Digital Commons Network^™

Affective Commitment, Trust, And The Psychological Contract: Contributions Matter, Too!, Lisa Schurer Lambert, John B. Bingham, Anna Zabinski

Faculty Publications

Employees’ receipt of inducements is associated with trust and affective commitment, and employees pay for their inducements with their contributions (e.g., time, and physical and intellectual effort). Yet this relationship does not fully mirror events as they occur in an employment relationship where employees’ promises and delivery of inducements and contributions are ongoing, and relatively continuous. Our premise is that promising and delivering contributions may enhance or reduce employees’ trust in and commitment to the organization depending on how well they fulfill psychological needs. We tested a social exchange theory model and our alternative model. Survey results favoured our alternative …

Dealing With Dysfunction: Negotiating With Difficult Individuals, Marc-Charles Ingerson, Kristen Bell Detienne, Jill M. Hooley, Nathan A. Black

Faculty Publications

Workplace negotiations often present daunting challenges. The negotiation process can test relationships and place reputations at risk. Moreover, in some situations, the difficulty and stress involved in routine negotiations become magnified. Approximately ten percent of working adults have personality styles or behavioral tendencies that can make interactions with them especially challenging. Identifying, understanding, and dealing with personality dysfunction in the negotiation process is therefore a critically important skill (Kessler et al. 2005; Eddy 2018). Today’s negotiators need to be able to recognize and interact with people who have difficult and dysfunctional personality traits.

Unfortunately, many of those on the receiving …

Assessing The Effects Of Service Variability On Consumer Confidence And Behavior, Clay M. Voorhees, Jonathan M. Beck, Praneet Randhawa, Kristen Bell Detienne, Sterling A. Bone

Faculty Publications

This research examines the effects of service variability on consumer confidence and behavior across multiple transactions in a service relationship. This article integrates discussions of service relationships and models of service variability. Leveraging a field study, the authors track over 12,000 experiences across 3,084 consumers for a 2-year period and model the impact of variability in these experiences on consumer relationships. The results reveal variability in a service relationship can significantly impact consumer confidence and that the nature of this relationship is nonlinear, revealing that small variations in quality will have strong effects on confidence and that these effects plateau …

A Pedagogical Model For Teaching Data Analytics In An Introductory Information Systems Python Course, Heber C. Brau, James C. Brau, Mark Keith

Faculty Publications

In this paper we answer the call of Sheppard (2012) and Brunner & Kim (2016) and present a model for teaching data analytics in an introductory information systems class using the Python programming language. The pedagogy follows an active-learning strategy in which students are assumed to have no statistical or Python programming training prior to class. The learning outcomes include: 1) Data: write code to import and manipulate data; 2) Visualization: write code to generate useful and theoretically sound data visualizations; 3) Feature Engineering: write code to generate, condense, or recombine variables (i.e., "features") of any type (numeric, categorical, ordinal, …

Budget Habits Of College Students: An Empirical Analysis Of Expectations And Realizations, James C. Brau, Marshall Ringwood, Jessica West

Faculty Publications

Using a sample of more than 500 college students from a large, private university, this study seeks to analyze spending expectations of students, their realized habits, and the dispersion between the two. We first ask the students to project what they think their monthly budget will be throughout the semester. We then ask them to track their expenses for three months. The students do the same for income they receive. The students then report their actual spending habits and answer various questions related to their demography, family, and life experience. We use simple univariate correlation methods to explain factors that …

The Narrowness Of Shorting Profitability, Karl B. Diether

Faculty Publications

I examine the persistence in stock level short-selling profitability by using contract level shorting data. I do find that short-sellers are profitable on average using an approach that takes into account the exact timing of the opening and closing of short positions. But I also find that this profitability is driven by the set of stocks for which short-sellers previously had strongly profitable outcomes. I find that if short-selling contracts for a given stock are profitable in the last six months that on average short sellers continue to make profitable trades in that stock in the future. For stocks with …

Wearables As Augmentation Means: Conceptual Definition, Pathways, And Research Framework, Abdul Sesay, Jacob Heaton Steffen

Faculty Publications

Wearables pervade many facets of human endeavor, thanks to their integration into everyday artifacts and activities. From fitness bands to medical patches, to augmented reality glasses, wearables have demonstrated immense potential for intelligence augmentation (IA) through human-machine symbiosis. To advance an understanding of how wearables engender IA and to provide a solid foundation for grounding IS research on wearables and IA, this study draws from Engelbart’s framework for augmenting human intellect to: (1) develop a conceptual definition of wearable technology as a digitally enhanced body-borne device that can augment a human or non-human capability by affording context sensitivity, mobility, hands-free …

Why Is Bribery Pervasive Among Firms In Sub-Saharan African Countries? Multi-Industry Empirical Evidence Of Organizational Isomorphism, Nnaoke Ufere, James Gaskin, Sheri Perelli, Antoinette Somers, Richard Boland Jr.

Faculty Publications

Motivated by the prevalence and persistence of corruption in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite high-profile anticorruption efforts, and by calls for more research on unethical organizational behavior by firms in Africa, we investigated the link between bribery in 12 SSA countries and the phenomenon of organizational isomorphism, long used to explain legitimate, but rarely, illegitimate firm practices. Analysis of 5989 SSA firms in three distinct industries known for high levels of bribery reveals direct positive relationships between bribery and its perception as frequently practiced in specific industries (“mimetic isomorphic effect”); institutional constraints on businesses (“coercive isomorphic effect”); and local market rivalry …

Augmenting Environmental Sustainability Through The Exchange Of Green Creative Ideas –Evidence From An Emerging Economy, Samuel Ogbeibu, Abdelhak Senadjki, Jude Emelifeonwu, James Gaskin, Vijay Pereira

Faculty Publications

Leader trustworthiness and perceived green reputation are becoming increasingly important for driving the exchange of green creative ideas within a team. The effective exchange of green creative ideas is relevant for building organisational strategies that align with the United Nations global compact envi- ronmental sustainability principles and helps advance the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDG). However, evidence from emerging countries is limited. This paper contributes by investi- gating the case of the Nigerian manufacturing sector, wherein organisations have achieved little success in cultivating the effective exchange of green creative ideas. Through the lens of the social exchange and …

Using Accelerometer And Gyroscope Data In Common Mobile Devices To Assess Credibility, Joseph S. Valacich, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, Michael D. Byrd, David Kim, Manasvi Kumar, Parker A. Williams

Faculty Publications

An observational study examined the efficacy of using accelerometer and gyroscope (i.e., orientation) data from standard mobile devices to assess response credibility. Study participants played twenty rounds of a card game where they self-reported whether they won or lost each round. Participants received a base payment but could gain increased “bonus” payments by cheating. After the card game, participants were asked a “Yes-No” question whether they cheated while their orientation data was captured. We predicted that people concealing information about an adverse behavior (i.e., cheating), would result in differences in both absolute magnitude changes in acceleration and in rotation, as …

Factors That Facilitate Or Impair Kinesic And Vocalic Nonverbal Behaviors During Interpersonal Deception, Judee K. Burgoon, Lauren M. Hamel, J. Pete Blair, Nathan W. Twyman

Faculty Publications

Nonverbal demeanor has long been thought to be a high-fidelity display window into a person’s inner self. At the same time, nonverbal behaviors are thought by laypeople to be reliable indicators of dissembling. In the realm of deception, both of those beliefs are true—and false. Humans can choose to reveal their personal identity, affiliations, attitudes, and behavioral inclinations through their nonverbal presentation of self. But, as the adaptive creatures that they are, humans also use their nonverbal actions to fabricate, conceal, and evade. In this respect, deception can disguise the true self and yet can also betray the truth. In …

Too Busy To Be Manipulated: How Multitasking With Technology Improves Deception Detection In Collaborative Teamwork, Nathan W. Twyman, Jeffrey G. Proudfoot, Ann-Frances Cameron, Eric Case, Judee K. Burgoon, Douglas P. Twitchell

Faculty Publications

Deception is an unfortunate staple in group work. Guarding against team members’ deceptive tactics and alternative agendas is difficult and may seem even more difficult in technology-driven business environments that have made multitasking during teamwork increasingly commonplace. This research develops a foundation for a nuanced theoretical understanding of deception detection under these conditions. The intersection of information technology multitasking and deception detection theories is shown to produce various and sometimes competing ideas about how this type of multitasking might affect truthfulness assessments in real-time teamwork. A laboratory study involving a collaborative game helped evaluate the different ideas using manipulated deception …

