Digital Commons Network^™

Better Digital Contracts With Prosocial Friction-In-Design, Brett Frischmann, Moshe Y. Vardi

Faculty Publications

Contract law is supposed to enable people to reach genuine agreements and cooperate. If this ideal was ever a reality, the rise of mass market contracts and boil­erplate rendered it pure fiction. Modern consumer contracts are incomprehensible to most people. No one reads them anyway.

Digital contracting involves design features that amplify traditional boilerplate harms and create others. For example, digital contracting is too cheap; low marginal costs lead to overexpansion in scale and scope. To make matters worse, the loss of autonomy from repeat engagement with digital contracting systems is pernicious. People become increasingly predictable and programmable as digital …

Adipose Tissue Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Overexpression Ameliorates High-Fat Diet–Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation, Marion C. Hope, Christian A. Unger, M Chase Kettering, Cassidy E. Socia, Ahmed K. Aladhami, Barton C. Rice, Darya S. Niamira, Ben P. Wiznitzer, Diego Altomare Ph.D., William E. Cotham, Reilly T. Enos

Faculty Publications

Context

We created an innovative mouse model that enables inducible overexpression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), specifically in adipose tissue (Adipo-ERα↑). Objective

We aimed to investigate how elevated Adipo-ERα↑ influences the development of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in both male and female mice. Methods

Male and female Adipo-ERα↑ mice and littermate controls were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD for 13 weeks. Adipo-ERα↑ was induced at the initiation of dietary treatment. Body morphology and composition, hepatic lipid accumulation, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin concentrations, and adipose tissue mRNA profiling were assessed. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine circulating and adipose …

Stories Of Racism And Resistance: A Narrative Analysis Of Stories Told In The Uk Windrush Generation And Descendants Of The Windrush Generation, Jessica Blumsom, Jacqui Scott, Emma Karwatzki, Aishath Nasheeda, David Hernandez-Saca, Alyson Malach, Glenda Andrew

Faculty Publications

The Windrush Generation (WG) and their descendants continue to experience adversity in the UK, including racism and the Windrush Scandal, with such adversities absent from psychological research literature. Intergenerational trauma is a psychological concept explaining that adverse experiences can be transmitted from one generation to impact subsequent generations. There has been limited consideration of the ongoing impact of adverse experiences that span multiple generations, such as experiences of racism within Western Europe. This paper utilised a narrative research design to study the narratives of members of the WG and those of their descendants in the UK. Eight expert by experience …

Supporting Faculty Parents In Professional Development: Case Studies, Recommendations, And A Call For Inclusive Approaches, Anne Marie Gruber, Lindsay Doukopoulos

Faculty Publications

Educational development is often scheduled during academic breaks with the intent of allowing faculty participation; however, this can actually make it more difficult for faculty who are in parenting roles, particularly during summer and school breaks when childcare options are limited. This article provides case studies from two different institutions describing approaches to offering childcare support to faculty participants in professional development. Ultimately, although both cases were successful, they were limited solutions to what is actually a much larger cultural problem. Our discussion shares lessons learned, recommendations, and urges others to embrace inclusive and equity-focused endeavors in supporting faculty caregivers' …

U-Shaped Relationship Between White Blood Cell Counts And Incident Hypertension In Military Young Adults: The Chief Study, 2014–2020, Kun-Zhe Tsai, Chia-Wei Hong, Yun-Chen Chang, Wei-Chun Huang, Xuemei Sui, Carl J. Lavie, Gen-Min Lin

Faculty Publications

Background

Systemic low-grade inflammation, which is characterized by increased counts of blood leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs), can lead to hypertension, while reduced WBC counts caused by the use of some substances, e.g., alcohol, can also lead to hypertension. However, there have been no studies on the association between WBC counts and the risk of hypertension in young adults.

