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Acoustical And Flow Characteristics Of A Cough As An Index Of Pulmonary Function In The Guinea Pig, Joshua W. Day Aug 2004

Acoustical And Flow Characteristics Of A Cough As An Index Of Pulmonary Function In The Guinea Pig, Joshua W. Day

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Human studies indicate that cough sound and flow analysis may be useful for diagnosing pulmonary abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an animal model for cough sound and flow analysis. A system was designed to expose guinea pigs to aerosols of citric acid (0.39M) and record resulting coughs at different stages of chemically induced specific airway resistance (sRAW). Coughs were divided into three categories (low sRAW, n = 113; moderate sRAW, n = 143; high sR AW, n = 93). 124 cough sound parameters were derived from the analysis of the sound pressure waves recorded during the …

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Effect Of Watering Regime And Media Components On The Production Of Organic Tomato Transplants, Melissa C. Vantine Aug 2004

Effect Of Watering Regime And Media Components On The Production Of Organic Tomato Transplants, Melissa C. Vantine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In order to find appropriate methods to produce quality organic tomato transplants, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. WV '63) seedlings were grown in four growing media containing various ratios of composted animal manure and were compared to transplants grown in a conventional peat-lite mix receiving synthetic fertilizers. These five media were watered according to eight watering regimes, including five watering levels and three watering regimes containing compost tea. Composted horse and cow manure can be used in part or instead of peat in organic potting mixes. The ratio of compost used will depend on characteristics of the compost and will also …

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Ctp Synthase And Transporter Function In Coxiella Burnetii, Jeffrey D. Miller Aug 2004

Ctp Synthase And Transporter Function In Coxiella Burnetii, Jeffrey D. Miller

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Coxiella burnetii is a gram negative, obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate in the acidified environment of a phagosome. Like other intracellular parasites, C. burnetii depends on the host cell for many of the substrates required for growth, such as amino acids. It had been observed that avirulent C. burnetii Nine Mile strain (Phase II) organisms in BHK-21 fibroblasts displayed improved growth when extracellular cytidine was introduced to infected cultures. This improved growth was not observed in wild type organisms in the same cell system. This observation, coupled with early enzyme activity studies, suggested that Phase II organisms had …

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Knowledge And Dissemination Of Sustainable Agriculture Practices By County Extension Agents In Ohio, Pennsylvania, And West Virginia, Erin M. Hersman May 2004

Knowledge And Dissemination Of Sustainable Agriculture Practices By County Extension Agents In Ohio, Pennsylvania, And West Virginia, Erin M. Hersman

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and preparation that Extension educators possess concerning the numerous dimensions of sustainable agriculture. From this information, a relationship between the amount of education that Extension educators receive about sustainable agriculture and the amount of information that Extension educators offer to their clientele about this topic was determined. Part-time agriculturalists were perceived to attend workshops/meetings based on sustainable agriculture practices, use more fact sheets or publications on the concepts of sustainable agriculture, and, in turn, apply more concepts of sustainable agriculture. Full-time agriculturalists were attending the workshops and/or meetings …

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Types Of Hardware And Software In Use And Problems Associated With Their Use In Secondary Agricultural Education Programs In West Virginia, David T. Aberegg May 2004

Types Of Hardware And Software In Use And Problems Associated With Their Use In Secondary Agricultural Education Programs In West Virginia, David T. Aberegg

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Microcomputers have become a vital tool in business, industry, and education. The level and the amount of education that students in West Virginia receive in secondary agricultural classes on microcomputers can affect their ability to compete for jobs and in college curriculums. For agriculture programs to produce quality graduates ready to meet the demands of today's work place, they must have up-to-date microcomputing hardware and software. This study examined the accessibility to computers by teachers of agriculture education in West Virginia. A survey was sent to 74 agriculture education departments in West Virginia. The results showed that most departments are …

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Brook Trout Bioenergetics And The Use Of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis For Proximate Composition, Marlin Keith Cox Ii May 2004

Brook Trout Bioenergetics And The Use Of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis For Proximate Composition, Marlin Keith Cox Ii

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Three aspects of a bioenergetics model were examined for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the laboratory: (1) refinement of the metabolism parameter estimations, (2) calculation of activity rates and (3) subsequent validation of the brook trout model. An integral part of bioenergetics modeling is the initial inputs of predator and prey energy density from body composition estimations. We present bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a means of rapidly estimating body composition in fish and then adjusted variables that may affect these predictions. We also used this tool and applied it to a compensatory growth study. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were …

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Critical Features Of Antigen-Specific And Allospecific Recognition By Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Marc A. Frankenberry May 2004

Critical Features Of Antigen-Specific And Allospecific Recognition By Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, Marc A. Frankenberry

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In general, CD8+ T lymphocytes respond to a single class I MHC/peptide complex, a phenomenon known as "MHC self-restriction". We previously reported that CD8+ CTLs from C57BL/6 mice were restricted to both H-2Kb and H-2Db when responding to the horse cyt c-derived peptide, p41--49. In Part I of this dissertation, we examine structural features of H-2Kb/cyt c and H-2Db/cyt c complexes responsible for dual recognition. B6.H-4.1c, a representative cloned CTL, was induced by similar concentrations of native peptide added to either H-2Kb- or H-2Db-expressing targets. Furthermore, the dissociation rates for both H-2Kb/cyt c and H-2D b/cyt c were comparable, but …

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Modeled Sulfur Dioxide Exposure From A Proposed Coal Fired Power Plant, Using Geographic Information Systems And Air Dispersion Modeling, Steven Jason Hutchens May 2004

Modeled Sulfur Dioxide Exposure From A Proposed Coal Fired Power Plant, Using Geographic Information Systems And Air Dispersion Modeling, Steven Jason Hutchens

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study models the contribution of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) from a proposed coal fired power plant (CFPP) above existing ambient levels. Most vulnerable to SO2 exposure appear to be the elderly, young, and diseased, here identified as sensitive receptors (SR). Epidemiologic studies suggest 260mug/m3 as the lowest toxic threshold for SR exposure. It was hypothesized that added SO2 concentrations to existing ambient levels at regional sensitive receptors, under worst case scenario, would not exceed 260mug/m3.;The methods used identify and quantify density locations of localized SR using geographic information systems. Modeled worst case air dispersion concentration exposure to localized SR …

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Coronal Microleakage Of A Dentin Bonding Agent When Used In The Presence Of A Eugenol Containing Endodontic Sealer, Jeffrey G. Minchau May 2004

Coronal Microleakage Of A Dentin Bonding Agent When Used In The Presence Of A Eugenol Containing Endodontic Sealer, Jeffrey G. Minchau

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The propose of this dye and SEM study was to evaluate the cleansing capabilities of two solvents ethyl alcohol and chloroform, prior to dentin bonding in the coronal chambers of endodontically treated teeth obturated with either a eugenol or resin-based sealer. A total of 156 extracted human molar teeth were divided into 6 groups and obturated with either a eugenol-based (Roth's, Grossman), or a resin-based (AH Plus, Kerr) endodontic sealer. Samples were thermocycled and placed into India Ink or silver nitrate for (SEM samples). All teeth were cleared and evaluated for coronal microleakage. A significant difference was found between the …

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Leadership Styles Of Department Chairs And Faculty Utilization Of Instructional Technology, Tongshan Chang May 2004

Leadership Styles Of Department Chairs And Faculty Utilization Of Instructional Technology, Tongshan Chang

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study examined the relationship between the leadership styles of academic department chairs of Curriculum and Instruction, Educational Leadership Studies, Teacher Education, and Educational Psychology in Colleges of Education at doctoral/research public universities by Carnegie Classification and faculty utilization of instructional technology in teaching. Two-stage random sampling was used to sample the population. The instrument of Faculty Utilization of Instructional Technology was sent to 93 chairs and 843 faculty, respectively. Bolman and Deal's Leadership Orientation (other) was also sent to 843 selected faculty. Thirty-seven chairs and 230 faculty responded to the survey. Descriptive statistics. Chi-square test, t test, ANOVA, MNOVA, …

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Usage Of Instructional Multimedia To Enhance Interactivity Through Web-Based Learning In P--12 Settings, Sharon L. Teabo May 2004

Usage Of Instructional Multimedia To Enhance Interactivity Through Web-Based Learning In P--12 Settings, Sharon L. Teabo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to analyze multiple media as instructional technologies used to enhance interactivity in a web-based environment and to illustrate the potential for improved learning with interactive multimedia. This study identified instructional media that teachers use, the level of engagement with the media, and determined that there was a correlation between the types and use of instructional media and cognitive level of learning.;Research shows that web-based instruction has the ability to engage learners in real-world tasks. This type of authentic learning has the potential to promote higher order thinking provided students are properly skilled in the …

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Depositional Environments Comprising The Birch River Section (Middle Pennsylvanian), Powell Mountain, Nicholas County, West Virginia, Jeffrey R. Rutland May 2004

Depositional Environments Comprising The Birch River Section (Middle Pennsylvanian), Powell Mountain, Nicholas County, West Virginia, Jeffrey R. Rutland

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

A field analysis of Middle Pennsylvanian strata (Kanawhat Formation and Allegheny Formation) in central West Virginia was performed to test two depositional models, coastal plain and fluvial-deltaic. Sedimentary descriptions form the basis for two levels of interpretations, where the first goal is to interpret the depositional settings of individual architectural elements within the section. The second task was to place the compiled interpretations into the previously established regional stratigraphic framework. At Birch River, the Kanawha Formation is composed of both estuarine and alluvial facies. The estuarine facies include, estuary margin, estuarine channels, and estuarine lagoon. Alluvial facies make up the …

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Assessment Of Tractor And All-Terrain Vehicle Safety Programs Available To Youth In West Virginia, Renee D. Chambers May 2004

Assessment Of Tractor And All-Terrain Vehicle Safety Programs Available To Youth In West Virginia, Renee D. Chambers

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to identify the number and types of tractor and ATV safety programs available to youth in West Virginia through the Extension Service and secondary agricultural education programs. The target population of this study included county Extension agents and secondary agricultural educators in West Virginia employed during the winter of 2003--2004. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study. Thirty-five percent of Extension agents and 64.5% of agricultural educators provided tractor safety educational activities to youth. One-third of Extension agents and one-fifth of agricultural educators offered ATV safety educational activities. Age groups targeted the …

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Interaction Between Primary Alveolar Macrophages And Primary Alveolar Type Ii Cells Under Basal Conditions And After Lipopolysaccharide Or Quartz Exposure, Rania S. Kanj May 2004

Interaction Between Primary Alveolar Macrophages And Primary Alveolar Type Ii Cells Under Basal Conditions And After Lipopolysaccharide Or Quartz Exposure, Rania S. Kanj

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Evidence suggests that hyperproduction of reactive oxidants and inflammatory mediators plays a critical role in adverse pulmonary responses to silica or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The main objective of this study was to contribute to advancing the understanding of the role of AM's and type II (TII) cells in the induction of pulmonary inflammation and injury in response to silica and LPS, and improve our understanding of the interaction between AM's and TII cells which would occur in vivo. To reach this objective, three aims were put forth. (1) Determine the relative responsiveness of primary rat AM's, primary rat TII cells and …

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Mechanisms Of Retroviral Reverse Transcription And Assembly, Sara Kirsten Rasmussen May 2004

Mechanisms Of Retroviral Reverse Transcription And Assembly, Sara Kirsten Rasmussen