Design Principles For Signal Detection In Modern Job Application Systems: Identifying Fabricated Qualifications, Nathan W. Twyman, Steven J. Pentland, Lee Spitzley

Faculty Publications

Hiring a new employee is traditionally thought to be an uncertain investment. This uncertainty is lessened by the presence of signals that indicate job fitness. Ideally, job applicants objectively signal their qualifications, and those signals are correctly assessed by the hiring team. In reality, signal manipulation is pervasive in the hiring process, mitigating the reliability of signals used to make hiring decisions. To combat these inefficiencies, we propose and evaluate SIGHT, a theoretical class of systems affording more robust signal evaluation during the job application process. A prototypical implementation of the SIGHT framework was evaluated using a mock-interview paradigm. Results …

Organizations And Communities: A Symbiosis View, Hani Safadi, Richard Watson, Tanner Skousen

Faculty Publications

How can organizations and communities engage in mutually beneficial relationships? We develop a framework that explains how an open community’s engagement with an organization can be mutually beneficial to both in the long-term. We theorize how a symbiotic relationship between organizations and communities can be achieved by nurturing various forms of capital flow between organizations and communities as well as creating virtuous feedback loops within each other’s capital creation systems.

Open Communities And Formal Organizations: A Symbiosis View, Tanner Skousen, Hani Safadi, Richard Watson

Faculty Publications

How can formal organizations and open communities engage in mutually beneficial relationships? We develop a framework that explains how an open community’s engagement with a formal organization can be mutually beneficial to both in the long-term. We theorize how a symbiotic relationship between open communities and formal organizations can be forged by nurturing various forms of capital flow between them as well as creating virtuous feedback loops within and across each other’s capital creation systems. The framework has implications for understanding innovation in ecosystems and networked economies.

Team Design Thinking, Product Innovativeness, And The Moderating Role Of Problem Unfamiliarity, Varun Nagaraj, Nicholas Berente, Kalle Lyytinen, James Gaskin

Faculty Publications

Team design thinking in new product development (NPD) refers to a set of design-oriented principles that can be embedded in the everyday routines of NPD teams. We theorize that team design thinking enables NPD teams to develop more innovative products––products that are useful and novel––by reducing the routine and cognition-based inertia that constrains the team’s innovativeness. Through a study of 247 NPD projects, we investigate the relationships between team design thinking, product utility, and product novelty. Further, we also explore whether the team’s unfamiliarity with product contexts influences these relationships. Findings show that team design thinking is positively associated with …

Provocation And Related Subjective Experiences Along The Dark Tourism Spectrum, Andrew Lacanienta, Gary Ellis, Brian Hill, Patti Freeman, Jingxian Jiang

Faculty Publications

We examined relations between ‘darkness’ of dark tourism sites, provocation, and select indicators of the quality of visitors’ immediate subjective experiences. Experience observations (N = 101) were collected from tourists who visited Auschwitz (Krakow), Schindler’s Factory (Krakow), Execution Square (Paris), and a ghost tour (Edinburgh). Research participants completed measures of provocation and quality of experience at the end of their visits to each site. Hypotheses were founded in four theories: self-determination theory, cognitive dissonance theory, arousal theory, and the theory of structured experience. These hypotheses proposed that particular experience outcomes vary according to the ‘darkness’ of the dark tourism site. …

In Situ Engagement During Structured Leisure Experiences: Conceptualization, Measurement, And Theory Testing, Gary D. Ellis, Jingxian Jiang, Patti A. Freeman, Andrew Lacanienta, Elizabeth J. Ellis

Faculty Publications

We conducted an experiment to test theoretical propositions relating coherence, personalization, and provocation to in-situ engagement, deep experience, delight, and perceived value of time spent. Four hundred adults from a national panel viewed one of eight versions of a video centered on a character in Victor Hugo’s classic novel Les Miserables, and then completed measures of engagement, deep experience, delight, perceived value of time spent, preexisting familiarity with the story, and the subjective experience of provocation. Each video represented a unique combination of presence or absence of the three hypothesized determinants: coherence, personalization, and provocation. Coherence, personalization, and preexisting familiarity …

