Digital Commons Network^™

Environmental Influences On Maize-Aspergillus Flavus Interactions And Aflatoxin Production, Jake C. Fountain, Brian T. Scully, Xinzhi Ni, Robert C. Kemerait, Robert D. Lee, Zhi Yuan Chen, Baozhu Guo

Faculty Publications

Since the early 1960s, the fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus (Link ex Fr.) has been the focus of intensive research due to the production of carcinogenic and highly toxic secondary metabolites collectively known as aflatoxins following pre-harvest colonization of crops. Given this recurrent problem and the occurrence of a severe aflatoxin outbreak in maize (Zea mays L.), particularly in the Southeast U.S. in the 1977 growing season, a significant research effort has been put forth to determine the nature of the interaction occurring between aflatoxin production, A. flavus, environment and its various hosts before harvest. Many studies have investigated this interaction …

Vitamin D Levels Are Low In Adult Patients With Sickle Cell Disease In Jamaica And West Africa, Bamidele O. Tayo, Titilola S. Akingbola, Babatunde L. Salako, Colin A. Mckenzie, Marvin Reid, Jennifer Layden, Ifeyinwa Osunkwo, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Amy Luke, Ramon Durazo-Arvizu, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

Background: Patients with sickle cell disease in the USA have been noted to have lower levels of vitamin D – measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) – compared to controls. Average serum 25(OH)D levels are also substantially lower in African Americans than whites, while population distributions of 25(OH)D among Jamaicans of African descent and West Africans are the same as among USA whites. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adult patients with sickle cell disease living in tropical regions had reduced 25(OH)D relative to the general population. Methods: We analyzed serum 25(OH)D in stored samples collected from studies …

Physical Activity And Pre-Diabetes-An Unacknowledged Mid-Life Crisis: Findings From Nhanes 2003-2006, Kathryn Farni, David A. Shoham, Guichan Cao, Amy H. Luke, Jennifer Layden, Richard S. Cooper, Lara R. Dugas

Faculty Publications

The prevalence of pre-diabetes (PD) among US adults has increased substantially over the past two decades. By current estimates, over 34% of US adults fall in the PD category, 84% of whom meet the American Diabetes Association's criteria for impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Low physical activity (PA) and/or sedentary behavior are key drivers of hyperglycemia. We examined the relationship between PD and objectively measured PA in NHANES 2003-2006 of 20,470 individuals, including 7,501 individuals between 20 and 65 yrs.We excluded all participants without IFG measures or adequate accelerometry data (final N = 1,317). Participants were identified as PD if FPG …

Hypertension Subtypes Among Hypertensive Patients In Ibadan, Abiodun M. Adeoye, Adewole Adebiyi, Bamidele O. Tayo, Babatunde L. Salako, Adesola Ogunniyi, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

Background. Certain hypertension subtypes have been shown to increase the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and may be related to specific underlying genetic determinants. Inappropriate characterization of subtypes of hypertension makes efforts at elucidating the genetic contributions to the etiology of hypertension largely vapid. We report the hypertension subtypes among patients with hypertension from South-Western Nigeria. Methods. A total of 1858 subjects comprising 76% female, hypertensive, aged 18 and above were recruited into the study from two centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Hypertension was identified using JNCVII definition and was further grouped into four subtypes: controlled hypertension (CH), isolated systolic …

Distribution Of Metals Exposure And Associations With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors In The "Modeling The Epidemiologic Transition Study", Adrienne S. Ettinger, Pascal Bovet, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Terrence E. Forrester, Estelle V. Lambert, Nicola Lupoli, James Shine, Lara R. Dugas, David Shoham, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Richard S. Cooper, Amy Luke

Faculty Publications

Background: Metals are known endocrine disruptors and have been linked to cardiometabolic diseases via multiple potential mechanisms, yet few human studies have both the exposure variability and biologically-relevant phenotype data available. We sought to examine the distribution of metals exposure and potential associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the "Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study" (METS), a prospective cohort study designed to assess energy balance and change in body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in five countries at different stages of social and economic development. Methods: Young adults (25-45 years) of African descent were enrolled (N = 500 from each …

