to evaluate classroom-based interventions to …

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Three Essays On Monetary Policy, Income Inequality, And Capital Flows, John Meszaros Jan 2017

Three Essays On Monetary Policy, Income Inequality, And Capital Flows, John Meszaros

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation is a collection of essays centered on monetary policy and central bank institutions and how they affect capital flows and income inequality. The first chapter concerns household debt and income inequality, which are both effected by the interest rate environment. As such, the high leverage ratio of households outside the top end of the income distribution has led many economists to assert that household debt has been an important component of the increase in income inequality in the United States. Mason and Jayadev (2014) define 3 variables that may affect household debt: an effective interest rate measure, inflation, …

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The Assessment Of Fingerprint Quality For A More Effective Match Score In Minutiae-Based Matching Performers, Alyshia Meyers Jan 2017

The Assessment Of Fingerprint Quality For A More Effective Match Score In Minutiae-Based Matching Performers, Alyshia Meyers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

One of the most common types of evidence recovered from a crime scene are latent fingerprints, however these impressions are often of low quality. The quality of a latent fingerprint is described as the degree to which the ridge details can be observed. If the quality of the latent fingerprint is very clear, a minutiae-based matching algorithm with automatic extraction may detect and utilize the minutiae that are truly present in the fingerprint. However, if the impression is of poor quality, the minutiae-based matching algorithm's automatic extraction may detect fewer features and could completely miss features resulting in the return …

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On Some Parabolic Type Problems From Thin Film Theory And Chemical Reaction-Diffusion Networks, Fatma Naser Ali Mohamed Jan 2017

On Some Parabolic Type Problems From Thin Film Theory And Chemical Reaction-Diffusion Networks, Fatma Naser Ali Mohamed

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This dissertation considers some parabolic type problems from thin film theory and chemical reaction-diffusion networks. The dissertation consists of two parts:;In the first part, we study the evolution of a thin film of fluid modeled by the lubrication approximation for thin viscous films. We prove an existence of (dissipative) strong solutions for the Cauchy problem when the sub-diffusive exponent ranges between 3/8 and 2; then we show that these solutions tend to zero at rates matching the decay of the source-type self-similar solutions with zero contact angle. We introduce the weaker concept of dissipative mild solutions and we show that, …

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Examining Diabetes, Depression And Suicide In Middle-Aged And Older Adults, Kimberly Morton Jan 2017

Examining Diabetes, Depression And Suicide In Middle-Aged And Older Adults, Kimberly Morton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Rates of suicide in the United States are highest in middle-aged and older adults compared to younger age groups. These rates are alarming and point to the need for suicide prevention research in middle-aged and older adult populations. Depression is the most well-established independent risk factor for death by suicide. Some health conditions are also associated with risk of suicide above and beyond depression. Diabetes is often co-morbid with depression (clinical and subclinical depression). However, research examining diabetes and risk of suicide is less clear. In the current study, the first aim was to examine diabetes, vision impairment and depressive …

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Evidence Utility In Forensic Intelligence Models, Jamie S. Spaulding Jan 2017

Evidence Utility In Forensic Intelligence Models, Jamie S. Spaulding

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Forensic intelligence is the accurate, timely, and useful product of logically processing forensic case data for investigation and/or intelligence purposes. The most important facet of any investigation is the decision making process due to significant influence and direction of the downstream investigation. Wrong decisions can lead to an unsolved case or implication of an innocent individual. Accurate decision making can be reinforced by linkages or relationships uncovered within a case. Analysis of evidence can also create a link between cases leading to more effective case closure. Application of forensic intelligence seeks to rectify this problem; more open and fluid communication …

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Comparing The Hydrodynamic Response Of Fracture Shearing In Marcellus And Eau Claire Shales, Matthew A. Stadelman Jan 2017

Comparing The Hydrodynamic Response Of Fracture Shearing In Marcellus And Eau Claire Shales, Matthew A. Stadelman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Three samples of Marcellus and Eau Claire shales were sheared in a modified Hassler style core holder. Before testing and after each shear step, the hydraulic transmissivity was measured and a high-resolution 3-D image taken using a computer tomography (CT) scanner, resolution ranged from 26.7 to 27.6 microns. Each sample was sheared four to eight times during a test providing a total of 37 fracture geometries. The 3-D binary images of each fracture were processed based on a voxel connectivity graph, removing any clusters that were not connected to the main fracture. Two-dimensional aperture maps were then generated by flattening …

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Comprehensive Modernization Of Firearm Discharge Residue Analysis; Advanced Analytical Techniques, Complexing Agents, And Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Brittany Louise Stevens Jan 2017

Comprehensive Modernization Of Firearm Discharge Residue Analysis; Advanced Analytical Techniques, Complexing Agents, And Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Brittany Louise Stevens

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The use of firearm discharge residue (FDR) evidence has been on the decline as a result of instrumental and analytical limitations and the inability to evaluate and assign evidentiary value. To utilize FDR evidence to its fullest extent, detection methods exploiting modern advancements in instrumentation must be explored and developed. Research has been performed in an effort to modernize FDR analysis but to date nothing has been implemented or found widespread use in forensic laboratories. This research investigated three analytical techniques for the detection of FDR; (1) ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), (2) thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS), and …