Sale-Leaseback Transactions: Price Premiums And Market Efficiency, C. F. Sirmans, Barrett A. Slade

Faculty Publications

Sale-leaseback transactions are ubiquitous in real estate markets in the United States with annual volume estimated to be greater than $7 billion. However, there is no evidence concerning the price impact of such transactional arrangements. Using a data set of sale-leaseback transactions, this study examines the price impact on commercial property transactions across seven markets. The findings reveal that transactions structured as saleleasebacks occur at significantly higher prices than market transactions. In addition, after accounting for income differentials, buyers and sellers are appropriately pricing the transactions resulting in no undue advantage to either party, that is, the expected price premium …

Which Early Withdrawal Penalty Attracts The Most Deposits To A Commitment Savings Account?, John Beshears, James J. Choi, Christopher Harris, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, Jung Sakong

Faculty Publications

Previous research has shown that some people voluntarily use commitment contracts that restrict their own choice sets. We study how people divide money between two accounts: a liquid account that permits unrestricted withdrawals and a commitment account that is randomly assigned in a between-subject design to have either a 10% earlywithdrawal penalty, or a 20% early withdrawal penalty, or not to allowearlywithdrawals at all (i.e., an infinite penalty).When the liquid account and the commitment account pay the same interest rate, higher early-withdrawal penalties attract more commitment account deposits. This pattern is predicted by the hypothesis that some participants are partially- …

Building Emergency Savings Through Employer-Sponsored Rainy-Day Savings Accounts, John Beshears, James J. Choi, Mark Iwry, David John, David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian

Faculty Publications

Many Americans live paycheck to paycheck, carry revolving credit balances, and have little liquidity to absorb financial shocks. One consequence of this financial vulnerability is that many individuals use a portion of their retirement savings during their working years. For every $1 that flows into 401(k)s and similar accounts, between 30¢ and 40¢ leaks out before retirement (Argento, Bryant, and Sabelhaus 2015). We explore the practical considerations and challenges associated with helping households accumulate liquid savings that can be deployed when urgent pre-retirement needs arise. Automatically enrolling workers into an employer-sponsored “rainy- day” or “emergency” savings account—terms that we use …

Financial Costs Of Judicial Inexperience: Evidence From Corporate Bankruptcies, Benjamin Iverson, Joshua Madsen, Wei Wang, Qiping Xu

Faculty Publications

Exploiting the random assignment of judges to corporate bankruptcy filings, we estimate financial costs of judicial inexperience. Despite new judges’ prior legal experience, formal education, and rigorous hiring process, their public Chapter 11 cases spend 19% more time in bankruptcy, realize 31% higher legal and professional fees, and 21% lower creditor recovery rates. Examining possible mechanisms, we find that new judges take longer to rule on motions and cases assigned to these judges file more plans of reorganization. Conservative estimates suggest that minor policy adjustments could increase creditor recoveries by approximately $16.8 billion for the public firms in our sample.

Variations In Paint On San Juan Red Ware, James R. Allison, Aspen Greaves

Faculty Publications

Portable x-ray fluorescence (PXRF) analysis allows rapid, non-destructive characterization of the elements present in paints on archaeological ceramics. By measuring painted and unpainted portions of San Juan Red Ware sherds s from southeastern Utah, we document variation in the elements in the paint. Iron is ubiquitous in San Juan Red Ware paints, while manganese, lead, and copper, were also sometimes present. Manganese is consistently present in black paints on later San Juan Red Wares, and is a useful tool in identifying sherds. Abajo Red-on-orange sherds discolored by exposure to fire can appear to be Bluff black-on-red, but lack manganese. Lead …

Pre-Columbian Rock Mulching As A Strategy For Modern Agave Cultivation In Arid Marginal Lands, Hector Ortiz-Cano, Jose Antonio Hernandez-Herrera, Neil C. Hansen, Steven L. Petersen, Michael T. Searcy, Ricardo Mata-Gonzalez, Teodoro Cervantes-Mendivil, Antonio Villanueva-Morales, Pil Man Park, J. Ryan Stewart

