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The Role Of The Y-Chromosome In The Evolution Of Autosomally Coded Traits, Ian Kutch Jan 2017

The Role Of The Y-Chromosome In The Evolution Of Autosomally Coded Traits, Ian Kutch

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Recent work indicates that the Y-chromosome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster can influence gene regulation on the autosomes and X chromosome. This newly discovered function of the Y has the potential to dramatically shape the regulatory evolution of numerous genes that reside throughout the genome; even for genes that code for both male and female traits. Given that the mechanism underlying the Y-linked influence on gene expression in D. melanogaster appears to exist in other independently evolved heterogametic sex chromosomes, the evolutionary implications of Y-linked regulatory variation (YRV) deserves to be explored. These implications include the potential for Y-chromosomes …

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The Role Of Accounts And Apologies In Mitigating Blame Toward Human And Machine Agents, Kimberly Stowers Jan 2017

The Role Of Accounts And Apologies In Mitigating Blame Toward Human And Machine Agents, Kimberly Stowers

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Would you trust a machine to make life-or-death decisions about your health and safety? Machines today are capable of achieving much more than they could 30 years ago—and the same will be said for machines that exist 30 years from now. The rise of intelligence in machines has resulted in humans entrusting them with ever-increasing responsibility. With this has arisen the question of whether machines should be given equal responsibility to humans—or if humans will ever perceive machines as being accountable for such responsibility. For example, if an intelligent machine accidentally harms a person, should it be blamed for its …

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Microfluidic Enhanced Fabry-Perot Etalon Based Optical Biosensor For The Detection Of Biological Substances In Liquid With Refractive Index Measurement, Nezam Uddin Jan 2017

Microfluidic Enhanced Fabry-Perot Etalon Based Optical Biosensor For The Detection Of Biological Substances In Liquid With Refractive Index Measurement, Nezam Uddin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A new microfluidic optical biosensor was demonstrated for refractive index measurements with high sensitivity and accuracy in the range of few micrometers liquid channels utilizing a Fabry-Perot cavity formed between two reflective semitransparent surfaces. The transmitted light through the cavity forms interference peaks in the transmission spectrum which is dependent upon the refractive index of the fluid in the microfluidic channel. We demonstrate the biosensor using Fabry-Perot to provide high accuracy and sensitivity with real-time measurement. The sensor can resolve refractive index changes with the shift of peak wavelength of transmitted spectrum. In our Fabry- Perot etalon based biosensor, two …

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The Effect Of Sport Participation On Bone, Maggie M. Minett Jan 2017

The Effect Of Sport Participation On Bone, Maggie M. Minett

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Mechanical loading – or physical activity – is essential in the bone remodeling process as well as optimizing the densitometric and geometric properties of bone throughout the lifespan. Participation in sports is a common mode of physical activity that can enhance bone mass accrual at younger ages and facilitate bone mass maintenance at older ages. Research suggests that sport participation continued from adolescence into high school and college provides added benefits on aBMD and cortical bone measures and these benefits remain 10-15 years after retirement from sport. However, in most studies, the higher rates of bone loss after sport cessation …

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Identification, Calculation And Warning Of Horizontal Curves For Low-Volume Two-Lane Roadways Using Smartphone Sensors, Shaohu Zhang Jan 2017

Identification, Calculation And Warning Of Horizontal Curves For Low-Volume Two-Lane Roadways Using Smartphone Sensors, Shaohu Zhang

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Smartphones and other portable personal devices that integrate global positioning systems, Bluetooth Low Energy, and advanced computing technologies have become more accessible due to affordable prices, product innovation, and people’s desire to be connected. As more people own these devices, there are greater opportunities for data acquisition in Intelligent Transportation Systems, and for vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. Horizontal curves are a common factor in the number of observed roadway crashes. Identifying locations and geometric characteristics of the horizontal curves plays a critical role in crash prediction and prevention, and timely curve warnings save lives. However, most states in the US face a …

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Investigating The Atmospheric Production Of Perchlorate: Inference From Polar Ice Cores, Thomas S. Cox Jan 2017

Investigating The Atmospheric Production Of Perchlorate: Inference From Polar Ice Cores, Thomas S. Cox

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Perchlorate (ClO4) in the environment is of concern, because of potential health risks to humans, among other reasons. Evidence suggests that the majority of environmental perchlorate is formed in the atmosphere (likely in the stratosphere), in chemical processes involving ozone and stratospheric chlorine. A lack of knowledge in regards to the processes has resulted in a limited understanding of the environmental conditions and variables that influence perchlorate production and consequently perchlorate prevalence and variability in the environment. In this study, perchlorate was measured, using an established ion chromatography-­‐electrospray ionization-­‐tandem mass spectrometry (IC-­‐ESI-­‐ MS/MS) technique, in over 1,600 snowpit …

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Improving Survey Methodology To Monitor Rare Grassland Birds In South Dakota, Kassondra Hendricks Jan 2017

Improving Survey Methodology To Monitor Rare Grassland Birds In South Dakota, Kassondra Hendricks

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data for grassland bird species has shown the most rapid population decline of any other bird group. Current roadside survey techniques, however, may fall short of providing accurate numbers of rare grassland bird species such as chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus), lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys), Sprague’s pipit (Anthus spragueii), and Baird’s sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii). Trends resulting from roadside data for grassland birds are oftentimes determined to be statistically insignificant because many grassland bird species occur on too few routes, occur in low numbers per route, and show high annual fluctuations in number. It is possible roadside surveys …

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Identification Of Candidate Cellulose Utilizing Bacteria From The Rumen Of Beef Cattle, Using Bacterial Community Profiling And Metagenomics, Lee Opdahl Jan 2017

Identification Of Candidate Cellulose Utilizing Bacteria From The Rumen Of Beef Cattle, Using Bacterial Community Profiling And Metagenomics, Lee Opdahl

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The ruminal microbiome allows ruminant animals to convert cellulosic biomass into food products. A majority of ruminal microorganisms remain uncharacterized due, in part, to the complexity of ruminal microbial communities. In order to gain further insight, selection-based batch culturing from bovine rumen fluid, in combination with metagenomics, was used to identify and characterize previously uncharacterized rumen bacteria capable of metabolizing cellulose, which was supplemented as a purified substrate. 16S rRNA-based population analysis was used to identify rumen bacteria enriched within 14 days of culturing. As a result of 4 independent experiments, seven different candidate cellulose-utilizing species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) …

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Control Of Pore Characteristics Of Porous Silicon Using Non-Toxic Electrochemical Etching For Photovoltaics And Supercapacitor Applications, Utpal Saha Jan 2017

Control Of Pore Characteristics Of Porous Silicon Using Non-Toxic Electrochemical Etching For Photovoltaics And Supercapacitor Applications, Utpal Saha

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Porous silicon has exhibited lower reflectance and higher surface area than the pristine silicon. This property of porous silicon can be applied to photovoltaic (PV) application for more efficient silicon solar cells and for higher performance of supercapacitors. NH4Fl electrolytic etching solution has been used to fabricate porous silicon, but the control of pore morphology of silicon is achieved only by controlling the time. Therefore, it is urgently required to use other etching parameters such as voltage and current to achieve flexible control of pore properties. Porous silicon can also be used to fabricate supercapacitors. An established approach to make …

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Human Dimensions Of Habitat Loss In The Plains And Prairie Potholes Ecoregion, Lily A. Sweikert Jan 2017

Human Dimensions Of Habitat Loss In The Plains And Prairie Potholes Ecoregion, Lily A. Sweikert

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Plains and Prairie Potholes Ecoregion (PPPE), is located in the north-central contiguous United States and is one of the most imperiled grassland regions in the world. Most of the region is privately owned and used for the production of agricultural commodities. In addition to its direct benefits to humanity, the PPPE provides multiple ecosystem services including, soil and water quality improvements, carbon sequestration, weather amelioration, and wildlife habitat. Recent increases in expansion of row crop agriculture concerns conservation practitioners about the long-term integrity of the PPPE. Conservation practitioners are looking to improve their private landowner conservation initiatives in the …

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Worldwide Optimal Pics Search, Ruchira Tabassum Jan 2017

Worldwide Optimal Pics Search, Ruchira Tabassum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) have proven to be a dependable calibration source for determining degradation of visible and infrared sensor response due to their temporal stability and spatial uniformity. One limit of PICS is that only a handful have been identified, primarily in desert areas of North Africa, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere. A large number of PICS would not only facilitate calibration of existing and future sensors, but also provide an alternative to internal on-board calibrator data, resulting in significant cost savings and simplification in sensor design. As a result, the process to efficiently identify additional PICS is highly …

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Investigation Of Candidate Loci Associated With Maize Perennialism, Anjun Ma Jan 2017

Investigation Of Candidate Loci Associated With Maize Perennialism, Anjun Ma

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Developing perennial grain crops is an effective and crucial way to prevent soil erosion caused by conventional agriculture of using annual crops while meeting the increasing need of global food demand. We hypothesized that the regrowth in Zea might be controlled by two dominant complementary genes. F1 hybrids were created by crossing Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley & R. Guzman with annual Zea mays L. ssp. mays inbred line B73. A Total of 134 F2 plants derived from nine F1 were planted and phenotyped. A subpopulation of 94 F2 plants were genotyped with Genotype-by- Sequencing (GBS) and called 10,431 SNPs after …

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Development Of Highly Sensitive And Selective Breathing Sensors Using Molecular Imprinted Filtering For Diabetic And Alcoholic Patients, Md. Saleh Akram Bhuiyan Jan 2017

Development Of Highly Sensitive And Selective Breathing Sensors Using Molecular Imprinted Filtering For Diabetic And Alcoholic Patients, Md. Saleh Akram Bhuiyan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Wellness sensor technology is an emerging diagnostic test research field, which mostly deal with the point of care of the patients in the recent days. Due to the lack of awareness from the patients, most diseases cannot be detected in due time. This led to worse conditions, such as diabetic and alcoholic syndrome. Therefore, many research groups have been working to develop portable sensor devices that can track serious diseases. These include diabetic and alcoholic biomarkers in breathing. These devices have very high selectivity and reliability. However, the major limitation of biomarkers is that it deals with the bio-molecular based …

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Evaluation Of The Deadwood Bighorn Sheep Herd Translocation, Ty J. Werdel Jan 2017

Evaluation Of The Deadwood Bighorn Sheep Herd Translocation, Ty J. Werdel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

From 2015-2017, we evaluated a newly established bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) herd in the Deadwood Region of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Our objectives were to 1a) determine annual survival rates, 1b) determine cause-specific mortality, 1c) estimate population size, 2a) assess genetic diversity, 2b) assess disease prevalence, 3) evaluate movement patterns post-release, 4a) evaluate 3rd-order habitat selection, and 4b) estimate herbaceous biomass at foraging sites post-release of translocated bighorn sheep. In February 2015, we captured and translocated 26 bighorn sheep from the Luscar Mine near Hinton, Alberta, Canada to the Deadwood Region of the Black Hills, South Dakota. Overall annual …

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Modeling Streamflow And Water Quality Impacts Of Grassland Establishment, Conversion, And Management In Skunk Creek Watershed, Jiyeong Hong Jan 2017

Modeling Streamflow And Water Quality Impacts Of Grassland Establishment, Conversion, And Management In Skunk Creek Watershed, Jiyeong Hong

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Grassland is a valuable natural resource with many environmental benefits, which include erosion control, wildlife habitat promotion, water quality protection, and flood prevention. Conversion of grassland to cultivated cropland has been linked to environmental quality concerns. The goal of this study was to model the impacts of grassland establishment, depletion, and management on hydrology and water quality in Skunk Creek watershed in eastern South Dakota. The specific objectives are to quantify the impacts of grassland conversion and selected management regimes on streamflow and water quality, and explore the optimum grassland establishment location within a watershed to achieve water quality benefits. …

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Performance Of The Producer Accumulator In Corn And Soybean Commodity Markets, Chad Te Slaa Jan 2017

Performance Of The Producer Accumulator In Corn And Soybean Commodity Markets, Chad Te Slaa

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This research quantifies risk reduction and performance of the producer accumulator contract in corn and soybean markets. To quantify performance, we use three alternative theoretical pricing models to estimate historical producer accumulator contract specifications in corn and soybean markets. We then compare the performance of the producer accumulator to eight alternative agricultural marketing strategy portfolios that are also used in new generation grain contracts. The performance measures we compare are: average bushel price that would be received by the producer, daily portfolio risk, and the Sharpe ratio. The period we examine performance was between 2008 and 2017. We investigate performance …

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An Evaluation Of Nitrogen Supplementation And Processed Soy Fractions On The Performance Of Cultured Fishes, Brandon M. White Jan 2017

An Evaluation Of Nitrogen Supplementation And Processed Soy Fractions On The Performance Of Cultured Fishes, Brandon M. White

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

World population growth has resulted in an increased demand for a sustainable food supply. This rapid growth coupled with an increased per capita consumption of seafood, has resulted in many of the world’s marine fisheries being over-exploited in an effort to meet the global demand for seafood. Aquaculture has attempted to fill the supply and demand gap created by the dwindling supply of fish in the world’s oceans. Fishmeal (FM) has traditionally been the primary protein ingredient in aquafeeds fed to farm-raised fish, however its unstable supply and increasing price have driven researchers to identify alternative protein sources. Soybean meal …

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The Effects Of The Dodd-Frank Act On Community Banks, Hoanh Le Jan 2017

The Effects Of The Dodd-Frank Act On Community Banks, Hoanh Le

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In this paper, I study the effects on community banks of seven final rules associated with the Dodd-Frank Act. I use quarterly data on US bank holding companies from 1991 through 2016 to test working hypotheses that several bank performance measures—including pretax returns on assets, loans per employee, changes in the number of employees, and salaries to assets—responded to the passage of these seven final rules in ways that reflected regulatory burdens that these rules imposed on banks. I find that these seven final rules affected banks differently according to their scale. Taken together, my results imply that these seven …

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Bio Inspired Lightweight Composite Material Design For 3d Printing, Kaushik Thiyagarajan Jan 2017

Bio Inspired Lightweight Composite Material Design For 3d Printing, Kaushik Thiyagarajan

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Lightweight material design is an indispensable subject in product design. The lightweight material design has high strength to weight ratio which becomes a huge attraction and an area of exploration for the researchers as its application is wide and increasing even in every day-to-day product. Lightweight composite material design is achieved by selection of the cellular structure and its optimization. Cellular structure is used as it has wide multifunctional properties in addition to the lightweight characteristics. Applications of light weight cellular structures are wide and is witnessed in all industries from aerospace to automotive, construction to product design. In this …

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Using Remote Sensing To Estimate Crop Water Use To Improve Irrigation Water Management, Arturo Reyes-Gonzalez Jan 2017

Using Remote Sensing To Estimate Crop Water Use To Improve Irrigation Water Management, Arturo Reyes-Gonzalez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Irrigation water is scarce. Hence, accurate estimation of crop water use is necessary for proper irrigation managements and water conservation. Satellite-based remote sensing is a tool that can estimate crop water use efficiently. Several models have been developed to estimate crop water requirement or actual evapotranspiration (ETa) using remote sensing. One of them is the Mapping EvapoTranspiration at High Resolution using Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model. This model has been compared with other methods for ET estimations including weighing lysimeters, pan evaporation, Bowen Ratio Energy Balance System (BREBS), Eddy Covariance (EC), and sap flow. However, comparison of METRIC model outputs to …

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A Survey Of Non-Crop Plants As Alternative Hosts To Raspberries For Drosophila Suzukii (Spotted Wing Drosophila), Bennur Agbaba Jan 2017

A Survey Of Non-Crop Plants As Alternative Hosts To Raspberries For Drosophila Suzukii (Spotted Wing Drosophila), Bennur Agbaba

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The spotted wing fruit fly (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a pest of small fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila species, this insect can oviposit into ripe fruits, rendering them unmarketable. Drosophila suzukii is spreading quickly throughout the continental United States including South Dakota, and causing serious damage to horticultural crops, particularly those within the fruit industry. This study determines the D. suzukii host plant both commercial crops and native plants, and defines non-crop host plants by season in South Dakota. Further, it confirms the occurrence of the fly in southeastern South Dakota and identifies high-risk infestation areas …

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Identifying Predictors Of Weight Loss And Drop-Out Using Joint Modeling, Valerie Bares Jan 2017

Identifying Predictors Of Weight Loss And Drop-Out Using Joint Modeling, Valerie Bares

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Profile by Sanford is a membership based weight loss program that helps its members make lifestyle changes with diet, exercise, and one-on-one interactions with a weight loss coach. Discovery of characteristics and behaviors influencing weight loss will benefit current and future members of Profile. This research utilizes massive data from Profile by Sanford to analyze member behavior. Fourteen data sets are evaluated, some containing millions of observations. All data is combined into one comprehensive table of 33,487 members. Members of Profile by Sanford are 77% female and two-thirds of all members start the program classified as obese. Attending meetings with …

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On Zero-Sum Rado Numbers For The Equation Ax_1 + X_2 = X_3, Nicholas Brown Jan 2017

On Zero-Sum Rado Numbers For The Equation Ax_1 + X_2 = X_3, Nicholas Brown

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

For every positive integer $a$, let $n = R_{ZS}(a)$ be the least integer, provided it exists, such that for every coloring \[ \Delta : \{1, 2, ..., n\} \rightarrow \{0, 1, 2\},\] there exist three integers $x_1, x_2, x_3$ (not necessarily distinct) such that \[ \Delta(x_1) + \Delta(x_2) + \Delta(x_3) \equiv 0\ (mod\ 3) \] and \[ ax_1 +x_2 = x_3.\] If such an integer does not exist, then $R_{ZS}(a) = \infty.$ The main results of this paper are \[R_{ZS}(2) = 12\] and a lower bound is found for $R_{ZS}(a)$ where $a \geq 2$.

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Enhanced Breast Cancer Classification With Automatic Thresholding Using Support Vector Machine And Harris Corner Detection, Mohammad Taheri Jan 2017

Enhanced Breast Cancer Classification With Automatic Thresholding Using Support Vector Machine And Harris Corner Detection, Mohammad Taheri

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Image classification and extracting the characteristics of a tumor are the powerful tools in medical science. In case of breast cancer medical treatment, the breast cancer classification methods can be used to classify input images as benign and malignant classes for better diagnoses and earlier detection with breast tumors. However, classification process can be challenging because of the existence of noise in the images, and complicated structures of the image. Manual classification of the images is timeconsuming, and need to be done only by medical experts. Hence using an automated medical image classification tool is useful and necessary. In addition, …

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Phylogenetic And Associated Phenotypic Analysis Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Mbandaka, Linto Antony Jan 2017

Phylogenetic And Associated Phenotypic Analysis Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Mbandaka, Linto Antony

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Food borne salmonellosis is a global public health concern caused by Salmonella, that causes enteric disease both in humans and animals. Most of the pathogenic Salmonella serovars fall under Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, a major subspecies group that includes more than 50% of total identified Salmonella serovars. New serovars are identified each year and overall incidence of salmonellosis may mask the outbreak incidences caused by individual serovars. Infrequently reported serovar outbreaks can be a significant threat to public health. Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka is one of the infrequently reported causative agents of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in USA. But it …

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Assessment Of Hard Red Spring Wheat Germplasm For Cold Temperature Germination Tolerance, Ulas Cinar Jan 2017

Assessment Of Hard Red Spring Wheat Germplasm For Cold Temperature Germination Tolerance, Ulas Cinar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

When planted early in the season, hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) can help for both vegetative growth and yield providing maximum agronomic productivity. The north-central Great Plains growing region is considered best for developing varieties that germinate in sub-optimal temperatures. Within limited regions, spring wheat planting typically occurs between mid-April and late May, when soil temperatures are 8 °C to 14 °C. Early season planting may result in freezing stress, while late season planting can result in heat and drought stress. Our study tested the germination rate of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) over a range of …

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Threshold Models For Genome-Wide Association Mapping Of Familial Breast Cancer Incidence In Humans, Nasir Elmesmari Jan 2017

Threshold Models For Genome-Wide Association Mapping Of Familial Breast Cancer Incidence In Humans, Nasir Elmesmari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Breast cancer is the second most fatal cancer in the world and one of the most highly harmful cancers from which people suffer. Breast cancer studies have been able to uncover some knowledge about genetic susceptibility for familial breast cancer in humans. Hence, determining genetic factors may potentially help track the disease, as well as discover the cancer in early stages, or perhaps before it starts. In addition, this may allow early determination of possible treatment strategies which will make it easier to prevent the disease. In this context, it is important to determine whether the heritability of breast cancer …

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Enhancing Cellulase Production Of Aureobasidium Pullulans For Use In Converting Dried Distillers’ Grains With Solubles Into A Higher Protein Feed, Emily L. Baldwin Jan 2017

Enhancing Cellulase Production Of Aureobasidium Pullulans For Use In Converting Dried Distillers’ Grains With Solubles Into A Higher Protein Feed, