Digital Commons Network^™

Virtues And Voices, Lawrence B. Solum

Faculty Scholarship

This essay explores two ideas that have recently played an important role in discourse about the American constitutional order. The first idea has emerged from the revival of civic republicanism. The republican revival has focused our attention on the classical conception of civic virtue. Our basic social arrangements ought to nourish a citizenry with the characteristics of mind and will that promote human flourishing. The second idea, expressed in critical race theory and feminist jurisprudence, is that we have an obligation as a society and as scholars to attend to excluded voices. The juxtaposition of these two themes offers an …

Pluralism And Modernity, Lawrence B. Solum

Faculty Scholarship

This essay considers the claim that liberalism offers an impoverished and narrow vision of human association. One of the classic statements of this claim is found in the early Marx. He wrote that the freedom provided by liberalism "is that of a man treated as an isolated monad and withdrawn into himself." This conception of freedom, he continued, "is not based on the union of man with man, but on the separation of man from man." Marx's critique is echoed in contemporary political philosophy. Alasdair MacIntyre writes that "Modem politics is civil war carried on by other means." Michael Sandel …

The Asymmetrical Conditions Of Legal Responsibility In The Marketplace, Bailey Kuklin

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

New Fda Drug Approval Policies And Hiv Vaccine Development, Wendy K. Mariner

Faculty Scholarship

Conducted a study of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) law and policy including interviews with FDA officials in the Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research and the Office of the General Counsel. Suggests that the new FDA drug review policies do not fit vaccines. Instead, the nature of vaccines, and HIV vaccines in particular, argues for adherence to a more rigorous form of review. (JLN)

Nematic Electroclinic Effect, Zili Li, Gregory A. Dilisi, Rolfe G. Petschek, Charles Rosenblatt

Faculty Scholarship

A tilt of the principal axis of the optical dielectric tensor linear in a transverse electric field was observed for a surface-stabilized nematic liquid crystal. The electroclinic coefficient d/dE was observed to increase rapidly on approaching the nematicsmectic-A phase transition from above. This was not expected, and indicates that the incipient translational order is important to the electroclinic effect. The data are consistent with a critical exponent only over a narrow range of temperature, and in this range the apparent exponent is not that expected from theory. In addition, dielectric data are presented for this transition, and birefringence results are …

The Maryland Context Of Dred Scott: The Decline In The Legal Status Of Maryland Free Blacks 1776-1810, David S. Bogen

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Gender Bias In The Classrom, Taunya Lovell Banks

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Women And Aids - Racism, Sexism, And Classism, Taunya L. Banks

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Two Life Stories: Reflections Of One Black Woman Law Professor, Taunya Lovell Banks

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Industrial Waste: Saving The Worst For Last?, John C. Dernbach

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Comparable Worth In Arbitration, Christine D. Ver Ploeg

Faculty Scholarship

In 1992 Minnesota became a pioneer in the arena of equal pay for equal work by enacting the Minnesota Local Government Pay Equity Act/Comparable Worth Law (“CWL”), which allocated nearly $22 million to remedy wage disparities between female dominated and male dominated classes at the state level. Each local government had to determine a new pay level for public employees taking into account whether it was a male or female dominated field. Many of these determinations were challenged by unions basing their challenges on two primary themes: (1) the methodologies used were flawed; (2) the determinations were invalid because the …

Pregnancy, Drugs, And The Perils Of Prosecution, Wendy K. Mariner, Leonard H. Glantz, George J. Annas

Faculty Scholarship

In the war on drugs an offensive has been launched against pregnant women who use drugs. Over the past four years, prosecuting attorneys have been indicting women who use drugs while pregnant. In South Carolina alone, eighteen women who allegedly took drugs during pregnancy were indicted last summer for criminal neglect of a child or distribution of drugs to a minor.' In the only successful prosecution so far, Jennifer Johnson was convicted in Florida for delivering illegal drugs to a minor via the umbilical cord in the moment after her child was born and before the cord was clamped.^{2 …}

Nancy Cruzan And The Right To Die, George J. Annas

Faculty Scholarship

[...]the majority improperly implied that continued existence and treatment in a persistent vegetative state is either beneficial or neutral, whereas in fact "an erroneous decision not to terminate life-support robs a patient of the very qualities protected by the right to avoid unwanted medical treatment... [a] degraded existence is perpetuated; his family's suffering is protracted; the memory he leaves behind becomes more and more distorted.5 " Finally, Justice Brennan argued that the Missouri rules are simply out of touch with reality; people do not write elaborate documents about all the possible ways they might die and the various interventions doctors …

Refocusing Abortion Jurisprudence To Include The Woman: A Response To Bopp And Coleson And Webster V. Reproductive Health Services, Barbara Cox

Faculty Scholarship

This Article seeks to refocus the abortion debate to include the impact of unwanted pregnancy on women. The first two sections of this Article challenge Bopp and Coleson's argument that a woman's right to choose an abortion enjoys no constitutional basis and that Roe should be reversed. A woman's constitutionally protected liberty and privacy rights are directly implicated by the state imposed pregnancy that results from restricted access to abortion. The third section disputes Bopp and Coleson's claim that the abortion right has become virtually inviolate, not subject to the state restrictions that the Court has allowed for other aspects …

Habeas Corpus And The Penalty Of Death, Michael E. Tigar

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

Organizing Themes Of Environmental Law, Marcia R. Gelpe

Faculty Scholarship

This article is designed to assist students and lawyers in their work in the field of Environmental Law; specifically, in the area of preventing and mitigating the effects of pollution. The article begins with the origins of modern environmental law. It briefly summarizes the reasons we have environmental problems and describes the inadequacies of the common law responses. This is key to understanding modern environmental statutes, which are designed to remedy the shortcomings of the common law. The main part of the article sets out the various approaches to remedying those shortcomings and gives examples of environmental statutes which take …

"Portrait Of A Lady": The Woman Lawyer In The 1980s, Stacy Caplow, Shira A. Scheindlin

Faculty Scholarship

No abstract provided.

"Carrot And Stick" Sentencing: Structuring Incentives For Organizational Defendants, John C. Coffee Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

The new "Draft Guidelines for Organizational Defendants" released by the U.S. Sentencing Commission on October 25, 1990, explicitly adopt a "'carrot and stick' approach" to sentencing. While the boldly instrumental use made of sentencing penalties and credits in these guidelines will trouble some, the larger question is whether the Commission's social engineering will work. Two issues stand out: First, is the Commission's carrot mightier than its stick? At first glance, this may seem a surprising question because the "stick" in the Commission's guidelines seemingly packs a Ruthian wallop: fines under the draft guidelines are based on a multiple of the …

What's Next?: The Future Of Rico, G. Robert Blakey, John C. Coffee Jr., Paul E. Coffey, L. Gordon Crovitz

Faculty Scholarship

Opening Statement of Mr. Crovitz: Coming to the Notre Dame Law School to debate Robert Blakey on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations law makes me feel like Daniel approaching the lion's den. I'm tempted to offer my own prayer, "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no RICO."

Women In The Aids Epidemic: A Portrait Of Unmet Needs, Arlene Zarembka, Katherine M. Franke

Faculty Scholarship

While rarely a month goes by that the topic of AIDS escapes discussion in the legal literature, a survey of legal publications reveals that the implications of AIDS for women has received scant treatment by legal commentators. Unfortunately, this neglect is not unique to the legal community, but reflects a larger societal disinterest in women with AIDS.

In fact, this epidemic looks quite different from the perspective of women. The medical, social, and legal needs of women affected by AIDS are in many ways needs that preexisted AIDS, but which have been magnified by the threat and implications of HIV …

The Strategic Structure Of Offer And Acceptance: Game Theory And The Law Of Contract Formation, Avery W. Katz

Faculty Scholarship

The purpose of this article is to promote a particular research program; namely, the use of game theory to analyze the law of contract formation. Although I will often simply speak of offer and acceptance in my discussion, I mean to refer to a broader set of issues than are commonly denoted by this doctrinal label. My program transcends the narrow issue of whether particular communications technically should be classified as offers and acceptances, and includes questions often analyzed under the rubrics of implication and interpretation. At its broadest, my argument addresses all legal rules that answer two types of …

A Tale Of Two Copyrights: Literary Property In Revolutionary France And America, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

The French and U.S. copyright systems are well known as opposites. The product of the French Revolution, French copyright law is said to enshrine the author: exclusive rights flow from one's (preferred) status as a creator. For example, a leading French copyright scholar states that one of the "fundamental ideas" of the revolutionary copyright laws is the principle that "an exclusive right is conferred on authors because their property is the most justified since it flows from their intellectual creation." By contrast, the U.S. Constitution's copyright clause, echoing the English Statute of Anne, makes the public's interest equal, if not …