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The work described in these dissertation studies examines three aspects of retrovirus replication and dissects the uncovered phenomena to increase understanding of how retroviruses thrive in complex host environments. The first aspect of replication discussed is the mechanisms behind minus-strand DNA transfer, a crucial step of reverse transcription. We proved for the first time that non-viral sequences can be utilized to carry out this step of the replication process, and that the minus-strand DNA transfer step can be exploited to reconstitute a functional gene in the infected host cell. This finding serves as a proof-of-principle for a new class of …

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Learning Styles Of Extension Agents Responsible For Pesticide Re-Certification Training Programs In West Virginia, Anne M. Custer-Walker May 2004

Learning Styles Of Extension Agents Responsible For Pesticide Re-Certification Training Programs In West Virginia, Anne M. Custer-Walker

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

As a condition of license renewal necessary for restricted-use pesticides, private pesticide applicators are required to accumulate five hours or 10 continuing education units (CEUs) every three years. These programs provide valuable experiential learning opportunities to adult learners. As a result, adult learning is a topic of research. Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) has been used in research for many years to determine learning style preferences of adults. The purpose of the study was to categorize each agent according to their learning style and to determine if relationships exist between learning style preferences and the agents' major program area, Extension …

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Facies Analysis Of The Devonian Gordon Stray Sandstone In West Virginia, Patrick S. Mcbride May 2004

Facies Analysis Of The Devonian Gordon Stray Sandstone In West Virginia, Patrick S. Mcbride

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Since its discovery in 1895, West Virginia's Jacksonburg-Stringtown field has had a primary production of 20 million barrels of oil. Based on 10 full-bore cores from Wetzel and Tyler Counties, the reservoir---the Gordon Stray Sandstone---is interpreted to be part of a barrier-island complex, comprising (from bottom to top) lower-shoreface, upper-shoreface, and foreshore sandstone. Tying core interpretations to 123 well logs across the field enables the various facies to be mapped. The major pay zone occurs stratigraphically within the middle of the shoreface facies, a medium-grained, well sorted sandstone. The barrier-island then prograded rapidly westward, laying down a thin sandstone. Mapping …

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Factors Affecting Iron Status Among Infants Age 6--24 Months, Christopher Melonas May 2004

Factors Affecting Iron Status Among Infants Age 6--24 Months, Christopher Melonas

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Iron deficiency has been shown to have a multitude of negative effects on the growing infant. The diet plays a key role in alleviating iron deficiency within a younger population. The objective of this study was to search out specific nutrients in the diet that have some affect on iron status in a population of infants age 6 to 24 months.;This was a cross-sectional study that included 57 rural infants who participated in the WIC program. Dietary intake data was collected by 2 multiple-pass 24-hour intakes done 3 to 4 days apart. Blood was collected by venipuncture and analyzed for …

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Design Of A Rodent Dynamometer, Angel M. Dorsch May 2004

Design Of A Rodent Dynamometer, Angel M. Dorsch

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the past, computer controlled dynamometers have been used to perform isometric and isovelocity testing to study the effects of velocity, acceleration, and position on muscle injury. However, the effect of constant force on muscle injury in animals has not yet been studied.;A computer-controlled dynamometer was designed which could perform isometric, isovelocity, and isotonic testing on both male and female rats. A mechanical device was designed to position the rats for testing as well as provide a platform for the motor and other system components. All of the system components were connected electrically through a National Instruments UMI-7764 breakout box, …

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Breaking Boundaries, Juan Giraldo May 2004

Breaking Boundaries, Juan Giraldo

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Graphic design communication is in constant change. Everyday new technologies emerge and evolve, affecting the way we communicate and deliver messages. For this reason, graphic designers should be able to understand the basic principles of design and effectively apply them to any media. It is my intention with this thesis to analyze the way I work in the design process, my influences, and also, why I make specific decisions based on different media. To illustrate these concepts I will discuss the body of work presented in my thesis exhibition: Breaking Boundaries.