Methods

This cohort study conducted in Taiwan included a total of 2351 military personnel who were aged 18–39 years, were free of baseline hypertension and were followed up for incident hypertension from 2014 to the end of 2020. Resting blood pressure …

Naturalistic Tobacco Retail Exposure And Smoking Outcomes In Adults Who Smoke Cigarettes Daily, Benjamin Muzekari, Nicole Cooper, Anthony Resnick, Alexandra M. Paul, Omaya E. Torres-Grillo, Mary E. Andrews, Bradley Mattan, Christin Scholz, Darin Johnson Ph.D., José Carreras-Tartak, Melis E. Cakar, Susan Hao, Emily Zhou, Elizabeth Beard, Steven Mesquiti, Farah Sayed, Michael A. Fichman, David M. Lydon-Staley, Ian J. Barnett, Andrew A. Strasser, Thomas R. Kirchner, Lisa Henriksen, Emily B. Falk

Faculty Publications

Importance  The tobacco industry spends more than $8 billion annually in the US on marketing at the point of sale. Exposure to tobacco retail has been associated with smoking outcomes, but substantially less is known about how objectively logged everyday tobacco retail exposure is associated with smoking outcomes.

Objective  To assess preregistered hypotheses that individuals would report (1) greater craving and (2) more cigarettes smoked on days when their exposure to tobacco retail is higher than usual.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This multimodal, within-person cohort study combined objectively logged geolocation tracking, public tobacco retail location records, and ecological momentary assessment …

Land Struggles, Resistance, And Mutual Protection Along The Colorado-New Mexico Border: The Sacred Right Of Self-Preservation, José A. Rivera Ph.D

Faculty Publications

Mutual protection societies proliferated in the American Southwest during a period of rapid social change, 1870-1930, coincident with significant changes in the region’s political economy and increased competition for land and water resources. To resist encroachment and protect their natural resources, hispano communities in Colorado and New Mexico organized mutual benefit and protective associations known as mutualistas, with a large number concentrated in the San Luis Valley of Colorado as well as in many rural counties of northcentral New Mexico. The Costilla Valley of New Mexico is a prototypical hispano settlement initially established as part of the expansive Sangre …

The Sensitivity Of Future Hydroclimate Projections To Topography And Large-Scale Dust Forcing In The Luquillo Mountains Of Eastern Puerto Rico, J. Preece, C. Johnson, T. Mote, P. Miller, M. Williams

Faculty Publications

Precipitation over Puerto Rico is expected to decline in coming decades, threatening an important source of surface water supply. However, earth system models neither resolve fine-scale orographic impacts nor the radiative effects of Saharan dust aerosols on precipitation over the island's mountains. Here, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) to downscale global climate model projections to a convection-resolving 4-km resolution for both dust and no-dust scenarios. We compare the regional hydroclimate during three periods: historical (2014–2018), mid- (2045–2049) and end-21st century (2085–2089), using output from an RCP8.5 simulation of the Community Earth System Model, …

Quantifying The Relative Importance Of Survival Threats To A Long-Lived Reptile Using Expert Elicitation, Jennifer F. Moore, J. Hardin Waddle, Fred Johnson, Julien Martin, Evan H. Campbell Grant, Jill Fleming, Thomas S. Akre, Donald J. Brown, Yu Man Lee, Jonathan Drescher-Lehman, John Kleopfer, Jeff Tamplin

Faculty Publications

Long-term survival of a conservation-reliant species requires understanding the impact of threats on population growth rate and the management actions that can help mitigate these threats. We used a threat assessment with expert-elicited estimates to determine the relative effect of each stage-specific threat on the population growth rate of the wood turtle Glyptemys insculpta. In addition, we offered potential management actions that could mitigate these threats and examined the relative cost and benefit of each. The experts responded that predators had the largest effect on hatchling and juvenile survival and that road mortality had the largest effect on adult survival. …

Book Review: Untaxed: The Rich, The Irs,And A New Approach To Tax Compliance, Leslie Book

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

X-Ray Polarization Detection Of The Pulsar Wind Nebula In G21.5-0.9 With Ixpe, Niccolò Di Lalla, Nicola Omodei, Niccolò Bucciantini, Jack T. Dinsmore, Nicolò Cibrario, Stefano Silvestri, Josephine Wong, Patrick Slane, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Michela Negro, Roger W. Romani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, C. Y. Ng, Miltiadis Michailidis, Yi Jung Yang, Fei Xie, Martin C. Weisskopf, Philip Kaaret, Iván Agudo, Lucio A. Antonelli, Matteo Bachetti, Luca Baldini, Wayne H. Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Stefano Bianchi, Stephen D. Bongiorno, Raffaella Bonino, Alessandro Brez, Fiamma Capitanio, Simone Castellano, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Chien Ting Chen, Stefano Ciprini