A Relational Theory Of Default Rules For Commercial Contracts, Robert E. Scott

Faculty Scholarship

The relationship between legal rules and the strategies that commercial parties use to deal with risk is among the most important and least understood topics in law and economics. Organizational theorists have generally confined their analyses to the nature of the firm and other permanent relationships. Academic commercial lawyers, in turn, have been far less venturesome than their corporate colleagues in applying fundamental economic insights. Not surprisingly, therefore, we know very little about the inner workings of most commercial relationships. For these reasons (and more) I applaud efforts to integrate economic insights and legal structures, exemplified by Clay Gillette's imaginative …

Wealth And Property, Thomas W. Merrill

Faculty Scholarship

Professor Stephen Munzer's study of property rights is an ambitious work. Drawing on sources as diverse as Hohfeld, Hegel, Locke, civic republicanism, Marx, the classic utilitarians, and Rawls, he seeks to develop a "pluralist" theory of property, one that synthesizes a variety of philosophical perspectives into a single "basic theory" that can be used to assess and promote the reform of different property systems. Like most attempts to achieve a grand philosophical synthesis, however, this one ultimately fails. The most obvious problem is that Munzer's basic theory is too vague and unwieldy to generate determinate answers to the kinds of …

The Tolerant Society: A Response To Critics, Lee C. Bollinger

Faculty Scholarship

In writing The Tolerant Society I was, and yet remain, interested in the treatment of speech behavior in this country, a treatment notably more liberal than in other Western democracies. Liberality, however, is not its only surprising or distinguishing hallmark; so too is how the world is characterized under the free speech concept.

For some time, even after I began teaching in the first amendment area, the scope and nature of protection afforded speech seemed to me obviously right. But the more I thought about it, the more it seemed to me quite extraordinary. Existing free speech theory provided less …

Intellectual And Informational Property Rights: Panel Iv - Introduction: Property In Mass Media Law, Lee C. Bollinger

Faculty Scholarship

This is the panel on intellectual and informational property rights. As you can see, there are three panelists other than myself: Ed Kitch, Stephen Carter, and Frank Easterbrook.

I want to begin with just a few thoughts on an area that I know something about: press and media law. I would like to say two things about the notion of property and how it arises in the context of a few problems in the area of mass media law.

Copyright In The 101st Congress: Commentary On The Visual Artists Rights Act And The Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act Of 1990, Jane C. Ginsburg

Faculty Scholarship

In the Visual Artists Rights Act, Congress has for the first time included moral rights within the U.S. copyright statute. Well-known in continental European copyright doctrine, and secured by the Berne Convention, moral rights afford protection for the author's personal, non-economic interests in receiving attribution for her work, and in preserving the work in the form in which it was created, even after its sale or licensing. These rights of attribution (sometimes infelicitously labeled the "right of paternity") and of integrity are conceptually distinct from the economic rights of exploitation set forth in section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. …

Federal Jurisdiction, Ronald J. Mann

Faculty Scholarship

One important task of the federal judiciary is to resolve cases presenting tensions between national and state governments. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit justly is renowned for its work in this area. One major, if not sensational, arena in which these tensions surface is in cases presenting issues of federal jurisdiction, pursuant to which federal courts allocate power between the national and state judicial systems.

During the survey period the Fifth Circuit published almost one hundred opinions dealing with substantive issues of federal jurisdiction. Like others before me, I have not undertaken in this essay …

Panel Iii: Congressional Control Of The Administration Of Government: Hearings, Investigators, Oversight, And Legislative History, Stephen Williams, Griffin Bell, L. Gordon Crovitz, Peter L. Strauss, Michael Davidson

Faculty Scholarship

My remarks will be the first on the panel to address the problems of legislative history. We have heard two quite illuminating discussions of congressional oversight activities, with which I largely agree philosophically. When one then reaches the questions of why is this happening, and whether anything can be done about it, the issues become more difficult. My remarks address some complications that may arise from the current distaste for legislative history that may make the oversight problem a little bit worse.

Sunstein's New Canons: Choosing The Fictions Of Statutory Interpretation Exchange, Eben Moglen, Richard J. Pierce Jr.

Faculty Scholarship

In Interpreting Statutes in the Regulatory State, Cass Sunstein grapples with two of the most difficult and important questions concerning governance of the modern administrative state. First, what institution should have the dominant role in interpreting ambiguous agency-administered statutes? And second, how should the institution perform that task? Sunstein rejects the Supreme Court's answer to the first question, characterizing its assignment of a dominant interpretive role to agencies in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v Natural Resources Defense Council as "the fox guarding the hen house." Sunstein prefers to charge judges with the responsibility of resolving most interpretive disputes. In answer to …