Digital Commons Network^™

Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Capacity And Insulin Resistance In Type 2 Diabetes, Sudip Bajpeyi, Magdalena Pasarica, Cedric Moro, Kevin Conley, Sharon Jubrias, Olga Sereda, David H. Burk, Zhengyu Zhang, Alok Gupta, Lise Kjems, Steven R. Smith

Faculty Publications

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the role of maximum mitochondrial capacity on the variation in insulin sensitivity within a population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research Design and Methods: Fifty-eight participants enrolled in a cross-sectional design: eight active controls [maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) . 40 ml/kg . min], 17 healthy sedentary controlswithout a family history (FH-) and seven with a family history (FH+) of diabetes, four obese participants, and 21 patients with T2DM. Mitochondrial capacity was measured noninvasively using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis. Maximal ATP synthetic rate (ATPmax) was …

Discrimination, Perceived Social Inequity, And Mental Health Among Rural-To-Urban Migrants In China, Danhua Li, Xiaoming Li, Bo Wang, Yan Hong, Xiaoyi Fang, Xiong Qin, Bonita Stanton

Faculty Publications

Status-based discrimination and inequity have been associated with the process of migration, especially with economics-driven internal migration. However, their association with mental health among economy-driven internal migrants in developing countries is rarely assessed. This study examines discriminatory experiences and perceived social inequity in relation to mental health status among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Cross-sectional data were collected from 1,006 rural-to-urban migrants in 2004-2005 in Beijing, China. Participants reported their perceptions and experiences of being discriminated in daily life in urban destination and perceived social inequity. Mental health was measured using the symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90). Multivariate analyses using general linear model …

No Place For Children: Addressing Urban Blight And Its Impact On Children Through Child Protection Law, Domestic Relations Law, And "Adult-Only" Residential Zoning, James G. Dwyer

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

White Potatoes, Including French Fries, Contribute Shortfall Nutrients To Children's And Adolescents' Diets, Marjorie Freedman, Debra Keast

Faculty Publications

To test the hypothesis that white potatoes (WP), oven-baked fries (OBF), and french fries (FF) contribute important nutrients within energy needs to children's and adolescents' diets, secondary analysis of 24-hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 was conducted. Potato content of survey foods was determined using US Department of Agriculture recipe databases (Standard Reference (SR)-Link files). Nutrient content of potatoes was determined by linking SR codes to US Department of Agriculture food composition data. Daily nutrient intakes from potatoes were determined by applying the composition database to respondent's recall data. Sample-weighted data were analyzed; …

Do Physical Activity Facilities Near Schools Affect Physical Activity In High School Girls?, Jennifer L. Trilk, Dianne S. Ward, Marsha Dowda, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Dwayne E. Porter, James Hibbert, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Objective - To investigate associations between the number of physical activity facilities within walking distance of school and physical activity behavior in 12^th grade girls during after-school hours.

Methods - Girls (N=1394) from 22 schools completed a self-report to determine physical activity after 3:00 pm. The number of physical activity facilities within a 0.75-mile buffer of the school was counted with a Geographic Information System. Associations between the number of facilities and girls' physical activity were examined using linear mixed-model analysis of variance.

Results - Overall, girls who attended schools with ≥ 5 facilities within the buffer reported more …

Rice Response To Nitrogen Fertilization Under Stale Seedbed And Conventional Tillage Systems, D. L. Harrell, B. S. Tubaña, J. Lofton, Y. Kanke

Faculty Publications

Drill-seeded, delayed-flood rice (Oryza sativa L.) using fall-stale seedbed (FSS) tillage has risen in popularity over the past decade in the southern USA. Nitrogen research in rice has historically focused on conventional tillage (CT). The objective of the current study was to evaluate potential diff erences in agronomic characteristics, optimal N rate, N uptake, and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (RE) between the FSS and CT rice production systems. Two varieties ('Catahoula' and 'Neptune'), two tillage systems (CT and FSS), and nine N rates (0, 34, 67, 101, 134, 168, 202, 235, and 269 kg ha-1) were evaluated. Rice emerged 4 …

Behavioral Contexts, Food-Choice Coping Strategies, And Dietary Quality Of A Multiethnic Sample Of Employed Parents, Christine E. Blake, Elaine Wethington, Tracy J. Farrell, Carole A. Bisogni, Carol M. Devine

Faculty Publications

Employed parents' work and family conditions provide behavioral contexts for their food choices. Relationships between employed parents' food-choice coping strategies, behavioral contexts, and dietary quality were evaluated. Data on work and family conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, eating behavior, and dietary intake from two 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in a random sample cross-sectional pilot telephone survey in the fall of 2006. Black, white, and Latino employed mothers (n=25) and fathers (n=25) were recruited from a low/moderate income urban area in upstate New York. Hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward's method) identified three clusters of parents differing in use of food-choice coping strategies (ie, …

Circadian Rhythm Of Cortisol And Neighborhood Characteristics In A Population-Based Sample: The Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis, D. Phuong Do, Ana V. Diez Roux, Anjum Hajat, Amy Auchincloss, Sharon Merkin, Nalini Ranjit, Steven Shea, Teresa Seeman

Faculty Publications

Although stress is often hypothesized to contribute to the effects of neighborhoods on health, very few studies have investigated associations of neighborhood characteristics with stress biomarkers. This study helps address the gap in the literature by examining whether neighborhood characteristics are associated with cortisol profiles. Analyses were based on data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Stress study which collected multiple measures of salivary cortisol over three days on a population based sample of approximately 800 adults. Multilevel models with splines were used to examine associations of cortisol with neighborhood poverty, violence, disorder, and social cohesion. Neighborhood violence was significantly …

Validation Of The Actical Activity Monitor In Middle-Aged And Older Adults, Steven P. Hooker, Anna Feeney, Brent E. Hutto, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Kerry Mciver, Daniel P. Heil, John E. Vena, Michael J. Lamonte, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Purpose: This study was designed to validate the Actical activity monitor in middle-aged and older adults of varying body composition to develop accelerometer thresholds to distinguish between light and moderate intensity physical activity (PA).

Methods: Nonobese 45 to 64 yr (N = 29), obese 45 to 64 yr (N = 21), and ≥65 yr (N = 23; varying body composition) participants completed laboratory-based sitting, household, and locomotive activities while wearing an Actical monitor and a portable metabolic measurement system. Non-linear regression analysis was used to identify activity count (AC) cut-points to differentiate between light intensity (<3 METs) and moderate intensity (≥3 METs) PA.

Results: Using group-specific algorithms, …

Using A Technology-Based Intervention To Promote Weight Loss In Sedentary Overweight Or Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study Design, Vaughn W. Barry, Amanda C. Mcclain, Sara L. Shuger, Xuemei Sui, James W. Hardin, Gregory A. Hand, Sarah Wilcox, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Purpose: The SenseWear^TM Armband is an activity monitor developed to improve lifestyle self-monitoring. Currently, few studies assess electronic self-monitoring and weight loss with a lifestyle intervention program. To our knowledge, only one study has used the SenseWear Armband in combination with a lifestyle intervention to improve weight loss, and no studies have evaluated whether a self-monitoring intervention based solely on the armband can promote weight loss. Consequently, the aims of the study were to assess weight loss from electronic self-monitoring, to compare these values to the lifestyle intervention and standard care groups, and to compare weight loss with lifestyle …

Examining The Role Of Churches In Adolescent Girls' Physical Activity, Karin A. Pfeiffer, Natalie Colabianchi, Marsha Dowda, Dwayne E. Porter, James Hibbert, Russell R. Pate

Faculty Publications

Background: In adults, associations between church attendance and positive health behaviors exist; however, similar evidence among children and youth is lacking. The purposes of this investigation were to examine the associations between physical activity (PA) and church attendance, PA and use of church as a PA facility, and PA and proximity to churches among those who use church as a PA facility (while addressing racial and geographic differences). Methods: High school girls (N=915, age=17.7 ± 0.6 years, 56% African American) completed the 3-Day Physical Activity Recall and surveys including demographics and use of PA facilities. Geographic Information Systems data were …

The Nlrp3 Inflammasome Instigates Obesity-Induced Inflammation And Insulin Resistance, Bolormaa Vandanmagsar, Yun Hee Youm, Anthony Ravussin, Jose E. Galgani, Krisztian Stadler, Randall L. Mynatt, Eric Ravussin, Jacqueline M. Stephens, Vishwa Deep Dixit

Faculty Publications

The emergence of chronic inflammation during obesity in the absence of overt infection or well-defined autoimmune processes is a puzzling phenomenon. The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of innate immune cell sensors, such as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (Nlrp3, but also known as Nalp3 or cryopyrin) inflammasome are implicated in recognizing certain nonmicrobial originated 'danger signals' leading to caspase-1 activation and subsequent interleukin-1β 2 (IL-1β 2) and IL-18 secretion. We show that calorie restriction and exercise-mediated weight loss in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes is associated with a reduction in adipose tissue expression of Nlrp3 as well …

Neighborhood Stressors And Race/Ethnic Differences In Hypertension Prevalence (The Multi-Ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis), Mahasin S. Mujahid, Ana V. Diez Roux, Richard C. Cooper, Steven Shea, David R. Williams

Faculty Publications

BackgroundThe reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension (HTN) prevalence in the United States are poorly understood.MethodsUsing data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), we investigated whether individual- and neighborhood-level chronic stressors contribute to these disparities in cross-sectional analyses. The sample consisted of 2,679 MESA participants (45-84 years) residing in Baltimore, New York, and North Carolina. HTN was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure 140 or 90mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medications. Individual-level chronic stress was measured by self-reported chronic burden and perceived major and everyday discrimination. A measure of neighborhood (census tract) chronic stressors (i.e., physical disorder, violence) was …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Risk Of Prostate Cancer: Findings From The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, Wonwoo Byun, Xuemei Sui, James R. Hébert, Timothy S. Church, I-Min Lee, Charles E. Matthews, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Objective - To examine the association between cardiorespiratory (CRF) and risk of incident prostate cancer (PrCA).

Methods - Participants were 19,042 male subjects in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS), ages 20 to 82 years, who received a baseline medical examination including a maximal treadmill exercise test between 1976 and 2003. CRF levels were defined as low (lowest 20%), moderate (middle 40%), and high (upper 40%) according to age-specific distribution of treadmill duration from the overall ACLS population. PrCA was assessed from responses to mail-back health surveys during 1982 to 2004. Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, …

Changes In Cvd Risk Factors In The Activity Counseling Trial, Meghan Baruth, Sarah Wilcox, James F. Sallis, Abby C. King, Bess H. Marcus, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Primary care facilities may be a natural setting for delivering interventions that focus on behaviors that improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the 24-month effects of the Activity Counseling Trial (ACT) on CVD risk factors, to examine whether changes in CVD risk factors differed according to baseline risk factor status, and to examine whether changes in fitness were associated with changes in CVD risk factors. ACT was a 24-month multicenter randomized controlled trial to increase physical activity. Participants were 874 inactive men and women aged 35-74 years. Participants were randomly assigned to …

Loose Ligands And Available Iron In The Ocean, Ronald Benner

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

From Atheoretical To Motivation Theory-Based Youth Discretionary-Time Physical Activity Promotion: Current And Future Directions, Megan Babkes Stellino, Christina Sinclair

Faculty Publications

This article describes the importance of promoting children’s discretionary-time physical activity (DTPA) in connection with the rising international obesity epidemic. School based recess is highlighted as exemplar of an opportunity for children to obtain more DTPA. Brief review of the extant research focused on efforts to increase children’s recess physical activity (RPA) is provided. Literature from the field of sports psychology that has established a strong foundation of evidence regarding factors that increase youth motivation in various physical domain contexts will guide the proposed expansion to theoretical examination of predictors of youth DTPA. Three relevant motivation theory frameworks will be …

Factors That Impact Service Delivery To Individuals Living With Hiv/Aids In Rural Northeastern Texas, Wilma Cordova, H. Stephen Cooper, Freddie L. Avant