Faculty Publications

We present the X-ray polarization observation of G21.5−0.9, a young Galactic supernova remnant (SNR), conducted with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) in 2023 October, with a total livetime of approximately 837 ks. Using different analysis methods, such as a space-integrated study of the entire region of the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) and a space-resolved polarization map, we detect significant polarization from the PWN at the center of the SNR, with an average polarization degree of ∼10% oriented at ∼33° (north through east). No significant energy-dependent variation in polarization is observed across the IXPE band (2-8 keV). The polarization map, …

Fostering Belonging Through Library Descriptions, Nicole Lewis, Sharolyn Swenson, Katie Yeo, Karen Glenn

Faculty Publications

In late 2023, the BYU Library adopted its Inclusive Metadata Policy as part of its commitment to fostering a campus culture of belonging. This policy reflects the Statement on Belonging, which affirms that we “value and embrace the variety of individual characteristics, life experiences and circumstances, perspectives, talents, and gifts of each member of the community and the richness and strength they bring to our community.”[1] Catalogers and archival processors at the library are engaging in practices of cultural humility to ensure that the language and frameworks we use to describe people, communities, and histories are inclusive and respectful. …

Dilute Magnetic Impurity-Induced Effective Phonon Magnetic Moment In Fe-Doped Monolayer Mos2, Hussam Mustafa, Gaihua Ye, Cynthia Nnokwe, Mengqi Fang, Mohamed Kandil, Abdullah Al-Mahboob, Kai Wu, Andrew James Stollenwerk, Timothy E. Kidd, Paul M. Shand, Jerzy T. Sadowski, Eui Hyeok Yang, Yinong Zhou, Rui He, Wencan Jin

Faculty Publications

Realization of large effective phonon magnetic moment in monolayer MoS2 has established an important route for exploring intriguing magnetic phenomena in a nonmagnetic material. The sizable coupling between the orbital transition and the circularly polarized phonon results in the large effective phonon magnetic moment. In this work, using magneto-Raman spectroscopy, we investigate substitutional doping of magnetic atoms as a tuning knob of the electronic and phononic properties of MoS2. We show that Fe-doping polarizes the spin of the conduction bands and introduces a localized Fe band underneath the conduction band. As a result, an additional orbital transition between the Mo …

Examining The Effects Of Firearm Lethality And Aggressors’ Intentions To Kill On Injurious Firearm Violence At American Schools: A Research Note, Brent R. Klein, Cory Schnell, Steven M. Chermak, Joshua D. Freilich

Faculty Publications

This study examined firearm lethality and aggressors’ lethal intent on injurious fatal and nonfatal school shootings using data from The American School Shooting Study, which covers 329 school shootings in the United States from 1990 to 2016. We developed a new multidimensional construct for measuring shooters’ determination to kill and examined firearm characteristics while considering confounding factors. We identified 11 distinct categories of shooters’ intent, with most showing a strong desire to kill. Both intent and weapon lethality significantly impacted school shooting homicides. Overall, we recommend that prevention and theoretical models should address both factors.

Microarchitectural Malware Detection Via Translation Lookaside Buffer (Tlb) Events, Cristian Agredo, Daniel F. Koranek, Christine M. Schubert Kabban, Jose R. Gutierrez Del Arroyo, Scott R. Graham

Faculty Publications

Prior work has shown that Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) data contains valuable behavioral information. Many existing methodologies rely on timing features or focus solely on workload classification. In this study, we propose a novel approach to malware classification using only TLB-related Hardware Performance Counters (HPCs), explicitly excluding any dependence on timing features such as task execution duration or memory access timing. Our methodology evaluates whether TLB data alone, without any timing information, can effectively distinguish between malicious and benign programs. We test this across three classification scenarios: (1) A binary classification problem involving distinguishing malicious from benign tasks, (2) a …