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Price Protection Options For West Virginia Beef Cattle Producers, Matthew C. Kleski May 2004

Price Protection Options For West Virginia Beef Cattle Producers, Matthew C. Kleski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if a price protection option would be beneficial to West Virginia's beef cattle industry. Fourteen years of price data were used to determine an average price for cattle based on weight, sex, breed and grade. The study used cattle lots of 9,000 pounds or greater with individual weights of 600 pounds or greater. Four case studies were used to analyze individual producer prices against the state averages. It was found that by comparing individual price data with the state sale averages that pricing trends could be determined to identify years when prices …

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Effects Of Schedule Segmentation On Pausing And Escape In The Transitions Between Favorable And Unfavorable Schedules Of Reinforcement, Tammy R. Wade May 2004

Effects Of Schedule Segmentation On Pausing And Escape In The Transitions Between Favorable And Unfavorable Schedules Of Reinforcement, Tammy R. Wade

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Simple schedules of reinforcement typically are preferred to chained schedules of equal duration. In the current study, pigeons served in six experiments designed to test whether the juxtaposition of simple and chained schedules would engender the disruption in behavior typically observed in the transition from favorable to unfavorable conditions of reinforcement. In one set of experiments, a multiple schedule was employed in which a simple schedule alternated irregularly with a chained schedule. Whether fixed-ratio or fixed-interval schedules were employed, only half the subjects paused for an extended duration in the simple-to-chain transition, and this occurred only when the first segment …

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The Effects Of Age, Estrogen And Environmental Enrichment On Neurogenesis, Dendritic Spine Density And Synaptogenesis In The Hippocampus., Tina Marie Sager Jan 2004

The Effects Of Age, Estrogen And Environmental Enrichment On Neurogenesis, Dendritic Spine Density And Synaptogenesis In The Hippocampus., Tina Marie Sager

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Over 43 million women today are nearing or have passed menopause and 21 million more will be entering their climacteric period over the next decade. Cognitive symptoms such as poor memory and the inability to concentrate have been reported in perimenopausal and menopausal women. The goal of this study was to determine both the single and combined effects that age, estrogen and environmental enrichment have on neurogenesis, synapotgenesis, and dendritic spine density in the hippocampus region of the female rat brain. Ovariectomized, female Sprague-dawley rats were administered either estrogen replacement or a vehicle. The rats were then subjected to either …

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A Product Of Mexico: Truly Mexican Taste?, Maria E. Cazares Jan 2004

A Product Of Mexico: Truly Mexican Taste?, Maria E. Cazares

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Because people of all races, creeds and colors tend to view the world about them through their own eyes, or through the lenses of their own cultures (Fellows, 1972, p.39), it is logical to think that all kinds of visual expression differs from one culture to another, and that graphic design is not an exception. Coming from a place so rich in ancient and modern culture as is Mexico, I have been able to enjoy two very different experiences in a foreign country. On one hand, I came to the United States filled with the essence of being Mexican, and …

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Mechanisms Of Reduced Luteal Sensitivity To Pgf2alpha In Ruminants., Beth A. Costine Jan 2004

Mechanisms Of Reduced Luteal Sensitivity To Pgf2alpha In Ruminants., Beth A. Costine

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The corpus luteum (CL) of ruminants exhibits periods of reduced sensitivity to the luteolysin prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). The CL has reduced sensitivity to PGF2α early in the luteal phase. Mechanisms of reduced luteal sensitivity to PGF2α during the early portion of the luteal phase have been widely studied, with a focus on regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and components of the endothelin system. The first ovulation in postpartum cows results in a CL that regresses during transition from a period of reduced sensitivity to susceptibility to PGF2α, and there is evidence that the first CL in the postpartum cow is more sensitive …