Culture Of Lobotes Surinamensis (Tripletail), Eric Saillant, Jason T. Lemus, James S. Franks

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Common Marmoset Genome Provides Insight Into Primate Biology And Evolution, Kim C. Worley, Wesley C. Warren, Jeffrey Rogers, Devin Locke, Donna M. Muzny, Elaine R. Mardis, George M. Weinstock, Suzette D. Tardif, Kjersti M. Aagaard, Nicoletta Archidiacono, Nirmala Arul Rayan, Mark A. Batzer, Kathryn Beal, Brona Brejova, Oronzo Capozzi, Saverio B. Capuano, Claudio Casola, Mimi M. Chandrabose, Andrew Cree, Marvin Diep Dao, Pieter J. De Jong, Ricardo Cruz-Herrera Del Rosario, Kim D. Delehaunty, Huyen H. Dinh, Evan E. Eichler, Stephen Fitzgerald, Paul Flicek, Catherine C. Fontenot, R. Gerald Fowler, Catrina Fronick, Lucinda A. Fulton, Robert S. Fulton, Ramatu Ayiesha Gabisi, Daniel Gerlach

Faculty Publications

We report the whole-genome sequence of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The 2.26-Gb genome of a female marmoset was assembled using Sanger read data (6×) and a whole-genome shotgun strategy. A first analysis has permitted comparison with the genomes of apes and Old World monkeys and the identification of specific features that might contribute to the unique biology of this diminutive primate, including genetic changes that may influence body size, frequent twinning and chimerism. We observed positive selection in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor genes (growth pathways), respiratory complex I genes (metabolic pathways), and genes encoding immunobiological factors and proteases (reproductive …

Sampling Locality Is More Detectable Than Taxonomy Or Ecology In The Gut Microbiota Of The Brood-Parasitic Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus Ater), Sarah M. Hird, Bryan C. Carstens, Steven W. Cardiff, Donna L. Dittmann, Robb T. Brumfield

Faculty Publications

Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are the most widespread avian brood parasite in North America, laying their eggs in the nests of approximately 250 host species that raise the cowbird nestlings as their own. It is currently unknown how these heterospecific hosts influence the cowbird gut microbiota relative to other factors, such as the local environment and genetics. We test a Nature Hypothesis (positing the importance of cowbird genetics) and a Nurture Hypothesis (where the host parents are most influential to cowbird gut microbiota) using the V6 region of 16S rRNA as a microbial fingerprint of the gut from 32 cowbird …

Aerobic And Strength Training In Concomitant Metabolic Syndrome And Type 2 Diabetes, Conrad P. Earnest, Neil M. Johannsen, Damon L. Swift, Fiona B. Gillison, Catherine R. Mikus, Alejandro Lucia, Kimberly Kramer, Carl J. Lavie, Timothy S. Church

Faculty Publications

Purpose: Concomitant type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome exacerbates mortality risk; yet, few studies have examined the effect of combining (AER + RES) aerobic (AER) and resistance (RES) training for individuals with T2D and metabolic syndrome. Methods: We examined AER, RES, and AER + RES training (9 months) commensurate with physical activity guidelines in individuals with T2D (n = 262; 63% female, 44% black). Primary outcomes were change in, and prevalence of, metabolic syndrome score at follow-up (mean and 95% confidence interval [CI]). Secondary outcomes included maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) and estimated METs from time-to-exhaustion (TTE) and exercise efficiency …

Index Selection Of Tropical Maize Genotypes For Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Ítalo Stefanine Correia Granato, Felipe Pereira Bermudez, Gabriel Gonçalves Dos Reis, Julio César Dovale, Glauco Vieira Miranda, Roberto Fritsche-Neto

