Digital Commons Network^™

Representing The Agent Through Second-Order States, David A. Jensen

Faculty Publications

Some recent views of action have claimed that a correct conceptual account of action must include second-order motivational states. This follows from the fact that first-order motivational states such as desires account for action or mere behavior in which the agent’s participation is lacking; thus, first-order motivational states cannot by themselves account for action in which the agent participates, so-called full-blooded action. I argue that representing the agent’s participation by means of second-order states is bound to fail because it misrepresents what an agent is doing when acting in the full-blooded sense. I begin by characterizing full-blooded action and explaining …

Sex Differences In Verbal Aggression Use In Romantic Relationships: A Meta-Analytic Study And Review, Laura Stockdale, Sarah Tackett, Sarah M. Coyne

Faculty Publications

Purpose - The current study aimed to investigate potential sex differences in the use of verbal aggression in romantic relationships.

Design/methodology/approach - The current study used meta-analytic methodology to analyze 20 studies to understand gender differences in the use of verbal aggression in romantic relationships.

Findings - The results found that women used more verbal aggression than men in romantic relationships; however, overall levels of verbal aggression use were relatively high regardless of sex.

Research imitations/implications - Limitations of the current research, such as calling for less exploratory research and the need for theories grounded in human coupling research, and …

A More Optimistic Perspective On Government-Supported Marriage And Relationship Education Programs For Lower Income Couples, Alan J. Hawkins, Scott M. Stanley, Philip A. Cowan, Frank D. Fincham, Steven R. H. Beach, Carolyn Pape Cowan, Galena Kline Rhoades, Howard J. Markman, Andrew P. Daire

Faculty Publications

In the past decade, the federal government, some states, and numerous communities have initiated programs to help couples form and sustain healthy marriages and relationships in order to increase family stability for children. Thus, we value the attention given to this emerging policy area by the American Psychologist in a recent article (Johnson, May–June 2012). However, it is important to challenge some of Johnson's points about the effectiveness and reach of interventions to lower income couples and couples of color and his suggested prioritization of basic over applied research.

The Influence Of Pornography On Sexual Scripts And Hooking Up Among Emerging Adults In College, Scott R. Braithwaite, Gwen Coulson, Krista Keddington, Frank D. Fincham

Faculty Publications

The explosive growth in access to the Internet has led to a commensurate increase in the availability, anonymity, and affordability of pornography. An emerging body of research has shown associations between pornography and certain behaviors and attitudes; yet, how pornography actually influences these outcomes has not been documented. In two studies (Study 1N=969; Study 2N=992) we examined the hypothesis that pornography influences potentially risky sexual behavior (hooking up) among emerging adults via sexual scripts. Our results demonstrate that more frequent viewing of pornography is associated with a higher incidence of hooking up and a higher number of unique hook up …

Patient And Provider Attitudes Toward Genomic Testing For Prostate Cancer Susceptibility: A Mixed Method Study, Wendy C. Birmingham, Neeraj Agarwal, Wendy Kohlmann, Lisa G. Aspinwall, Mary Wang, Jay Bishoff, Christopher Decket, Anita Y. Kinney

Faculty Publications

Background: The strong association between family history and prostate cancer (PCa) suggests a significant genetic contribution, yet specific highly penetrant PCa susceptibility genes have not been identified. Certain single-nucleotide-polymorphisms have been found to correlate with PCa risk; however uncertainty remains regarding their clinical utility and how to best incorporate this information into clinical decision-making. Genetic testing is available directly to consumers and both patients and healthcare providers are becoming more aware of this technology. Purchasing online allows patients to bypass their healthcare provider yet patients may have difficulty interpreting test results and providers may be called upon to interpret results. …

Social Network Development, Language Use, And Language Acquisition During Study Abroad: Arabic Language Learners’ Perspectives, Dan Dewey, R. Kirk Belnap, Rebecca Hillstrom

Faculty Publications

Language learners and educators have subscribed to the belief that those who go abroad will have many opportunities to use the target language and will naturally become proficient. They also assume that language learners will develop relationships with native speakers allowing them to use the language and become more fluent, an assumption Pellegrino (Pellegrino, 1997, 1998) found to be held by study abroad participants. However, recent research has shown that students do not always use the language to the expected degree and that they often fall back on social relationships with native speakers of their own language (DeKeyser, 2007; Dewey, …

Developing Caring Relationships In Schools: A Review Of The Research On Caring And Nurturing Pedagogies, Andrea Velasquez, Richard West, Charles R. Graham, Richard Osguthorpe