Faculty Publications

Cultivation of C3 and C4 crops in semi-arid regions will be severely constrained as global temperatures rise. Consequently, alternative crops need to be sought out that adapt well to heat and drought and are productive despite limited access to water. Traits, such as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), enable economically important species such as those in the Agave genus adapt to drought and high temperatures. The succulence and high efficiency of agaves, which enables them to produce biomass with little water, underscores their feasibility as an alternative crop for semi-arid regions, such as the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern U.S. In …

On The Rhetorical Grotesque: A Mode For Strange Times, Richard Benjamin Crosby

Faculty Publications

This essay argues that the successful political careers of certain populist leaders rhetorically enact what scholars have long recognized in art, literature, and entertainment as the grotesque. The grotesque provides a theoretically rich means for describing the vulgar and chaotic public behaviors that take strong hold among anti-elite audiences at certain points in history. By closely reading comments from political leaders cast in the grotesque mold, including Silvio Berlusconi, Hugo Chavez, and Donald Trump, this essay explains not only what the grotesque is, but also when and how it is likely to find traction in a political culture ripe for …

Improving Nmt Quality Using Terminology Injection, Deryle W. Lonsdale, Duane K. Dougal

Faculty Publications

Many organizations use domain- or organization-specific words and phrases. This paper explores the use of vetted terminology as an input to neural machine translation (NMT) for improved results: ensuring that the translation of individual terms is consistent with an approved multilingual terminology collection. We discuss, implement, and evaluate a method for injecting terminology and for evaluating terminology injection. Our use of the long short-term memory (LSTM) attention mechanism prevalent in state-of-the-art NMT systems involves attention vectors for correctly identifying semantic entities and aligning the tokens that represent them, both in the source and the target languages. Appropriate terminology is then …

Sharing The Gospel In A Postmodern World: Challenges And Opportunities, Felix H. Cortez

Faculty Publications

Humility is the prerequisite to a significant dialogue in a postmodern context. It has the ability to transform the dialogue from a debate between opposing parties into a party of fellow travelers in the search for meaning. The truths we find and share in that common endeavor will not be suspect as biased assertions to the benefit of power groups under the cloak of truth, but embraced as common solutions to the problems we face.

Object Identification In Radar Imaging Via The Reciprocity Gap Method, Matthew Charnley, Aihua W. Wood

Faculty Publications

In this paper, we present an experimental method for locating and identifying objects in radar imaging, specifically problems that could arise in physical situations. The data for the forward problem are generated using a discretization of the Lippmann‐Schwinger equation, and the inverse problem of object location is solved using the reciprocity gap approach to the linear sampling method. The main new development in this paper is an exploration of determining the permittivity of the object from the back‐scattered data, utilizing another discretization of the Lippmann‐Schwinger equation.
Abstract © AGU.

Twisted Space-Frequency And Space-Time Partially Coherent Beams, Milo W. Hyde Iv

Faculty Publications

We present partially coherent sources that are statistically twisted in the space-frequency and space-time domains. Beginning with the superposition rule for genuine partially coherent sources, we derive source plane expressions for the cross-spectral density (CSD) and mutual coherence functions (MCFs) for twisted space-frequency and space-time Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beams. Using the Fresnel approximation to the free-space Green’s function, we then paraxially propagate the CSD and MCF to any plane z> 0. We discuss the beams’ behavior as they propagate, with particular emphasis on how the beam shape rotates or tumbles versus z. To validate our analysis, we simulate the generation …

Asking Too Much: The Ninth Circuit’S Erroneous Review Of Social Security Disability Determinations, Stephen E. Smith

Faculty Publications

Disability determinations made by the Social Security Administration’s administrative law judges are subject to judicial review by Article III courts. By statute, these courts apply the “substantial evidence” standard of review on appeal from the agency. The substantial evidence standard is a forgiving one that defers to the findings of the agency. But the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has modified this standard. It now reviews certain categories of SSA findings not only for substantial evidence, but for support by “clear and convincing reasons.” This heightened standard of review is facially at odds with the statutorily mandated substantial evidence standard. …