Faculty Publications

Nitrogen (N) limitation in maize crops is related to the fact that the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in maize does not exceed 50%, primarily due to volatilization, denitrification and soil leaching. Therefore, the development of new nitrogen use efficient (NUE) cultivars is necessary. The aim of the present study was to develop indices for the accurate selection of NUE maize genotypes for use in conditions of both high and low N availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse (20°45'14"S; 42°52'53"W) at the Federal University of Viçosa during October 2010. A total of 39 experimental hybrid combinations and 14 maize …

An Ethanolic Extract Of Artemisia Dracunculus L. Regulates Gene Expression Of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Enzymes In Skeletal Muscle: Potential Role In The Treatment Of Sarcopenic Obesity, Heather Kirk-Ballard, Gail Kilroy, Britton C. Day, Zhong Q. Wang, David M. Ribnicky, William T. Cefalu, Z. Elizabeth Floyd

Faculty Publications

Objective: Obesity is linked to insulin resistance, a primary component of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The problem of obesity-related insulin resistance is compounded when age-related skeletal muscle loss, called sarcopenia, occurs with obesity. Skeletal muscle loss results from elevated levels of protein degradation and prevention of obesity-related sarcopenic muscle loss will depend on strategies that target pathways involved in protein degradation. An extract from Artemisia dracunculus, termed PMI 5011, improves insulin signaling and increases skeletal muscle myofiber size in a rodent model of obesity-related insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of PMI …

Optimizing Sweetpotato Production For Fresh And Processing Markets Through Plant Spacing And Planting-Harvest Time, Ramón A. Arancibia, Cody D. Smith, Don R. Labonte, Jeffrey L. Main, Tara P. Smith, Arthur Q. Villordon

Faculty Publications

Consumption of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) has increased in the past decade in part because of its nutritional and health attributes, and because of the availability and convenience of processed products. The sweetpotato processing industry is expanding and supplying more sweetpotato products than ever before. Unlike the medium-sized roots (U.S. no.1) preferred for fresh market, large (jumbo) roots is accepted and in certain cases desired by the processing industry, and overall yield is preferred over strict sizing requirements and aesthetic appeal. Therefore, this study investigated the yield increase and grade proportions in response to plant spacing and extension of the growing …

Optimization Of Hot Water Treatment For Sprout And Spoilage Inhibition Of Cured Sweet Potato, Ershad Sheibani, Taejo Kim, Dja Shin Wang, Juan L. Silva, Ramon Arancibia, Frank B. Matta, David Picha

Faculty Publications

The effect of hot water treatment on inhibition of sprouting and spoilage of cured sweet potatoes was investigated. The surface plot showed that as processing temperature and time of hot water treatment increased, spoilage increased until treated sweet potatoes showed 100% spoilage. The contour plot indicated that regardless of processing times (6-34min), minimal sprouting (20%) was observed between 55 and 62C. Hot water treatment below 50C increased sprouting up to 100%. The overlapped contour plot indicated that hot water treatment at 53-56C for less than 10min minimized spoilage (0-20%) and sprouting (30-50%) of cured sweet potatoes. Untreated sweet potatoes (control) …

Bale Location Effects On Nutritive Value And Fermentation Characteristics Of Annual Ryegrass Bale Stored In In-Line Wrapping Silage, K. J. Han, M. E. Mccormick, S. M. Derouen, D. C. Blouin

Faculty Publications

In southeastern regions of the US, herbage systems are primarily based on grazing or hay feeding with low nutritive value warm-season perennial grasses. Nutritious herbage such as annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) may be more suitable for preserving as baleage for winter feeding even with more intensive production inputs. Emerging in-line wrapped baleage storage systems featuring rapid wrapping and low polyethylene film requirements need to be tested for consistency of storing nutritive value of a range of annual ryegrass herbage. A ryegrass storage trial was conducted with 24-h wilted 'Marshall' annual ryegrass harvested at booting, heading and anthesis stages using …

Evaluation Of Nutritive Value And In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Gas Accumulation Of De-Oiled Algal Residues, Kun Jun Han, Michael E. Mccormick

Faculty Publications

Background: Algae are widely recognized for their high oil content and for exponentially accumulating biomass with particular potential to provide single cell protein for human consumption or animal feed. It is believed that along with biodiesel from algae, the high protein de-oiled algal residue may become an alternative feed supplement option in the future. This study was conducted to investigate de-oiled algal residue obtained from the common Chlorella species, Thalassiosira weissflogii, Selenarstrum capricornutum, Scenedesmus sp., and Scenedesmus dimorphus for assessment as potential feed supplements for ruminants by comparing with soybean (Glycine max) meal and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay. Results: With …

Moisture Concentration Variation Of Silages Produced On Commercial Farms In The South-Central Usa, K. J. Han, W. D. Pitman, A. Chapple

Faculty Publications

Preservation of forage crops as silage offers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain-damaged hay in the humid south-central USA. Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage. Silage has been important in the region primarily for dairy production, but baleage has become an option for the more extensive beef cattle industry in the region. Silage samples submitted to the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Forage Quality Lab from 2006 through 2013 were assessed for dry matter (DM) and forage nutritive characteristics of chopped silage and baleage of the different …

Impaired Fasting Glucose Level And Diabetes In Kaoma And Kasama Rural Districts Of Zambia: Prevalence And Correlates In 2008-2009 Population Based Surveys, Olesegun A. Babaniyi, Peter Songolo, Emmanuel Rudatsikira, Adamson S. Muula, David Mulenga, Mazyanga L. Mazaba-Liwewe, Idah Ndumba, Freddie Masaninga, Seter Siziya

Faculty Publications

Background: Impaired fasting glucose level has been associated with increased incidence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, and diabetes is becoming a major public health problem in developing countries. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and correlates for impaired fasting glucose level/diabetes in Kaoma and Kasama rural districts of Zambia. Methods and Findings: A cross sectional study using modified World Health Organization (WHO) global non communicable diseases (NCD) surveillance initiative NCD STEPwise approach was used in the study. Proportions were compared using the Yates’ corrected Chi-square test, and a result yielding a p value of less than …

Curiosité Gastronomique Et Cuisine Exotique Dans L'Entre-Deux-Guerres Une Histoire De Goût Et De Dégoût, Lauren R. Janes

Faculty Publications

À partir de 1890, plusieurs revues de recettes de cuisine commencèrent à évoquer les habitudes culinaires des peuples colonisés. Les articles et recettes naviguèrent sans cesse entre deux pôles. Le plus puissant consistait à susciter une forme de dégoût chez le lecteur, fondant ainsi un sentiment d’altérité et de supériorité vis-à-vis de populations présentées comme primitives car mangeant du chien, des insectes ou des aliments avariés. Mais parallèlement, il existait un exotisme acceptable, non transgressif, lié à la consommation de fruits tropicaux ou de plats au curry, qui trouvèrent alors leur place dans la cuisine bourgeoise de l’entre-deux-guerres.

Effect Of Organic Carbon, C: N Ratio And Light On The Growth And Lipid Productivity Of Microalgae/Cyanobacteria Coculture, Athens Silaban, Rong Bai, M. Teresa Gutierrez-Wing, Ioan I. Negulescu, Kelly A. Rusch

Faculty Publications

Current culture methods based on monocultures under phototrophic regimes are prone to contamination, predation, and collapse. Native cultures of multiple species are adapted to the local conditions and are more robust against contamination and predation. Growth, lipid and biomass productivity of a Louisiana native coculture of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) and cyanobacteria (Leptolyngbya sp.) in heterotrophic and mixotrophic regimes were investigated. Dextrose and sodium acetate at C:N ratios of 15:1 and 30:1 under heterotrophic (dark) and mixotrophic (400 μmol m-2 s-1) regimes were compared with autotrophic controls. The carbon source and C:N ratio impacted growth and biomass productivity. Mixotrophic cultures with …

Library Instruction Case Wiki, Andy Spackman

Faculty Publications

We hope you find the guides and case studies collected here helpful, and we invite you to contribute by discussing your experiences on the discussion page for each case study, and by submitting case studies you have developed and used in your own instructional efforts.

Cases for Advanced Business Students

• Building a Company List - Trucking in Texas
• Company and Market Research - Big Sweety and the Chocolate Manufacturing Industry
• Determining Market Size - Infant Formula
• Entrepreneurial Marketing - The Comic Book Guy
• Global Trade and Economics - Manufacturing Medical Instruments
• International Business - Launching the Wii
• International Marketing - …

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Leticia Camacho

Faculty Publications

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) was launched in 2011 by Congress through the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The CFPB site, available in English and Spanish, is updated daily and provides information about a wide range of financial products and services, including paying for college, foreclosure prevention, loan discrimination, credit reporting and scores, credit card agreements, and mortgage disclosures.

Incidence And Impact Of Urinary Incontinence, Pain, And Other Comorbidities On Health Related Quality Of Life (Hrqol) For Postpartum Bangladeshi Women, Lori Maria Walton, S. J. M. Ummul Ambia, Bassima Hussein Schbley

Faculty Publications

To investigate the incidence and impact of urinary incontinence (UI) and pain on health related quality of life (HRQOL) for postpartum Bangladeshi women. Methods: Prospective, cross sectional, correlational design (n=94) of postpartum Bangladeshi women, ages 18-44, with history of one or more obstetrical deliveries within the last three years. Subjects completed the Bengali version of the SF-36 and IIQ-7. Results: UI incidence was reported at 45% (n=39/86) total, 44% CS (n=18/41), and 47% (n=21/45) for NVD. IIQ-7 scores and UI presence showed strong correlations in both CS (rho=.729, 84, p<.001) and NVD (rho=.874, 84, p<.001). The highest impact of UI was reported in the CS group. One sample t-test reported significant differences for the sample when compared with the age equivalent norms for the SF-36 domain and component scores (p =.05-.001). Significant differences in HRQOL were reported for women with "pelvic/abdominal pain" and "UI" compared to those without "pain" or without "UI" and strong inverse correlations (rho=.597-.853) were reported for subjects with "pain" on the SF-36 domains (p=.001). The Mixed Birth Mode (MBM) group (n=8) reported UI incidence at 74% (n= 6/8), and pelvic/abdominal pain at 63% (n=5/8). Conclusion: No significant difference was found in UI and HRQOL measures by birth mode. However, pelvic, abdominal pain, and UI impact were found to be significant and inversely correlated to HRQOL. A significant decrease in HRQOL was reported compared to age related norm scores. Future research should address pelvic and abdominal pain and "mixed birth mode" impact on QOL and UI.

Prison Health Care After The Affordable Care Act: Envisioning An End To The Policy Of Neglect, Evelyn Malavé

Faculty Publications

Inadequate prison health care has created a health crisis for reentering prisoners and their communities—a crisis that is exacerbated by barriers to employment and other collateral consequences of release. This Note will first examine how current Eighth Amendment doctrine has failed to sufficiently regulate prison health care so as to have any significant effect on the crisis. Next, it will argue that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) alters the Eighth Amendment analysis by triggering a change in the “evolving standards of decency” that guide the doctrine. Specifically, this Note will argue that, after the passage of the ACA, releasing sick, …

Egg Cannibalism In A Gull Colony Increases With Sea Surface Temperature, Lynelle M. Weldon, Shandelle M. Henson, James Hayward, Brianna G. Payne, Libby C. Megna, Andre E. Moncrieff

Faculty Publications

Cannibalism occurs regularly across a broad range of taxa with a variety of ecological and evolutionary consequences. Rises in sea surface temperature (SST) have been linked to increased cannibalism in some species, including polar bears (Ursus maritimus), Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), and Peruvian hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus), and might be expected in birds that depend on marine food webs for sustenance. Increased SSTs are associated with lowered ocean thermoclines and weakened upwellings. These changes, in turn, lead to decreased productivity in surface water and movement of surviving forage fish to deeper water, thereby food-stressing surface feeders such as gulls, diminishing …

Association Between Latent Toxoplasmosis And Major Depression, Generalised Anxiety Disorder And Panic Disorder In Human Adults, Shawn D. Gale, Bruce L. Brown, Andrew Berrett, Lance D. Erickson, Dawson W. Hedges

Faculty Publications

Latent infection with the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) has been associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and self-harm behaviour. However, the potential relationship between T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibody (IgG) seropositivity and generalised-anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) has not been investigated. The associations between serum reactivity to T. gondii and major depressive disorder (MDD), GAD and PD were evaluated in a total sample of 1 846 adult participants between the ages of 20 and 39 years from the United States Center for Disease Control's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Approximately 16% of the overall …

Applying Insights From Behavioral Economics To Policy Design, Brigitte C. Madrian

Faculty Publications

The premise of this article is that an understanding of psychology and other social science disciplines can inform the effectiveness of the economic tools traditionally deployed in carrying out the functions of government, which include remedying market failures, redistributing income, and collecting tax revenue. An understanding of psychology can also lead to the development of different policy tools that better motivate desired behavior change or that are more cost-effective than traditional policy tools. The article outlines a framework for thinking about the psychology of behavior change in the context of market failures. It then describes the research on the effects …

Frequent Family Dinners Protect Our Children, Duane C. Mcbride, Alina M. Baltazar, Gary L. Hopkins, Kathryn Conopio

Faculty Publications

Frequent family dinners have multiple benefits to children and teens that aid in positive youth development.

The Relationship Between Select Demographic Characteristics And Body Mass Index Among Native Hawaiian And Other Pacific Islander Caregiving Adults, Jane Lassetter Phd, Rn, Lauren Clark Phd, Rn, Faan, Sharla E. Morgan Fnp, Lora Beth Brown Phd, Gwen Vanservellen Phd, Rn, Faan, Katrina Duncan Fnp, Betsy S. Hopkins

Faculty Publications

Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) are people with genetic origins in Hawaii, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands (Hixson, Hepler, & Kim, 2012). NHOPI prevalence of overweight or obesity is among the highest in the world. Nauru, a Pacific Island nation, is considered the most obese country in the world with an overweight and obesity prevalence of 93% (WHO, 2011). Hawaii’s overall prevalence of overweight or obesity is 52.1%, but the prevalence for Native Hawaiian residents is 69.6% (Hawaii Department of Health, 2011). Inasmuch as NHOPIs are one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the U.S. (Hixson et …

A Comparison Of Middle School Students Steps Per Minute (Spm) In Five Physical Education Curriculum Units Utilizing Pedometers: An Overall Contribution To Attaining The Recommended Step Counts Per Day In Children, David C. Barney, Francis T. Pleban, Jenny Pleban, Justin Dekupier

Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to compare pedometer steps per minute from five different curriculum units (basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer, pickle ball, and fitness activities) in middle school physical education classes as they relate to contributing to the recommended 12,000 to 16,000 steps per day for healthy children. Two hundred and thirty-two male and female middle school students participated in this study, 115 males and 117 females, respectively. Steps per minute were measured with pedometers in five curriculum units in middle school physical education classes; over 36 minutes of activity time. Overall, physical education classroom activities such as basketball, …

Issues Raised By Studying Defond And Zhang: What Should Audit Researchers Do?, John Donovan

Faculty Publications

We view audit-quality choice as one among many that managers make to maximize firm value. We question whether audit-quality differences among publicly traded companies are of significant interest to investors, clients, and auditors and ask for research on this topic.  Relatedly, we ask for research on whether auditors and their clients show behavior consistent with regulated audit quality exceeding the audit quality level demanded absent regulation. We propose that researchers incorporate the competitive advantages of auditors and the institutional features of the audit process into the definition of audit quality. We propose that audit quality research test for externalities and …