Faculty Publications

Education has been criticized for a disproportionate focus on the technical aspects of teaching with less focus on its ‘human’ aspects. Consequently, many researchers and theorists have expressed a need to answer what role care plays in education. Our purpose in this review is to examine the definition of caring pedagogies and synthesize relevant research helpful to understanding its application. We briefly consider moral development and ethical care theories pertinent to teaching and learning and synthesize the research findings related to defining and measuring caring pedagogy; as well as developing caring characteristics in teachers and students, caring classroom communities, and …

Satisfaction With Family Life Scale, Ramon B. Zabriskie, Peter J. Ward

Faculty Publications

We wanted to present validity and reliability data for the Satisfaction With Family Life (SWFL) scale. This instrument has been successfully used in a variety of family samples and offers a brief, widely applicable tool to measure satisfaction with family life. The SWFL scale, modeled after the Satisfaction With Life scale, was designed to assess an individual’s global judgment of family satisfaction, which is theoretically predicted to depend on a comparison of family life circumstances with one’s own standards and expectations. The scale consists of five items on a Likert-type scale. Data were collected from parents and adolescents in 15 …

Working For A Higher Purpose: A Theoretical Framework For Commitment To Organization-Sponsored Causes, John B. Bingham, Bret W. Mitchell, Derron G. Bishop, Natalie J. Allen

Faculty Publications

We explicate the theoretical foundations of employee commitment to organization-sponsored causes—voluntary, socially responsible practices or programs espoused by an organization—as targets of employee commitment. Although scholarly interest in organization-sponsored causes is increasing, little is understood about the mechanisms for employee involvement in organization-sponsored causes, since the motives and context for participation may differ significantly from participation in such causes outside of work. We propose that commitment to organization-sponsored causes can be conceptualized in terms of affective and normative mindsets and suggest that these mindsets, both separately and in combination, influence employees' behavioral support for the cause. We also draw upon …

Identifying Authors By Phonoprints In Their Characters’ Names: An Exploratory Study, Wendy Baker-Smemoe, Brad Wilcox, Bruce L. Brown, Sharon Blake, Justin Bray

Faculty Publications

If authors put words together in ways that can be recognized as wordprints (Hilton, 1990; Morton, 1979; Archer et al., 1997), do they put sounds together in identifiable ways when they invent names? Could they have unique sound prints (phonoprints) as well? This exploratory study compared phonemic patterns of fictional names in the poorly written Manuscript Story by Spalding and the extremely well-written Lord of the Rings and related works by J. R. R. Tolkein with names from an authentic public record, the nineteenth-century US Census. Phonotactic probabilities were determined using a calculator (Vitevitch and Luce, 2004) available on the …

Assessing Correlations Between Lingual Movements And Formants, Christopher Dromey, Gwi-Ok Jang, Kristi Hollis

Faculty Publications

First and second formant histories have been used in studies of both normal and disordered speech to indirectly measure the activity of the vocal tract. The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent to which formant measures are reflective of lingual movements during diphthong production. Twenty native speakers of American English from the western United States produced four diphthongs in a sentence context while tongue movement was measured with a magnetic tracking system. Correlations were computed between the vertical tongue movements and the first formant, as well as between the anteroposterior movements and the second formant during …

School Discipline Reform: Incorporating The Supreme Court's "Age Matters" Jurisprudence, Barbara A. Fedders, Jason Langberg

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Juries For Juveniles, Joseph E. Kennedy

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Changed Circumstances: The Federal Rules Of Civil Procedure And The Future Of Institutional Reform Litigation After Horne V. Flores, Catherine Y. Kim

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Sexual Orientation-Based Violence In Hong Kong, Rebecca L. Stotzer, Holning S. Lau

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Impact Of Parental Involvement On A Structured Youth Program Experience: A Qualitative Inquiry, Mat D. Duerden, Peter A. Witt, Christopher J. Harrist

Faculty Publications

Parental involvement is an often proposed, but rarely researched, key element of youth programs. Questions remain regarding the impact of parental involvement on program processes and outcomes. Qualitative data were collected over a one-year period with youth participants (n=46), parents (n=26), and teachers (n=5) associated with an international immersion/service learning program for adolescents. Three main research questions guided the data analysis: (1) what role does parental involvement play in the youths’ experience in the program; (2) how does parental involvement in the program influence the parent/child relationship; and (3) what role does parental involvement play in terms of the program’s …

First, Do No Harm: On Addressing The Problem Of Implicit Bias In Juror Decision Making, Jennifer K. Elek, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Faculty Publications

Courts have extremely limited opportunities to educate jurors about the pernicious effects of complex psychological phenom­ena like implicit bias and how these implicit forms of bias may distort jurors' interpretation of trial evidence. This article focuses on several of these interventions and the factors that may increase or undermine their effectiveness. Most Americans are aware of the existence of explicit bias and its effects on decision making generally, but implicit bias is still a relatively new concept about which many people in the justice system are unaware. The first section of this article discusses the difference between explicit bias and …