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Methamphetamine Toxicity: Thermal Degradation, Cyp450-Mediated Metabolic Activation And Cytotoxic Epoxide Formation., Madhu Sanga Jan 2004

Methamphetamine Toxicity: Thermal Degradation, Cyp450-Mediated Metabolic Activation And Cytotoxic Epoxide Formation., Madhu Sanga

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Methamphetamine hydrochloride and other drugs of abuse undergo thermal degradation upon smoking. Pyrolytic degradation products of cocaine, phencyclidine and methamphetamine laced on tobacco have been identified in simulated smoking experiments. However, thermal degradation products of methamphetamine hydrochloride alone are not known. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to simulate smoking conditions and to thermally degrade methamphetamine hydrochloride. trans-1-Phenyl-1-propene was one of the major thermal degradation products identified. In pooled human liver microsomes, trans-1-phenyl-1-propene was converted to trans-1-phenylpropylene oxide ( trans-2-methyl-3-phenyloxirane) and cinnamyl alcohol (3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol). Epoxide formation in pooled human liver microsomes showed an apparent K m of 110 ± 16 μM …

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The Role Of Joint Control In The Manded Selection Responses Of Non-Vocal Children With Autism., Joyce C. Tu Jan 2004

The Role Of Joint Control In The Manded Selection Responses Of Non-Vocal Children With Autism., Joyce C. Tu

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

In the present study, joint control training was applied when teaching selection responses to four non-vocal children with autism. This study is a systematic replication of Tu (2001). The children were two males (ages six and seven), and two females (ages twelve and thirteen). The result showed that it was only after the joint tact/self-mimetic/sequelic control training that the symmetrical performance of manded selection responses appeared with no additional training.

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An Efficient Method For Texture-Based Image Retrieval., Umasankar Kandaswamy Jan 2004

An Efficient Method For Texture-Based Image Retrieval., Umasankar Kandaswamy

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The extraction of significant features from an image is a primary process in content-based analysis of image data. It is also a computationally intensive process. Using an appropriate approximation of the original image with effective signal processing can decrease the computational cost of the feature extraction process by orders of magnitude. This thesis shows that a pertinent approximation for texture images when used with a proposed distance measure can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of texture image analysis without introducing any significant error in the retrieval performance. An evaluation of the hypothesis is conducted in two popular …

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Baselining A Compressed Air System: An Expert Systems Approach., Arul Prasad Senniappan Jan 2004

Baselining A Compressed Air System: An Expert Systems Approach., Arul Prasad Senniappan

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

The depletion of fossils fuels, the unstable supply of these fuels, and the phenomenal increase in energy costs emphasize the need to conserve energy. Compressed air systems are major energy consuming systems in most of industries and are known to be the most inefficient. The baselining of such systems assumes importance in energy conservation because of this. As a result, the baseline of such systems stresses the importance of energy conservation. When designing a new facility and operating an existing one, eliminating inefficiencies such as inappropriate uses, excessive system pressure, leaks and other wastages leads to energy conservation. This research …

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An Exploratory Analysis Of Personal Naming Practices Of Western North American Indians., Elizabeth L. Compton Jan 2004

An Exploratory Analysis Of Personal Naming Practices Of Western North American Indians., Elizabeth L. Compton

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This exploratory analysis examined the sociocultural parameters of 172 Western North American Indian tribes to determine if patterns would emerge in relation to personal naming practices. Five sociocultural parameters (fixity of settlement, dominant form of polygamy, descent pattern, postnuptial residence, and geographical/cultural area) and four personal naming dimensions (nicknames, timing of naming, name bestower, and naming ceremonies) were selected for analysis. Loglinear regressions were conducted. With an alpha level of .05, six significant relationships emerged: 1) nicknaming practices and polygamy, p = .0326, 2) nicknaming practices and descent patterns, p = .0574, 3) timing of naming and the geographical/cultural area, …

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