On Good Terms: Pathways To Decolonizing Science-Appropriated Indigenous Terminologies In Arctic Research, Stanislav Saas Ksenofontov, Vera Kuklina, Alexander Kholodov, Andrey Petrov

Faculty Publications

Many western scientific disciplines adopted Indigenous Knowledge and terminology without deference to or understanding of the original meanings and values attached to Indigenous terms and concepts. This form of scientific appropriation has become a serious barrier to efforts of decolonizing Arctic research. The notion of Alaas is an example of such appropriation by the western science-based system of Indigenous knowledge about human–nature relations. This paper aims to discuss the term Alaas as it is conceptualized in both western science and Indigenous knowledge. The paper will explore the development of “alas” as an international permafrost science term and Alaas as an …

Effect Of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy And Lactation On The Development Of Infants Born To Tanzanian Women Living With Hiv: A Secondary Analysis Of A Randomised Controlled Trial, Temiwunmi Shobanke, Alfa Muhihi, Nandita Perumal Phd, Nzovu Ulenga, Fadhlun M. Alwy Al-Beity, Christopher P. Duggan, Wafaie W. Fawzi, Karim P. Manji, Christopher R. Sudfeld

Faculty Publications

Background Infants born to pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at greater risk for morbidity and mortality and may also have poorer developmental outcomes as compared with infants who are not exposed to HIV. Nutrition interventions in pregnancy may affect developmental outcomes.

Objectives This study evaluated the effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on infant development outcomes.

Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of maternal vitamin D supplementation from June 2015 to October 2019.

Setting Antenatal care clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Participants Pregnant WLHIV and their offspring.

Interventions Daily 3000 IU …

Effects Of Ethics And Culture On One's Trust In Cryptocurrencies: An Inter-Country Configurational Analysis, Arif Perdana, W. Eric Lee, Chu Yeong Lim, Gary Pan, Poh Sun Seow

Faculty Publications

The characteristics of cryptocurrencies, such as decentralization, fluctuation, and anonymity, have often raised ethical concerns about their impact on privacy, cybersecurity, prosperity, and liberty. With an increased awareness of the potential consequences, it is essential to address how, in the face of ethical challenges, and together with one's unique cultural values, various influences may affect the issue of trust toward cryptocurrencies. From an inter-country perspective, this study examines how ethical elements and cultural dimensions can interact to influence trust. In particular, we examine the ethical and cultural aspects of trust formation among cryptocurrencies’ users in the three predominant countries of …

Impression Motivations And Mental Health In Collegiate Athletes And Musicians: The Benefits Of Promoting Virtues, Mary L. Inman, Olufemi A. Oluyedun, Erin Moran, Brendyn Mroz, Madison Mccreery

Faculty Publications

This study identifies two key impression-management motivations that arise in public settings: promoting virtues and preventing harm to one’s image. We explored their impact on mental health—specifically, socially-based perfectionism and depressive symptoms. Drawing from regulatory-focus theory, we predicted promotion motivations would predict strong mental health, prevention motivations would predict poor mental health, and promotion motivations would buffer against the negative effects of prevention motivations. Collegiate athletes and musicians (N = 262) completed validated measures of impression motivation, perfectionism, and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that athletes reported lower levels of perfectionism and depressive symptoms than did musicians. Across both groups, …

Wave Intensity Analysis With Exercise Identifies Impairments In Pulmonary Hypertension, Christopher G. Lechuga, Farhan Raza, Mitchel J. Colebank, Claudia E. Korcarz, Jens C. Eickhoff, Naomi C. Chesler

Faculty Publications

Wave intensity analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the dynamic interactions between the right ventricle and pulmonary vasculature, particularly in pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressures and vascular remodeling. This prospective study used wave intensity analysis to evaluate right ventricular and pulmonary vascular mechanics in 22 participants with pulmonary hypertension (including precapillary, isolated postcapillary, and combined pre/postcapillary pulmonary hypertension), and three without pulmonary hypertension. Forward and backward compression and decompression waves were quantified at rest and during incremental exercise (25, 50, and 75 W). Relationships between metrics of wave intensity analysis, hemodynamics, right ventricular function, …