Mother Knows Best? Inhibitory Maternal Gatekeeping, Psychological Control, And The Mother–Adolescent Relationship, Erin Kramer Holmes, Kaylee C. Dunn, James P. Harper, W. Justin Dyer, Randal D. Day

Faculty Publications

We used structural equation modeling to explore associations between inhibitory maternal gatekeeping attitudes, reports of inhibitory maternal gatekeeping behaviors, maternal psychological control, observed mother–adolescent warmth, and adolescent reports of maternal involvement. Our random stratified sample consisted of 315 mothers and their adolescents. Results revealed that inhibitory maternal gatekeeping attitudes were positively associated with reports of inhibitory gatekeeping behaviors. Psychological control fully mediated the relationship between inhibitory gatekeeping attitudes, reports of inhibitory gatekeeping behaviors, and adolescent reports of maternal involvement. Though gatekeeping attitudes and behaviors were not associated with observed mother–adolescent warmth, psychological control was negatively associated with observed mother–adolescent warmth. …

Assessing Treatment Integrity: A Case Example, Anat Zeira, Betty Blythe, Anita Reithoffer Tucker

Faculty Publications

This paper presents an example of assessing treatment integrity as part of an experimental study of home-based, intensive family preservation services (IFPS). Participants were 103 IFPS workers and 24 state public child welfare agency workers (FC). The structured, self-report questionnaire included questions about specific components of the services, as well as the characteristics of the family and the workers themselves. Findings suggest that IFPS workers delivered services according to the treatment model guidelines. The procedure yielded a good estimate of whether the structural components of treatment were delivered according to the model as delineated in the treatment manual. The paper …

Lines In The Sand: Social Representations Of Substance Use Boundaries In Life Narratives, K. F. Trocki, L. O. Michalak, Laurie A. Drabble

Faculty Publications

This study identifies social representations in interviews about alcohol and substance use in the discourse of 129 young adults, who were interviewed for 2.5 to 3.5 hr each for their life histories and use or nonuse of alcoholic beverages and drugs. Respondents spontaneously delineated their substance use boundaries, creating a continuum of behaviors with boundary points separating acceptable from unacceptable behaviors. They used signaling expressions to indicate go and stop signs and movement along the substance use continuum and reported negotiating substance use boundaries both internally and with peers. A ubiquitous narrative element was the cautionary tale, in which a …

Hostile Mood And Social Strain During Daily Life: A Test Of The Transactional Model., Elizabeth J. Vella, Thomas W. Karmarck, Janine D. Flory, Stephen B. Manuck

Faculty Publications

Hostility is a multidimensional construct related to cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. Daily hostile mood and social interactions may precipitate stress-related CV responses in hostile individuals. Purpose: Determine whether trait cognitive hostility best predicts daily hostile mood and social interactions relative to other trait hostility factors and explore the temporal links between these daily measures

Being Active And Impulsive: The Role Of Goals For Action And Inaction In Self-Control, Justin Hepler, Dolores Albarracin, Kathleen C. Mcculloch, Kenji Noguchi

Faculty Publications

Although self-control often requires behavioral inaction (i.e., not eating a piece of cake), the process of inhibiting impulsive behavior is commonly characterized as cognitively active (i.e., actively exerting self-control). Two experiments examined whether motivation for action or inaction facilitates self-control behavior in the presence of tempting stimuli. Experiment 1 used a delay discounting task to assess the ability to delay gratification with respect to money. Experiment 2 used a Go/No-Go task to assess the ability to inhibit a dominant but incorrect motor response to the words "condom" and "sex". The results demonstrate that goals for inaction promote self-control, whereas goals …

Cortical Thickness In Neuropsychologically Near-Normal Schizophrenia, Derin J. Cobia, John G. Csernansky, Lei Wang

Faculty Publications

Schizophrenia is a chronic and potentially disabling disorder with widespread neuroanatomical abnormalities thought to be caused by progressive brain changes (Andreasen, 2010), and an equally wide variety of impairments in cognitive functioning (Palmer et al., 2009). In general, individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate significantly impaired performance on a full range of neuropsychological tasks, often reaching greater than one standard deviation below the norm (Dickinson et al., 2007). One particularly puzzling issue is that approximately 15–30% of schizophrenia patients have been found to perform in the normal range of neuropsychological functioning (Kremen et al., 2000; Palmer et al., 1997). Given hypothesized relationships …