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If A Rail Keks And No One Is Around, Does It Make A Sound?: Investigating The Use Of Autonomous Recording Units To Monitor King And Clapper Rails, Lydia Lenora Stiffler Jan 2017

If A Rail Keks And No One Is Around, Does It Make A Sound?: Investigating The Use Of Autonomous Recording Units To Monitor King And Clapper Rails, Lydia Lenora Stiffler

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Secretive marsh birds are challenging to monitor due to the difficulty in locating and trapping them within the dense emergent vegetation they occupy. Recently autonomous recording units (ARUs) have emerged as a novel alternative method to survey birds, although the technology has only been applied to a few species in specific field settings. There is limited information on how ARUs compare to human surveyors or how best to use ARU data that can be collected continuously. This thesis examines the applicability of ARUs for monitoring King (Rallus elegans) and Clapper ( R. crepitans) rails (collectively "rails") in two tidal marsh …

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Biopolitical Cyborgs In Post-1980 North American Critical Dystopias, Valerie Ann Surrett Jan 2017

Biopolitical Cyborgs In Post-1980 North American Critical Dystopias, Valerie Ann Surrett

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Stories of babies born from transplanted uteruses, fetuses created from three biological parents, a booming global surrogacy market, and embryonic gene selection have all made national headlines in the past two years. We live in an era of science fictional childbirths. Reproductive technologies that didn't exist a decade ago are now peddled to whomever can afford them, and science fiction has responded. Post-1980 speculative fiction confronts a potent convergence of various sociopolitical and reproductive trends, including the rise of neoliberal conservatism; the "test tube baby" boom; polarized reproductive rights debates; and Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980), the Supreme Court decision granting …

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Characterization And Flight Test Of A Multi-Antenna Gnss, Multi-Sensor Attitude Determination Algorithm, Nathan Tehrani Jan 2017

Characterization And Flight Test Of A Multi-Antenna Gnss, Multi-Sensor Attitude Determination Algorithm, Nathan Tehrani

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A multi-antenna Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), multi-sensor attitude estimation algorithm is outlined, and its sensitivity to various error sources is assessed. The attitude estimation algorithm first estimates attitude using multiple GNSS antennas, and then fuses a host of other attitude estimation sensors including tri-axial magnetometers, Sun sensors, and inertial sensors. This work is motivated by the attitude determination needs of the Antarctic Impulse Transient Antenna (ANITA) experiment, a high-altitude balloon-suspended science platform. In order to assess performance trade-offs of various algorithm configurations, the attitude estimation performance of various approaches is tested using a simulation that is based on recorded …

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Presidential Executive Orders: The Bureaucracy, Congress, And The Courts, Michael Edward Thunberg Jan 2017

Presidential Executive Orders: The Bureaucracy, Congress, And The Courts, Michael Edward Thunberg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) are genetic disorders that lead to defects in normal immune responses. While the causative gene for many of the more severe defects is known, new defects leading to additional syndromes are being described with increasing frequency. The most common group of PIDs are the primary antibody deficiencies (PADs), which manifest with low serum immunoglobulin levels, defective responses to vaccinations, and, for most, recurrent infections. In this work, we explore the genetic basis of common variable immune deficiency (CVID), the most common symptomatic PID, and related PADs using next-generation sequencing technology. In a large cohort of patients …

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Disruptions In Operant Behavior Of Pigeons In Transitions Across Rich And Lean Schedules Of Reinforcement With And Without Advance Notice Of The Lean Schedule, Forrest J. Toegel Jan 2017

Disruptions In Operant Behavior Of Pigeons In Transitions Across Rich And Lean Schedules Of Reinforcement With And Without Advance Notice Of The Lean Schedule, Forrest J. Toegel

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

"Advance notice" refers to procedures in which a stimulus is provided to signal the end of an ongoing activity and the nature of the upcoming activity. Applied research has considered whether advance notice will reduce the problem behavior that sometimes occurs during transitions. Interpretation of this research is complicated by procedural variations in the type of transitions arranged, the consequences of transition-related problem behavior, the method of providing advance notice, and the measurement of the effects of advance notice. The present experiment investigated effects of advance notice using an animal model of transition-related problem behavior. Key-pecking was maintained on a …

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The Response Of Naturally Regenerating Hardwood Seedlings To Post-Harvest Weed Control And Fertilization, Kevin Andrew Tomlinson Jan 2017

The Response Of Naturally Regenerating Hardwood Seedlings To Post-Harvest Weed Control And Fertilization, Kevin Andrew Tomlinson

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Current models to predict post-harvest success rely upon pre-harvest regeneration assessments, which rarely occur. Furthermore, these models lack management recommendations to improve regeneration success of naturally regenerating desired hardwood species following overstory removal. Factorial combinations of weeding and fertilization were randomly assigned to individual naturally regenerating black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and red oak (Q. rubra L., Q. velutina Lam., and Q. coccinea Muenchh.) seedlings in the spring of 2015, three growing seasons post-harvest. Factorial ANOVA models with size at treatment application as a covariate were developed and showed species-specific …

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