Out Of The Vacuum: The Effect Of Tax Liability Changes On Compliance In The Presence Of Withholding Position And Group Affiliation, Chelsea Rae Austin, Donna Bobek Schmitt, Spenser G. Seifert

Faculty Publications

Prior research has established that tax liability increases lead to decreased compliance. However, tax liability changes do not happen in a vacuum. Notably, prior research has also identified a withholding phenomenon: individuals in a tax due position are less compliant than those in a refund position. Additionally, tax law changes are often enacted in politically polarized environments. We examine how three factors—tax liability changes, withholding position, and group affiliation—combine to influence individuals' tax compliance decisions. Our experimental results show that a tax increase is universally experienced as a loss, even when coupled with a tax refund and enacted by an …

Physical Function And Pain As Predictors Of Movement Behaviors In Adults With Arthritis, Scott Jamieson, Sarah Wilcox Phd, Chih-Hsiang Yang Ph.D., Ye Sil Kim Phd, Christine Pellegrini Ph.D.

Faculty Publications

Purpose

Design

Setting

Subjects

Measures

Analysis …

Event-Based Sensor Noise Modeling For Space-Based Space Domain Awareness, Rachel Oliver, Brian Mcreynolds, Dmitry Savransky

Faculty Publications

Building off the foundation of a physics-based end-to-end model for event-based vision sensors (EVS) observing resident space objects (RSOs), we apply new techniques to model realistic low-light sensor noise. While previous approaches simulate memorized current leakage and apply temporal noise models, our methods improve on these approaches and additionally account for current-following noise as an event source. These improvements are key components for accurate event-generating simulators which can advise requirements and concepts of operations for dedicated event-based Space Domain Awareness (SDA) architectures. The EVS pixel’s independent and asynchronous recording of changes in photocurrent produces data with high temporal resolution and …

A C++ Library For Turbulent Mixing Simulation Using Hierarchical Parcel Swapping (Hips), Masoomeh Behrang, Tommy Starick, Heiko Schmidt, David O. Lignell

Faculty Publications

Turbulence models are crucial for simulating flows at all scales, capturing both large-scale structures and small-scale mixing. Software libraries that implement such models should support modular integration, customization, and scalability across different simulation frameworks. This paper presents Hierarchical Parcel Swapping (HiPS), a C++ library documented with Doxygen and available on GitHub. HiPS supports both mixing and reactions and can be used as a standalone model or as a subgrid model in CFD simulations. The code includes examples for users to run it as a standalone model. Additionally, considerations for using it as a subgrid model are provided.

Magnetic Nanoparticles Tethered With Zn–Dpa For The Removal Of Bacteria From Red Blood Cell Suspension, Tochukwu P. Okonkwo, Rajendra P. Gautam, Jacob B. Limburg, Breckin L. Forstrom, Bowen J. Houser, Aaron Rappleyea, Tyler P. Green, Joseph P. Talley, Alexander D. Daum, Stacey J. Smith, Karine Chesnel, William G. Pitt, Roger G. Harrison

Faculty Publications

Bacterial infections continue to drive the need for more effective and rapid methods for bacterial analysis. To address this, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as promising tools, especially when their surfaces are modified with bacteria binders. The bis-zinc–dipicolylamine (Zn–DPA) complex is known for its broad affinity to bacteria. We have synthesized MNPs via a thermal decomposition method, encapsulated them in silica, modified their surface with Zn–DPA, and tested their ability to remove bacteria. The MNPs retain their superparamagnetic properties and crystallite structure after being encapsulated. The MNPs coated with silica and Zn–DPA effectively bind and remove both Gram-positive and Gram-negative …

Analyzing Lf/Vlf Lightning Waveforms To Estimate D-Region Electron Density Profiles, William R. Smith, Erin H. Lay, Kyle E. Fitch, Daniel J. Emmons

Faculty Publications

Lightning waveforms in the low frequency (LF; 30–300 kHz) and the very low frequency (VLF; 3–30 kHz) bands can be exploited to produce data-driven ionospheric D-region electron density profile (EDP) estimates with significantly higher spatial and temporal coverage than previously available. The lightning waveforms used in this paper are signals detected in the LF/VLF of negative cloud-to-ground lightning by the Earth Networks Total Lightning Detection Network. Each waveform contains a ground wave and a time-delayed ionospheric reflection. The time delay between the ground wave and ionospheric reflection has previously been used to estimate a single specular reflection altitude, where LF/VLF …

Time Series Changes Of Surficial Sediments On Eastern Ship Shoal, Louisiana Shelf, Adam Gartelman, Kehui Xu, Brian J. Roberts, David Samuel Johnson, Madison Liotta

Faculty Publications

Ship Shoal, a large transgressive sand body on the Louisiana continental shelf, is a critical sediment source for coastal restoration. This study evaluates spatial and temporal variability in sediment grain size, percents organic matter (%OM), and carbonate (%CO3) across the shoal crest (REF), Caminada Dredge Pit (CAM), and Terrebonne Dredge Pit (TER). Sediment samples were collected between 2020 and 2022 using box cores and analyzed for grain size, %OM, and %CO3, with temporal and spatial patterns assessed through statistical comparisons, correlation analyses, and random forest regression models. Results show that dredged areas act as sinks for fine-grained, organic-rich sediments, with …

A Comparison Of Characteristics Of Infilling Sediments In Three Mud-Capped Dredge Pits On The Louisiana Continental Shelf, Wenqiang Zhang, Kehui Xu, Chaochen Jia, Adam Gartelman, Omar Alawneh, Navid Jafari, Colin Herke, Madison Liotta, Samuel J. Bentley

Faculty Publications

Due to high sedimentation rate up to ~1 m/year, mud-capped dredge pits (MCDP) are often considered natural laboratories for studying sedimentary processes, slope stability and the impacts of dredging activities on marine environments. Although many studies have been performed on the Louisiana shelf, there is a lack of high spatial resolution research covering the eastern, central and western Louisiana shelf to comprehensively investigate sediment infilling. Eighteen vibracores were collected from the Peveto Channel dredge pit (PC), Raccoon Island dredge pit (RI) and Sandy Point dredge pit (SP), and more than 1300 samples were analyzed to study the spatial variation in …

Dsm-5 Based Algorithms For The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised For Children Ages 4–17 Years, Linnea A. Lampinen, Shuting Zheng, Lindsay Olson, Vanessa H. Bal, Audrey E. Thurm, Amy N. Esler, Stephen M. Kanne, So Hyun Kim, Catherine Lord, China Pareneau, Kerri P. Nowell, Jane E. Roberts, Nicole Takahashi, Somer L. Bishop

Faculty Publications

Background: The Autism Diagnostic Interview, Revised (ADI-R) is a caregiver interview that is widely used as part ofthe diagnostic assessment for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Few large-scale studies have reported the sensitivityand specificity of the ADI-R algorithms, which are based on DSM-IV Autistic Disorder criteria. Kim and Lord (Journalof Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2012, 42, 82) developed revised DSM-5-based toddler algorithms, which areonly applicable to children under 4 years. The current study developed DSM-5-based algorithms for children ages4–17 years and examined their performance compared to clinical diagnosis and to the original DSM-IV-basedalgorithms. Methods: Participants included 2,905 cases (2,144 ASD, 761 …

The Efficacy And Usability Of Motivational Interviewing Just-In-Time Trainings For Youth Mentors, Mackenzie J. Hart, Samuel Mcquillin, Aidyn Iachini, Daniel K. Cooper, Mark D. Weist

Faculty Publications

Using youth mentors to deliver evidence-based psychosocial services has been proposed to increase the reach of treatments, in part given the affordability and ubiquity of mentors in youth settings. Further, tests of mentor-delivered motivational interviewing (MI) have shown increases in youth mentees' academic performance and wellbeing. Yet, traditional methods of training mentors to use MI can be costly and time-consuming. Previous work has suggested the value of asynchronous, brief, just-in-time training (JITT) to help offset these challenges; however, MI JITT for mentors has not yet been formally evaluated. As such, here, we report on a preliminary study of MI JITT …