Does Therapist Guidance Enhance Assessment-Based Feedback As Couple Relationship Education?, W. Kim Halford, Raylene Chen, Keithia L. Wilson, Jeffry Larson, Dean M. Busby, Thomas Holman

Faculty Publications

Assessment and feedback of relationship strengths and challenges is a widely used brief approach to couple relationship education (CRE). It can be fully automated through the internet, with couples self-interpreting the feedback. This study assessed whether therapist guidance of couples to interpret the report and develop relationship goals enhanced the benefits of the feedback. Thirty-nine couples seeking CRE were randomly assigned to either self-interpretation of an internet-based relationship assessment report (RELATE), or therapist-guided interpretation of the same report (RELATE+). Participants were assessed on relationship satisfaction and psychological distress pre- and post-CRE, and a 6-month follow-up. RELATE and RELATE+ were not …

Searching In Clutter: Visual Attention Strategies Of Expert Pilots, Melissa R. Beck, Michael Trenchard, Amanda Van Lamsweerde, Rebecca R. Goldstein, Maura Lohrenz

Faculty Publications

Clutter can slow visual search. However, experts may develop attention strategies that alleviate the effects of clutter on search performance. In the current study we examined the effects of global and local clutter on visual search performance and attention strategies. Pilots and undergraduates searched for an elevation marker in charts of high, medium, and low global clutter. The target was in a low or high local clutter region of the chart or it was absent. High global and local clutter slowed search performance for both pilots and undergraduates. Pilots were more accurate but slower. Pilots' search strategies differed from undergraduates …

The Age Of Marital Capacity: Reconsidering Civil Recognition Of Adolescent Marriage, Vivian E. Hamilton

Faculty Publications

Age at marriage has for decades been the strongest and most unequivocal predictor of marital failure. The likelihood of divorce nears eighty percent for those who marry in mid-adolescence, then drops steadily. Delaying marriage until the mid-twenties reduces one’s likelihood of divorce to thirty percent. Women who marry at age twenty-one or younger, moreover – and one in ten U.S. women do – experience worse mental and physical health, attain less education, and earn lower wages than those who marry later. Post-divorce, they and their children tend to endure even greater economic deprivation and instability than do never-married mothers, who …

Sex Differences And Within-Family Associations In The Broad Autism Phenotype, Jessica Klusek, M Losh, G Martin

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Serotonin Transporter Gene Linked Polymorphic Region Is Associated With The Behavioral Response To Repeated Stress Exposure In Infant Rhesus Macaques, Simona Spinelli, Melanie L. Schwandt, Stephen G. Lindell, Markus Heilig, Stephen J. Suomi, James Dee Higley, David Goldman, Christina S. Barr

Faculty Publications

The short allele of the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) moderates the effects of stress on vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders. The mechanism by which this occurs may relate to differential sensitivity to stressful life events. Here we explored whether 5- HTTLPR and sex affected behavioral responses to repeated maternal separation in infant rhesus macaques. Behaviors were collected during the acute (Day 1) and the chronic (Days 2–4) phases of the separation, and the effects of duration of separation (acute vs. chronic), genotype (long/long vs. short allele), and sex (male vs. female) on behavioral responses were analyzed across …

Prevalence And Correlates Of Receiving Cigarettes As Gifts And Selecting Preferred Brand Because It Was Gifted: Findings From The Itc China Survey, Li-Ling Huang, Jim Thrasher, Yuan Jiang, Qiang Li, Geoffrey T. Fong, Anne Ck Quah

Faculty Publications

Background: Giving cigarettes as gifts is a common practice in China, but there have been few systematic studies of this practice. The present study was designed to estimate the incidence of receiving cigarettes as gifts, correlates of this practice, and its impact on brand selection in a representative sample of urban adult smokers in China.

Methods: Data were analyzed from Wave 2 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey, where 4843 adult urban smokers were interviewed in six major Chinese cities between October 2007 and January 2008. The incidence of most recent cigarette acquisition due to gifting and the …

Stress Spillover Of Health Symptoms From Healthy Spouses To Patient Spouses In Older Married Couples Managing Both Diabetes And Osteoarthritis, Jeremy B. Yorgason, Susanne O. Roper, Jonathan G. Sandberg, Cynthia A. Berg

Faculty Publications

Many studies examining illness within marriage have investigated how illness in one spouse influences the other spouse. In later-life marriages, where both spouses are more likely to have health challenges, there is an increased likelihood that health symptoms from both spouses affect each other. In the current study we examined how health symptoms in a “healthy” spouse may exacerbate health problems in a partner (the patient) who is managing multiple chronic illnesses. Surveys were collected across 14 days from 27 later-life couples where patients had both diabetes and osteoarthritis. Results indicated that higher healthy spouse symptoms were generally associated with …