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Mechanical Testing Of Novel Biopolymers For The Replacement Of Petroleum-Based Plastic Hay Bale Net Wrapping, Logan Wolf
Mechanical Testing Of Novel Biopolymers For The Replacement Of Petroleum-Based Plastic Hay Bale Net Wrapping, Logan Wolf
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this thesis is to test biopolymers synthesized from oilseeds or produced from agricultural wastes for large bale net wrapping as a viable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics (PBP). The goal is to test and assess novel polymers to guide the synthesis of a benign biodegradable polymer. Biobased net wrapping will significantly reduce ingestion of PBPs in animals such as ruminants to improve digestive health and minimize cattle loss due to plastic disease. Biobased plastics will also achieve partial or complete breakdown shortly after service without depositing microplastics in the environment. This will reduce the risk of damage …
Organizational Culture's Impact On Job Satisfaction: A Reconceptualization Of The Competing Values Framework, Isaac Thor Erickson
Organizational Culture's Impact On Job Satisfaction: A Reconceptualization Of The Competing Values Framework, Isaac Thor Erickson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Academic job satisfaction has been decreasing in the U.S. which has profound negative impacts such as burnout and decreased well-being of employees. One way that job satisfaction can be increased is through understanding and changing organizational cultures through better communication. The Competing Values Framework (CVF; Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1983; Belasen & Frank, 2010; Lund, 2003) has been used to understand how organizational cultures and their communicative norms relate to job satisfaction. However, the CVF relies on categorical measures sitting on two axes that are not orthogonal. As such, the study posits breaking these two axes into four dimensions of organizational …
The Hutton Project: Long-Term Agricultural Impacts On Soil Loss And Carbon Dynamics In Eastern South Dakota, Eli Halverson
The Hutton Project: Long-Term Agricultural Impacts On Soil Loss And Carbon Dynamics In Eastern South Dakota, Eli Halverson
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Long-term and intensified agricultural land management has resulted in increased rates of soil erosion and has altered much of the carbon cycle at regional and global scales. Anthropogenic degradation of soil resources is a barrier to sustainable production, soil functioning, and ecosystem services. It is difficult to quantify the scope of pedogenic changes due to the lack of legacy data and short temporal scales. This study utilized decades to century-old soil information to quantify historical soil erosion losses and changes in soil carbon pools of eastern South Dakota soils. The results show that soils in the region have been significantly …
Advancing Karl Jaspers: The Connection Between The Theory Of Existential Communication And Mentoring Satisfaction, Nolan Patrick Bowers
Advancing Karl Jaspers: The Connection Between The Theory Of Existential Communication And Mentoring Satisfaction, Nolan Patrick Bowers
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Existential philosopher Karl Jaspers’s theory (1932/1970; 1935/1971b) of existential communication is understood to be his most important contribution to existentialism. Additionally, this theory has unique ties to the phenomena of communication, begging its use as a dialogic theory. However, Jaspers’s theory has been relatively untouched by academia. This thesis understands the theory of existential communication through an operationalization of its aspects and explicitly connecting them to communicative behaviors. These aspects of existential communication are (1) vulnerability, (2) open-mindedness, and (3) equality. This study set out to determine whether these aspects could be found within mentoring relationships and support the aspects …
Rado Numbers For Two Systems Of Linear Equations, Anthony Glackin
Rado Numbers For Two Systems Of Linear Equations, Anthony Glackin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
For any positive integer n and any equation E of either the form x1+x2+· · ·+xn = x0 or x1 + x2 + n = x0, the two-color Rado number R2(E) is the least integer such that any 2-coloring of the natural numbers 1 through R2(E) will contain a monochromatic solution to E. Let Ek be a system of k equations of the aforementioned form, where Ei represents the ith equation in Ek and the set I = {1, 2, . . . , k} is the set of indices of these equations. This thesis shows that the two-color Rado …
Delivery Of Gemcitabine, Stearoyl Gemcitabine And Paclitaxel Through Plga Nanoparticles And Its Effect On The Desmoplasia Of Pancreatic Cancer Spheroids, Rishabh Bahl
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers to treat. The primary cause for the drug resistance is the dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the tumor and restricts blood supply. Gemcitabine (GEM) and paclitaxel (PTX) are drugs that are clinically used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. GEM, however, is rapidly metabolized by cytidine deaminase (CDA) and eliminated from the body, and paclitaxel is a substrate for P- glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux receptors. Drug delivery using nanoparticles has been reported to help improve drug half-lives and bypass efflux receptors. This thesis aims to encapsulate PTX in PLGA nanoparticles (PTX-NP) and …
Assessing The Performance And Cost Effectiveness Of Rainwater Harvesting For High Tunnel Production Across Climates In The Continental United States, Mustafa Aydogdu
Assessing The Performance And Cost Effectiveness Of Rainwater Harvesting For High Tunnel Production Across Climates In The Continental United States, Mustafa Aydogdu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Several factors such as global climate change, population growth, urban and agricultural expansion, rising water demand, unequal water distribution, hydro-political conditions, declining water quality, rainwater scarcity, and temperature-induced drought contribute to water resource degradation. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) emerges as a sustainable solution, involving the collection and storage of rainwater for agriculture, livestock, and domestic use. RWH reduces reliance on municipal water, mitigates climate change impacts, and decreases runoff. Conventional RWH systems in the US vary in effectiveness. Increasing storage and water use enhances RWH effectiveness, improving stormwater runoff and reducing potable water use. High tunnel production of vegetable crops has …
Climate Change Adaptation For Embankment Through Biogeotechnics, Debayan Ghosh
Climate Change Adaptation For Embankment Through Biogeotechnics, Debayan Ghosh
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Problematic soil like expansive soil, and frost-susceptible soil causes significant damage to civil infrastructure. The use of calcium-based stabilizers in the treatment of sulfate-rich expansive soils is not suggested due to the formation of ettringite. Infrastructure such as pavements and embankments built on expansive soil are often exposed to the damaging impacts of freeze-thaw cycles in areas prone to seasonal freezing making them vulnerable to cracking and spalling. In this study, a native expansive soil from South Dakota with a sulfate content of more than 10,000 ppm was stabilized using biopolymer and cement. The experimental study investigated the strength and …
Field Scale Evaluation Of A Flow-Through Filtration System With Mixed Media To Remove E. Coli From Stormwater, Ankur Debnath
Field Scale Evaluation Of A Flow-Through Filtration System With Mixed Media To Remove E. Coli From Stormwater, Ankur Debnath
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The main goal of this research was to establish a field-scale stormwater filtration system which is flow-through and cost-effective in terms of construction and maintenance. The filter is constructed in a downstream drainage of a retention pond where the stormwater goes through the porous space of media so that it maintains low retention time with minimum disturbance in flow. The filter consists of two 20ft long sections with concrete channel and ripraps on the inlet & outlet side. 30% Steel chips and 70% steel slags in the size range of 6.00-12.5 mm have been used as media which has been …
The Effects Of Temperature, Flooding, And Goose Feces Addition On Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Ammonification In Four High-Latitude Soils From Western Alaska, Jenna M. Ross
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The large carbon (C) stock of wetlands is vulnerable to climate change, especially in high latitudes that are warming at a disproportional rate. Likewise, low-elevation Arctic coastal areas will flood more frequently under climate change and sea-level rise, which may alter goose herbivory and fecal deposition patterns if geese move inland. While temperature, flooding, and feces impact soil C emissions, their interactive effects have been rarely studied. Here, I explore the impact of these interactions on CO2 and CH4 emissions and nitrogen (N) mineralization (ammonification) in soils collected from four plant communities in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta, a high latitude …
Plant Pathways Associated With Competition For Soybean Root Colonization By Bradyrhizobium Strains, Athira Sethu Madhavan
Plant Pathways Associated With Competition For Soybean Root Colonization By Bradyrhizobium Strains, Athira Sethu Madhavan
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Nitrogen is a crucial nutrient for the growth and development of plants. Legume crops like soybeans develop symbiotic associations with soil bacteria from the genus, Bradyrhizobium to obtain fixed nitrogen. In this mutualistic association, rhizobia are released into root nodules that provide a compatible environment for rhizobia to grow and fix nitrogen (Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation (SNF)). A caveat in such beneficial associations is the competition between different rhizobium strains in soil for infection and nodule occupancy. The elite inoculant strains encounter competition by indigenous rhizobial population in the soil to infect and nodulate a susceptible legume host, because of which …
Movement Ecology Of Paddlefish And Walleye Reveal The Importance Of Continued Interjurisdictional Management In Riverine And Lacustrine Systems, Kaitlyn Bearden
Movement Ecology Of Paddlefish And Walleye Reveal The Importance Of Continued Interjurisdictional Management In Riverine And Lacustrine Systems, Kaitlyn Bearden
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fisheries systems function at broad spatial and temporal scales. Fishes within these systems are often highly mobile and move to locate adequate habitat, to feed and reproduce. As individuals navigate their environment, they potentially cross regulatory boundaries (state or federal) and or encounter physical barriers such as dams. Regulatory boundaries may not physically impede fish movement, but they are visible to fisheries managers thus the fishes within them may be vulnerable to varying management and harvest regulations. Physical boundaries (e.g., dams) are also particularly problematic for highly mobile species in large river systems. In chapter two, I documented that apparent …
Feeding Isoacids To Swine: Inclusion Level And Interactions With Dietary Fiber And Protein, Angie Patricia Benavides Infante
Feeding Isoacids To Swine: Inclusion Level And Interactions With Dietary Fiber And Protein, Angie Patricia Benavides Infante
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In animal production, research is continually being carried out into implementing new feeding strategies, such as incorporating new alternative ingredients or additives that improve the quality of the diet, reduce the cost of diets, or have effects on intestinal health. The inclusion of branched-chain volatile fatty acids has been investigated in ruminants, and it has been found that a diet supplemented with BCVFA increases fiber digestibility as well as increases cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. There is little information about the possible effects on pigs supplemented with BCVFA. According to this, the first study aims to evaluate the optimal inclusion …
Effects Of Low-Cost, Low-Tech Tools For Riparian Restoration On Prairie Streams In Western South Dakota, James Andrew Joseph Bolyard
Effects Of Low-Cost, Low-Tech Tools For Riparian Restoration On Prairie Streams In Western South Dakota, James Andrew Joseph Bolyard
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Despite making up less than two percent of the overall landscape in the arid and semi-arid western US, riparian areas are a crucial resource for agriculture, livestock, and wildlife. However, many have impaired function and reduced riparian cover. Low-Cost, Low-Tech Tools (LCLTT) are a subset of Process-Based Restoration (PBR) used for riparian restoration that were chosen for their cost-effectiveness and minimal technical requirements. LCLTT has been tested in mountainous areas of the western US but only recently implemented in the Northern Great Plains (NGP). Given their novelty as an approach toward restoration for the region, professional restoration and landowner communities …
Near-Real-Time Monitoring Of Crop Progress At Field Scales By Fusing Observations From Both Polar-Orbiting And Geostationary Satellites, Yu Shen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
No abstract provided.
Development Of Innovative Flocculation Technologies For Agricultural Water Treatment, Noor Haleem
Development Of Innovative Flocculation Technologies For Agricultural Water Treatment, Noor Haleem
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The development of innovative flocculation technologies is essential for addressing the challenges of agricultural water treatment. These technologies play a crucial role in removing contaminants such as suspended solids and nutrients, thereby ensuring safer water for irrigation and livestock consumption. By enhancing water quality and wastewater management, they contribute significantly to environmental sustainability and public health in agricultural communities. This comprehensive thesis extensively explores various dimensions of flocculation, with a focused effort on methodologies and resources aimed at strengthening sustainability and efficiency. A pivotal aspect of the research involves synthesizing cationic starch (CS), a flocculant derived from an underutilized resource, …
Advancing Biological Applications Through Microfluidic-Based Tool Development, K.M. Taufiqur Rahman
Advancing Biological Applications Through Microfluidic-Based Tool Development, K.M. Taufiqur Rahman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research undertook an interdisciplinary approach, integrating bioengineering, microbiology, molecular biology, and systems biology to investigate bacterial dynamics behavior. Specifically, it delved into the development of microfluidic devices for biological applications such as bacterial cell counts, real-time observation of plant roots (here, specialized lectin-coated microbeads are used that mimic root characteristics), and soil microbe interactions. Furthermore, Next-Generation Sequencing and systems biology methodologies were employed to explore the intricate, multifaceted survival mechanisms of Escherichia coli persister population. Studying and quantifying persisters or testing for the existence of VBNC (viable but nonculturable) is challenging. These experiments require precise counts. It has been …
The Relationship Of Macronutrient Intake With Growth In Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Jessica L. Freeling
The Relationship Of Macronutrient Intake With Growth In Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Jessica L. Freeling
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Child growth, a sensitive metric of overall health, results from the intricate interplay of nature and nurture. While the importance of nutrition in child growth is well established, growth trajectories exhibit substantial individual variability, influenced by sex and age, and often characterized by nonlinear patterns. Inadequate nutrition or disease can hinder growth, with potential for recovery upon proper nutrition or acute disease resolution. However, chronic disease or persistent malnutrition may lead to permanent growth perturbation. Notably, before the advent of insulin, chronic stunting and wasting were hallmarks of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), though the specific impacts under modern standard …
Regulatory Landscapes: Transcriptome And Microrna Regulated Senescence And Dormancy In Grapevines And Gene Regulatory Networks In Nitrogen-Fixing Soybean Nodules, Ramandeep Kaur
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Grapevine and soybean are two economically important crops, each with unique yet equally crucial physiological processes that profoundly influence their growth and productivity. Grapevine (Vitis sp.), a temperate fruit crop, employs dormancy to withstand winter challenges and can grow in various regions worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in dormancy in Vitis species, is crucial for improving grapevine selection for resilience in northern temperate regions. Dormancy induction is modulated by decreasing photoperiods in some Vitis species, enhancing their ability to prepare for winter stress conditions. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of response to photoperiod will provide potential markers for selecting genotypes …
Impacts Of Cover Crops And Diversified Crop Rotations On Soil Biochemical Properties, Hydrophysical Characteristics, And Water Dynamics In Long-Term No-Till Cropping Systems, Sainfort Vital
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This research assessed the impacts of crop rotations and cover crops on the soil's biochemical and hydrophysical properties within long-term no-till systems. The research was conducted at the Southeast Research Farm, near Beresford, South Dakota. The crop rotations contain two levels: 4-year corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.)-oat (Avena sativa L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) (CSOR) and 2-year corn-soybean (CS) rotations. The cover crop factors also had two levels within each rotation treatment: cover crops (CC) and no cover crops (NCC). All plots were managed under long-term no-till (NT), with soils mapped as Egan silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, …
Plant Available Water Drives Semi-Arid Forage Quality And Quantity In A Common Garden Greenhouse Experiment, Parker J. Witt
Plant Available Water Drives Semi-Arid Forage Quality And Quantity In A Common Garden Greenhouse Experiment, Parker J. Witt
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Rangeland forage nutrition and biomass production are integral components of sustainable livestock grazing systems and are controlled by soil quality and precipitation. I examined the effects of precipitation on growth and nutrition of three forage species in four different soils that span the longitudinal moisture gradient in South Dakota. I grew little bluestem (Schizachyrum scoparium), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) in soils representing the eastern tallgrass/mid-grass prairie (Brookings, 700 mm avg. precipitation.), an eastern mid-grass prairie (Highmore, 550 mm avg. precipitation.), a western mid-grass prairie (Cottonwood, 450 mm avg. precipitation.), and a western mid-grass/short-grass prairie (Sturgis, …
Soil Responses To Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) Afforestation And Prescribed Fire In South-Central South Dakota, Robert Schaefer
Soil Responses To Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) Afforestation And Prescribed Fire In South-Central South Dakota, Robert Schaefer
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Research was conducted in 2019 and 2020 on rangelands located in south-central South Dakota assessing a number of physical, chemical, and biological properties of mineral ustepts and ustents soils associated with eastern redcedar (ERC) (Juniperus virginiana) afforestation and prescribed fire. ERC afforestation appeared to be associated with significantly higher field-condition soil aggregate stability, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil pH, and fungi:bacteria (F:B) as well as significantly lower soil moisture, nitrate-N, phosphorus, bacteria biomass, and Gram-positive:Gram-negative (GP:GN) bacteria compared to native grassland conditions, while other mineral soil properties appeared relatively unaffected. Compared to soil conditions under dense, living ERC canopies, prescribed …
Isolation, Molecular Characterization, And Epidemiological Analysis Of An Emerging Avian Metapneumovirus Subgroup B In Us Poultry, Sumit Jangra
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one the most economically important poultry respiratory pathogens belonging to the family Pneumoviridae and genus Metapneumovirus, which can affect both domestic and wild birds. aMPVs are classified into four subgroups (A, B, C, and D) based on the level of genetic variations and antigenic differences. aMPV causes turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) and swollen head syndrome (SHS) in turkeys and chickens respectively. Recently, outbreaks of respiratory disease in meat-type birds and a significant decline in egg production with respiratory signs in breeders were reported from different states in the USA. Isolating aMPV is challenging as it is a …
Parametric Study Of Protodune - I And Protodune - Ii Single-Phase Neutrino Detectors Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Sahil Sharma
Parametric Study Of Protodune - I And Protodune - Ii Single-Phase Neutrino Detectors Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, Sahil Sharma
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of two designs of ProtoDUNE single-phase neutrino detectors were developed, refined, and analyzed. These detectors are prototypes for the full-sized far detectors that are part of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), an international research collaboration aimed at better understanding of neutrinos and the role they play in our universe. Representative simplified models of the complex geometries of the prototype detectors were created using commercial modeling software, Dassault System’s SolidWorks, and these simplified models were imported to the commercial CFD program SimCenter Star-CCM+®. The baseline parameters including inlet temperatures, ambient temperature, electronic heat load, liquid …
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Of Battery Thermal Management System At The Pack Level In Electric Vehicles, Yifan Chen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely heavily on lithium batteries due to their high energy density, despite their tendency to generate excess heat during operation. Managing this heat is crucial for safety and performance. Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) are essential for maintaining optimal battery temperature and mitigating risks like short circuits. This article examines various cooling methods for BTMS, including air and liquid cooling, and discusses the selection of cooling media and layout configurations within battery packs (BPs). It also highlights the importance of combining multiple cooling methods for efficient heat dissipation. Emerging technologies like Phase Change Materials (PCMs) show promise …
The Effect Of Social Determinants Of Health On End-Stage Kidney Disease Mortality Across Diverse Adult Populations: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Prince Agyapong
The Effect Of Social Determinants Of Health On End-Stage Kidney Disease Mortality Across Diverse Adult Populations: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Prince Agyapong
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the influence of social determinants of health (SDOH) on End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) mortality among diverse racial populations. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with ESKD, understanding the impact of various SDOH factors across different racial groups is crucial for improving patient outcomes.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting on the relationship between SDOH and ESKD mortality using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) format. Citations were collated in EndNote 21 and screened in Covidence by two independent reviewers, with inter-rater …
The Influence Of By-O-Reg+ Beef, An Oregano-Based Essential Oil Supplement, On Growth Performance, Carcass Traits And Meat Quality Of Finishing Beef Steers, Bergin Mackenzie Debruin
The Influence Of By-O-Reg+ Beef, An Oregano-Based Essential Oil Supplement, On Growth Performance, Carcass Traits And Meat Quality Of Finishing Beef Steers, Bergin Mackenzie Debruin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this thesis was to determine the influence of an oregano-based essential oil (OEO; By-O-Reg+ Beef), on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of beef steers finished in an all-natural program. Yearling steers were allotted to 16 pens (n = 8 pens per treatment, 8 steers per pen). Treatments included: 1) control (CON) fed no oregano-based essential oil and 2) group fed 4 g/steer daily of By-O-Reg+ Beef. Steers were harvested on day 149 of the feeding period. Standard carcass data was collected and instrumental color (L*, a*, b*) was recorded. Strip loins were collected from a …
Role Of Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 (Ifitm3) And Neural Precursor Cell Expressed Developmentally Down Regulated Protein 4 (Nedd4) In Seneca Virus A (Sva) Replication, Shamiq Aftab
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this study, we studied the role of IFITM3 in SVA replication in vitro by silencing the endogenous IFITM3 in NCI-H1299 cells. An average of 1.94-fold increase in SVA VP2 expression and an average of 4.4-fold increase in supernatant virus titer was observed after 24h SVA isolate SD15-26 infection. We have indeed observed an increase in viral mRNA copies by an average of 5-fold in IFITM3 silenced NCI-H1299 cells at 8 hpi indicating that IFITM3 restricts SVA replication post virus attachment and entry. A positive correlation between interferon-alpha induced IFITM3 upregulation and reduced SVA replication was observed. To further confirm …
Using The Disc Personality Assessment To Enhance Organizational Climate And Culture At A Mississippi University, Brian Carlyle Grizzell
Using The Disc Personality Assessment To Enhance Organizational Climate And Culture At A Mississippi University, Brian Carlyle Grizzell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Employee turnover presents a costly challenge for institutions of higher learning. This includes significant financial burdens, diminished productivity, and disruptions in business operations. Moreover, high employee turnover erodes morale and negatively influences organizational climate and culture. According to the literature, many organizations have incorporated tools such as the DiSC, a personality assessment tool that measures individuals’ behavioral styles based on four key traits: Dominance (D), Influence (I), Steadiness (S), and Conscientiousness (C), to enhance team cohesion and improve person-environment fit (PE-Fit). However, limited research exists on whether the DiSC assessment is effective in addressing these issues in a higher education …
Spatial Variation Of Microbial Communities In Aquatic Ecosystems In The Southeastern United States, Jordan Heiman
Spatial Variation Of Microbial Communities In Aquatic Ecosystems In The Southeastern United States, Jordan Heiman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Spatial variation in bacterial communities, or bacterial biogeography, is important for understanding the role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles. In the Southeastern United States, aquatic ecosystems are highly biodiverse and imperiled, yet few studies have investigated bacterial biodiversity and biogeography in this region. In this dissertation, I aimed to understand the bacterial biogeography in aquatic ecosystems in the Southeastern United States and how this spatial variation relates to abiotic factors in these ecosystems. To do this, I analyzed biogeographic patterns in bacterial communities from three distinct types of aquatic ecosystems (rivers, a lake, and beaches) and conducted a microcosm experiment …