Faculty Publications

This study surveyed participants in focus groups to identify factors that affect individuals living with HIV/AIDS in rural northeastern Texas. The average age of the respondents was 45.44. Participants included a diverse group of American Europeans, Hispanics/Latinos, and African Americans. Although results are inconclusive, other studies have supported similar results regarding factors that impact treatment and services (Zuniga, Buchanan, & Chakravorty, 2005). Some of the factors include lack of financial resources for the consumer, stigma and discrimination, and lack of understanding on the part of the consumer and the community. More studies in rural areas serving people living with HIV/AIDS …

Anthocyanins, Phenolics, And Antioxidant Capacity Of Vaccinium L. In Texas, Usa, Wei Yuan, Lijing Zhou, Guangrui Deng, Ping Wang, David Creech, Shiyou Li

Faculty Publications

Berries of Vaccinium spp. have long been an important source of food and pharmaceutical ingredients and are considered to have high antioxidant potential. Growing blueberries in Texas, United States is a substantial industry, but there is no report on their antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and anthocyanins. This study evaluates antioxidant capacity and contents of total phenolics and anthocayanins in both fruits and leaves of 19 genotypes including five commercial cultivars and 11 selections of rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei) and southern highbush (V. corymbosum hybrids), and three native species (V. darrowii, V. arboreum, and V. fuscatum) grown in Nacogdoches, Texas. Significant …

Improving Health Care Outcomes Through Personalized Comparisons Of Treatment Effectiveness Based On Electronic Health Records, Sharona Hoffman, Andy Podgurski

Faculty Publications

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is one of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act’s significant initiatives that aims to improve treatment outcomes and lower health care costs. This Article takes CER a step further and suggests a novel clinical application for it. The Article proposes the development of a national framework to enable physicians to rapidly perform, through a computerized service, medically sound personalized comparisons of the effectiveness of possible treatments for patients’ conditions. A treatment comparison for a given patient would be based on data from electronic health records of a cohort of clinically similar patients who received the …

Review Of Beer And Revolution, By Tom Goyens, Carol A. Leibiger

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Review Of Liquid Bread, Edited By Wulf Schiefenhövel And Helen Macbeth, Carol A. Leibiger

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Seasonal Microphytobenthos On The Hypoxic Northern Gulf Of Mexico Continental Shelf, M M. Baustian, N N. Rabalais, W L. Morrison, R. Eugene Turner, M M. Baustian

Faculty Publications

The presence of photosynthetic organisms on the seafloor may indicate whether oxygen evolution contributes to the bottom water oxygen pool in the hypoxic area of the northern Gulf of Mexico. We sampled 3 stations (depth: 14, 20 and 23 m) 100 km west of the mouth of the Mississippi River over 3 hypoxic annual cycles to determine whether microphytobenthos or settled phytoplankton existed on the sediment surface. Microscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the presence and composition, and to estimate the biomass of microphytobenthos and phytoplankton in surface and bottom waters and sediments. The sediment community (cells …

Integrating Stomach Content And Stable Isotope Analyses To Quantify The Diets Of Pygoscelid Penguins, Michael J. Polito, Wayne Z. Trivelpiece, Nina J. Karnovsky, Elizabeth Ng, William P. Patterson, Steven D. Emslie

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Acute Impact Of Moderate-Intensity And Vigorous-Intensity Exercise Bouts On Daily Physical Activity Energy Expenditure In Postmenopausal Women, Xuewen Wang, Barbara J. Nicklas

Faculty Publications

This study determined whether performing a single moderate- or vigorous-intensity exercise bout impacts daily physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE, by accelerometer). Overweight/obese postmenopausal women underwent a 5-month caloric restriction and moderate- (n = 18) or vigorous-intensity (n = 18) center-based aerobic exercise intervention. During the last month of intervention, in women performing moderate-intensity exercise, PAEE on days with exercise (577.7 ± 219.7 kcal·d⁻¹) was higher (P = .011) than on days without exercise (450.7 ± 140.5 kcal·d⁻¹); however, the difference (127.0 ± 188.1 kcal·d⁻¹) was much lower than the energy expended …

Symposium On Commercial Speech And Public Health, Jonathan H. Adler

Faculty Publications

Americans have access to more health-related information today than ever before. Consumers are bombarded with medical messages and flooded with health-based claims. Television and magazine advertisements inform consumers about everything from insomnia and erectile dysfunction to the importance of dietary fiber and the allegedly wondrous properties of pomegranates. Product labels and promotions provide more food for thought about fat, sodium, and carbohydrates; nutritional supplement makers further supplement consumer nutritional information. Were that not enough, the internet provides access to still more data (and opinion), much of it of questionable provenance and reliability.

