Digital Commons Network^™

Displacing Dissent: The Role Of Place In First Amendment Jurisprudence, Thomas P. Crocker

Faculty Publications

From the perspective of free speech theory, both of the central First Amendment values - human autonomy and deliberative democracy - require robust protection for the places and spaces in which speech and public discourse occur. This Article argues that current Supreme Court doctrine does not effectively protect speech from content neutral regulation of place. The problem is that remaining neutral is consistent with policies that would dislocate the very place for the "marketplace of ideas." Moreover, free speech theory focused on autonomy and deliberative democracy has not adequately addressed the role that place plays in furthering these values. Speech …

Bayesian Change-Point Analyses In Ecology, Brian Beckage, Lawrence Joseph, Patrick Belisle, David B. Wolfson, William J. Platt

Faculty Publications

• Ecological and biological processes can change from one state to another once a threshold has been crossed in space or time. Threshold responses to incremental changes in underlying variables can characterize diverse processes from climate change to the desertification of arid lands from overgrazing. • Simultaneously estimating the location of thresholds and associated ecological parameters can be difficult: ecological data are often 'noisy', which can make the identification of the locations of ecological thresholds challenging. • We illustrate this problem using two ecological examples and apply a class of statistical models well-suited to addressing this problem. We first consider …

Ancestral Alleles And Population Origins: Inferences Depend On Mutation Rate, Alan R. Rogers, Stephen Wooding, Chad D. Huff, Mark A. Batzer, Lynn B. Jorde

Faculty Publications

Previous studies have found that at most human loci, ancestral alleles are "African," in the sense that they reach their highest frequency there. Conventional wisdom holds that this reflects a recent African origin of modern humans. This paper challenges that view by showing that the empirical pattern (of elevated allele frequencies within Africa) is not as pervasive as has been thought. We confirm this African bias in a set of mainly protein-coding loci, but find a smaller bias in Alu insertion polymorphisms, and an even smaller bias in noncoding loci. Thus, the strong bias that was originally observed must reflect …

Introduction For The Gene Special Issue Dedicated To The Meeting "Genomic Impact Of Eukaryotic Transposable Elements" At Asilomar, Mark A. Batzer, Prescott L. Deininger, Jerzy Jurka, John V. Moran

Faculty Publications

The issues related to 'Genomic Impact of Eukaryotic Transposable Elements', which took place in Pacific Grove, California between March 31st and April 4th 2006, are discussed. The meeting celebrated the extraordinary contributions of Dr. Carl W. Schmid to the study of repeated DNA sequences and mobile elements. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, he led the discovery of human Alu elements, and the discovery of their amplification. The idea of the conference was to gather and disseminate information in transposable elements (TEs) on the state-of-the-art tools and approaches. The core sessions from the conference covered research on transposable elements …

Identification And Characterization Of Novel Polymorphic Line-1 Insertions Through Comparison Of Two Human Genome Sequence Assemblies, Miriam K. Konkel, Jianxin Wang, Ping Liang, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

Mobile elements represent a relatively new class of markers for the study of human evolution. Long interspersed elements (LINEs) belong to a group of retrotransposons comprising approximately 21% of the human genome. Young LINE-1 (L1) elements that have integrated recently into the human genome can be polymorphic for insertion presence/absence in different human populations at particular chromosomal locations. To identify putative novel L1 insertion polymorphisms, we computationally compared two draft assemblies of the whole human genome (Public and Celera Human Genome assemblies). We identified a total of 148 potential polymorphic L1 insertion loci, among which 73 were candidates for novel …

The Association Of A Snp Upstream Of Insig2 With Body Mass Index Is Reproduced In Several But Not All Cohorts, Helen N. Lyon, Valur Emilsson, Anke Hinney, Iris M. Heid, Jessica Lasky-Su, Xiaofeng Zhu, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Steinunn Gunnarsdottir, G. Bragi Walters, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Augustine Kong, Jeffrey Gulcher, Thuy Trang Nguyen, André Scherag, Arne Pfeufer, Thomas Meitinger, Günter Brönner, Winfried Rief, Manuel E. Soto-Quiros, Lydiana Avila, Barbara Klanderman, Benjamin A. Raby, Edwin K. Silverman, Scott T. Weiss, Nan Laird, Xiao Ding, Leif Groop, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Bo Isomaa, Kristina Bengtsson, Johannah L. Butler, Richard S. Cooper, Caroline S. Fox

Faculty Publications

A SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605, was recently found to be associated with obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) by Herbert and colleagues. The association between increased BMI and homozygosity for the minor allele was first observed in data from a genome-wide association scan of 86,604 SNPs in 923 related individuals from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. The association was reproduced in four additional cohorts, but was not seen in a fifth cohort. To further assess the general reproducibility of this association, we genotyped rs7566605 in nine large cohorts from eight populations across multiple ethnicities …

Corin I555(P568) Allele Is Associated With Enhanced Cardiac Hypertrophic Response To Increased Systemic Afterload, J. Eduardo Rame, Mark H. Drazner, Wendy Post, Ronald Peshock, Joao Lima, Richard S. Cooper, Daniel L. Dries

Faculty Publications

Corin activates pro-A-type naturetic peptide and pro-B-type naturetic peptide into biologically active molecules. We recently identified a minor allele in the corin gene defined by 2 highly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (T555I and Q568P), which was associated with hypertension in blacks. Because of the direct antihypertrophic effects of the natriuretic peptide system, we hypothesized that the minor corin I555(P568) allele would be associated with an enhanced hypertrophic response to pressure overload. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and indexed left ventricular mass, derived from cardiac MRI, was analyzed in the Dallas Heart Study as a function of corin allele status. …

Using Public Health Indicators To Measure The Success Of Hypertension Control, Richard S. Cooper

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Paired Ig-Like Receptors Bind To Bacteria And Shape Tlr-Mediated Cytokine Production, Masafumi Nakayama, David M. Underhill, Timothy W. Petersen, Bin Li, Toshio Kitamura, Toshiyuki Takai, Alan Aderem

Faculty Publications

The innate immune system uses a wide variety of pattern recognition receptors including TLRs, scavenger receptors, and lectins to identify potential pathogens. A carefully regulated balance between activation and inhibition must be kept to avoid detrimental and inappropriate inflammatory responses. In this study, we identify murine-paired Ig-like receptor (PIR)-B, and its human orthologs Ig-like transcript 2 and Ig-like transcript 5 as novel receptors for Staphylococcus aureus. PIR-B contains four ITIM motifs and is thought to be an inhibitory receptor. Expression of these receptors enables NIH3T3 cells to bind S. aureus. In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, masking of PIR-B by anti-PIR …

Different Evolutionary Fates Of Recently Integrated Human And Chimpanzee Line-1 Retrotransposons, Jungnam Lee, Richard Cordaux, Kyudong Han, Jianxin Wang, Dale J. Hedges, Ping Liang, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

The long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is a highly successful retrotransposon in mammals. L1 elements have continued to actively propagate subsequent to the human-chimpanzee divergence, ∼ 6 million years ago, resulting in species-specific inserts. Here, we report a detailed characterization of chimpanzee-specific L1 subfamily diversity and a comparison with their human-specific counterparts. Our results indicate that L1 elements have experienced different evolutionary fates in humans and chimpanzees within the past ∼ 6 million years. Although the species-specific L1 copy numbers are on the same order in both species (1200-2000 copies), the number of retrotransposition-competent elements appears to be much …

A Copyright Conundrum: Protecting Email Privacy, Ned Snow

Faculty Publications

The practice of email forwarding deprives email senders of privacy. Expression meant for only a specific recipient often finds its way into myriad inboxes or onto a public website, exposed for all to see. Simply by clicking the "forward" button, email recipients routinely strip email senders of expressive privacy. The common law condemns such conduct. Beginning over two-hundred-fifty years ago, courts recognized that authors of personal correspondence hold property rights in their expression. Under common-law copyright, authors held a right to control whether their correspondence was published to third parties. This common-law protection of private expression was nearly absolute, immune …

Actually, We Are Leaving Children Behind: How Changes To Title I Under The No Child Left Behind Act Have Helped Relieve Public Schools Of The Responsibility For Taking Care Of Disadvantaged Students' Needs, Emily Suski

Faculty Publications

This article calls attention to the changes to Title I under NCLB that do a disservice to disadvantaged students. Under NCLB, Title I has shifted from its original focus on meeting the needs of disadvantaged students. These changes have removed almost any responsibility at all for taking care of the needs of disadvantaged students so they can learn in school, something this article terms ‘dynamic caretaking.’ It calls for revising Title I to require this kinds of dynamic caretaking in order to improve disadvantaged students’ access to education in public schools.

Gstm1, Gstt1, Gstp1, And Gsta1 Polymorphisms And Urinary Isothiocyanate Metabolites Following Broccoli Consumption In Humans, Susan E. Steck, Marilie D. Gammon, James R. Hébert, Denise E. Wall, Steven H. Zeisel

Faculty Publications

Isothiocyanates (ITC) are potentially anticarcinogenic phytochemicals formed from the metabolism of glucosinolates and are found in cruciferous vegetables as well as a select number of other foods. ITC are both substrates for and inducers of glutathione S-transferase (GST) phase II metabolizing enzymes involved in carcinogen detoxification as well as effectors of phase I pathways. Previous studies report mixed results on the interaction between cruciferous vegetable intake, GST polymorphisms, and risk of cancer. We conducted a study of 114 healthy human subjects between 18 and 50 y of age to examine the biologic mechanism underlying the associations, specifically, to assess …

Federated Searching: Do Undergraduates Prefer It And Does It Add Value?, C. Jeffrey Belliston, Jared L. Howland, Brian C. Roberts

Faculty Publications

Randomly selected undergraduates at Brigham Young University, Brigham Young University Idaho and Brigham Young University Hawaii, all private universities sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, participated in a study of federated searching. This paper reports the study results including differences in time spent between searching databases in federated and non-federated fashion, satisfaction with citations gathered using each method, preference between methods, and quality of citations retrieved by each method judged by two different rubrics. Undergraduates rated their satisfaction with the citations gathered by federated searching 6.5% higher than their satisfaction using non-federated search methods. Additionally, 70% …

Family Structure, Children, And Law, Vivian E. Hamilton

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Active Sovereignty, Timothy Zick

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Models Of Religious Authority, Darius Jankiewicz

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Gospel As Holistic Mission: The Challenges Of Contextualizing Relief And Development, Wagner Kuhn

Faculty Publications

Contextualization of the gospel means that the gospel has not only been communicated but has also been understood, lived out, and has transformed individuals, and communities, as well as their culture. If we are to communicate the gospel message to other cultures, we must find ways to make it comprehensible without losing the message in cultural trappings. The gospel has multiple facets, of which relief and development are an integral part. Thus the integration of word and deed, being and doing, must always be the focus of true holistic mission.

Tandem Repeat Regions Within The Burkholderia Pseudomallei Genome And Their Application For High Resolution Genotyping, Richard A. Robison, Jana M. U'Ren, James M. Schupp, Talima Pearson, Heidie Hornstra, Christine L. Friedman Clark, Kimothy L. Smith, Rebecca R. Leadem Daugherty, Shane D. Rhoton, Ben Leadem, Shalamar Georgia, Michelle Cardon, Lynn Y. Huynh, David Deshazer, Steven P. Harvey, Daniel Gal, Mark J. Mayo, David Wagner, Bart J. Currie, Paul Keim

Faculty Publications

The facultative, intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomalle is the causative agent of melioidosis, a serious infectious disease of humans and animals. We identified and categorized tandem repeat arrays and their distribution throughout the genome of B. pseudomallei strain K96243 in order to develop a genetic typing method for B. pseudomallei. We then screened 104 of the potentially polymorphic loci across a diverse panel of 31 isolates including B. pseudomallei, B. mallei and B. thailandensis in order to identify loci with varying degrees of polymorphism. A subset of these tandem repeat arrays were subsequently developed into a multiple-locus VNTR analysis to examine …

The Niemann-Pick Type C2 Protein Loads Isoglobotrihexosylceramide Onto Cd1d Molecules And Contributes To The Thymic Selection Of Nkt Cells, Paul B. Savage, Nicolas Schrantz, Yuval Sagiv, Yang Liu, Albert Bendelac, Luc Teyton

Faculty Publications

The Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein is a small, soluble, lysosomal protein important for cholesterol and sphingolipid transport in the lysosome. The immunological phenotype of NPC2-deficient mice was limited to an impaired thymic selection of Valpha 14 natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and a subsequent reduction of NKT cells in the periphery. The remaining NKT cells failed to produce measurable quantities of interferon-gamma in vivo and in vitro after activation with alpha-galactosylceramide. In addition, thymocytes and splenocytes from NPC2-deficient mice were poor presenters of endogenous and exogenous lipids to CD1d-restricted Valpha 14 hybridoma cells. Importantly, we determined that similar …

Compact Optical Fiber Sensor Smart Node, Seth W. Lloyd, Jason A. Newman, Daniel R. Wilding, Richard H. Selfridge, Stephen M. Schultz

Faculty Publications

We present a new optical fiber sensor interrogator specifically designed for an embedded instrumentation system. The proposed system consists of a super luminescent diode as a broadband source, a high speed tunable micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) filter, photodetector, and an integrated microprocessor for data aggregation, processing, and communication. The entire system is integrated together in a compact package to create a fiber "smart" sensor. The system is capable of interrogating a variety of multiplexed fiber sensors, processing the data, and communicating the results digitally. As an example, the system has been calibrated with an array of fiber Bragg grating sensors

Effects Of Residence And Race On Burden Of Travel For Care: Cross Sectional Analysis Of The 2001 Us National Household Travel Survey, Janice C. Probst, Sarah B. Laditka, Jong-Yi Wang, Andrew O. Johnson

Faculty Publications

Background: Travel burden is a key element in conceptualizing geographic access to health care. Prior research has shown that both rural and minority populations bear disproportionate travel burdens. However, many studies are limited to specific types of patient or specific locales. The purpose of our study was to quantify geographic and race-based differences in distance traveled and time spent in travel for medical/dental care using representative national data.

Methods: Data were drawn from 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), a nationally representative, cross-sectional household survey conducted by the US Department of Transportation. Participants recorded all travel on a designated day; …

Use Of Complementary And Alternative Medicine For Weight Control In The United States, Patricia A. Sharpe, Heidi M. Blanck, Joel E. Williams, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Joan M. Conway

Faculty Publications

Objectives: The purpose was to assess the prevalence and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use for weight control.

Design: A list-assisted random-digit-dialed telephone survey of adults was conducted in the fall of 2002 (n = 11,211). The focus of the study was complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use, other than dietary supplements, in the previous 12 months.

Settings/location: The sample of respondents was drawn from the total noninstitutionalized U.S. adult population residing in telephone-equipped locations.

Subjects: The sampling procedures were designed to obtain adequate representation of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black respondents. Data from the total sample of 11,211 …

A Mobile Element-Based Evolutionary History Of Guenons (Tribe Cercopithecini), Jinchuan Xing, Hui Wang, Yuhua Zhang, David A. Ray, Anthony J. Tosi, Todd R. Disotell, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

Background: Guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are a species-rich group of primates that have attracted considerable attention from both primatologists and evolutionary biologists. The complex speciation pattern has made the elucidation of their relationships a challenging task, and many questions remain unanswered. SINEs are a class of non-autonomous mobile elements and are essentially homoplasy-free characters with known ancestral states, making them useful genetic markers for phylogenetic studies. Results: We identified 151 novel Alu insertion loci from 11 species of tribe Cercopithecini, and used these insertions and 17 previously reported loci to infer a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Cercopithecini. Our results robustly …

Mobile Element-Based Forensic Genomics, David A. Ray, Jerilyn A. Walker, Mark A. Batzer

Faculty Publications

Mobile elements are commonly referred to as selfish repetitive DNA sequences. However, mobile elements represent a unique and underutilized group of molecular markers. Several of their characteristics make them ideally suited for use as tools in forensic genomic applications. These include their nature as essentially homoplasy-free characters, they are identical by descent, the ancestral state of any insertion is known to be the absence of the element, and many mobile element insertions are lineage specific. In this review, we provide an overview of mobile element biology and describe the application of certain mobile elements, especially the SINEs and other retrotransposons, …

Production Of F1 Interspecies Hybrid Offspring With Cryopreserved Sperm From A Live-Bearing Fish, The Swordtail Xiphophorus Helleri, Huiping Yang, Leona Hazlewood, Sheila J. Heater, Paula A. Guerrero, Ronald B. Walter, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

Despite study of sperm cryopreservation in more than 200 fish species, production of broods from cryopreserved sperm in live-bearing fish has not been demonstrated. This has not been due to a lack of effort, but instead is a result of the unique morphology, biology, and biochemistry of reproduction in viviparous fishes. For example, sperm of Xiphophorus helleri have a cylindrical nucleus, can swim for days after being activated, have glycolytic capabilities, and can reside in the female reproduction tract for months before fertilization. These traits are not found in fishes with external fertilization. The long-standing research use of the genus …

Early Out-Of-Season Induced Spawning Of Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus (Rafinesque) Conditioned In Heated Earthen Ponds, R. Paul Lang, Terrence R. Tiersch

Faculty Publications

This study documents early out-of-season induced spawning of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. During the early spring (February-April) of 1999, 2000 and 2001, ponds containing (1) male and female channel catfish (mixed-sex ponds) or (2) male channel and blue catfish I. furcatus only, or female channel catfish only (single-sex ponds) were heated to 24-30°C to encourage gonadal maturation and spawning. Unheated ponds were stocked with males and females and were monitored during the duration of heating. When natural spawning occurred in the heated ponds, the fish were captured by seining and unspawned females were injected with 100 μg kg-1 of synthetic …

Anxiety Sensitivity And Retaliatory Aggressive Behavior In Research Volunteers, Joshua J. Broman-Fulks, Michael S. Mccloskey, Mitchell E. Berman

Faculty Publications

An important focus of recent aggression research has been to identify personality variables that influence the expression of aggression. One such variable may be anxiety sensitivity (AS). Individuals high in AS fear unpleasant anxiety-related physiological sensations and perhaps physiological arousal in general. Accordingly, people high in AS are motivated to avoid situations that produce these sensations. With respect to aggressive encounters, an intense attack by an opponent involves significant physiological arousal. High anxiety-sensitive individuals may therefore attempt to decrease the intensity of the interaction by responding in a non-aggressive or conciliatory manner. To test this possibility, 112 community volunteers completed …

Objectively Measured Physical Activity And Fat Mass In A Large Cohort Of Children, Andy R. Ness, Sam D. Leary, Calum Mattocks, Steven N. Blair, John J. Reilly, Jonathan Wells, Sue Ingle, Kate Tilling, George Davey Smith, Chris J. Riddoch

Faculty Publications

Background: Previous studies have been unable to characterise the association between physical activity and obesity, possibly because most relied on inaccurate measures of physical activity and obesity.

Methods and Findings: We carried out a cross sectional analysis on 5,500 12-year-old children enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Total physical activity and minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured using the Actigraph accelerometer. Fat mass and obesity (defined as the top decile of fat mass) were measured using the Lunar Prodigy dual x-ray emission absorptiometry scanner. We found strong negative associations between MVPA and …

Seaweed And Soy: Companion Foods In Asian Cuisine And Their Effects On Thyroid Function In American Women, Jane Teas, Lewis E. Braverman, Mindy S. Kurzer, Sam Pino, Thomas G. Hurley, James R. Hébert

Faculty Publications

Seaweeds and soy are two commonly eaten foods in Asia. Both have been reported to affect thyroid function, seaweed because of its iodine content and soy because of its goitrogenic effect. Twenty-five healthy postmenopausal women (mean age 58 years) completed a double-blinded randomized crossover study. Ten capsules (5 g/day) of placebo or seaweed (Alaria exculenta), providing 475 ug of iodine/day, were consumed daily for 7 weeks. A powdered soy protein isolate (Solae Co., St. Louis, MO) providing 2 mg of isoflavones/kg of body weight, was given daily during the last week of each treatment arm. On average, …