Health Inflation, Wealth Inflation, And The Discounting Of Human Life, Ben L. Trachtenberg

Faculty Publications

This article presents two new arguments against “discounting” future human lives during cost-benefit analysis, arguing that even absent ethical objections to the disparate treatment of present and future humanity, the economic calculations of cost-benefit analysis itself - if properly calculated - counsel against discounting lives at anything close to current rates. In other words, even if society sets aside all concerns with the discounting of future generations in principle, current discounting of future human lives cannot be justified even on the discounters’ own terms. First, because cost-benefit analysis has thus far ignored evidence of rising health care expenditures, it underestimates …

Five Blood Pressure Loci Identified By An Updated Genome-Wide Linkage Scan: Meta-Analysis Of The Family Blood Pressure Program, Jeannette Simino, Gang Shi, Rezart Kume, Karen Schwander, Michael A. Province, C. Charles Gu, Sharon Kardia, Aravinda Chakravarti, Georg Ehret, Richard A. Olshen, Stephen T. Turner, Low Tone Ho, Xiaofeng Zhu, Cashell Jaquish, Dina Paltoo, Richard S. Cooper, Alan Weder, J. David Curb, Eric Boerwinkle, Steven C. Hunt, Dabeeru C. Rao

Faculty Publications

Background A preliminary genome-wide linkage analysis of blood pressure in the Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) was reported previously. We harnessed the power and ethnic diversity of the final pooled FBPP dataset to identify novel loci for blood pressure thereby enhancing localization of genes containing less common variants with large effects on blood pressure levels and hypertension.MethodsWe performed one overall and 4 race-specific meta-analyses of genome-wide blood pressure linkage scans using data on 4,226 African-American, 2,154 Asian, 4,229 Caucasian, and 2,435 Mexican-American participants (total N = 13,044). Variance components models were fit to measured (raw) blood pressure levels and two …

Reverse Causation And Illness-Related Weight Loss In Observational Studies Of Body Weight And Mortality, Katherine M. Flegal, Barry I. Graubard, David F. Williamson, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

In studies of weight and mortality, the construct of reverse causation has come to be used to imply that the exposure-outcome relation is biased by weight loss due to preexisting illness. Observed weight-mortality associations are sometimes thought to result from this bias. Evidence for the occurrence of such bias is weak and inconsistent, suggesting that either the analytical methods used have been inadequate or else illness-related weight loss is not an important source of bias. Deleting participants has been the most frequent approach to control possible bias. As implemented, this can lead to deletion of almost 90% of all deaths …

Sperm Quality Assessments For Endangered Razorback Suckers Xyrauchen Texanus, Jill A. Jenkins, Bruce E. Eilts, Amy M. Guitreau, Chester R. Figiel, Rassa O. Draugelis-Dale, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

Flow cytometry (FCM) and computer-assisted sperm motion analysis (CASA) methods were developed and validated for use with endangered razorback suckers Xyrauchen texanus collected (nZ64) during the 2006 spawning season. Sperm motility could be activated within osmolality ranges noted during milt collections (here 167-343 mOsm/kg). We hypothesized that sperm quality of milt collected into isoosmotic (302 mOsm/kg) or hyperosmotic (500 mOsm/kg) Hanks' balanced salt solution would not differ. Pre-freeze viabilities were similar between osmolalities (79%G6 (S.E.M.) and 76%G7); however, post-thaw values were greater in hyperosmotic buffer (27%G3 and 12%G2; PZ0.0065), as was mitochondrial membrane potential (33%G4 and 13%G2; PZ0.0048). Visual estimates …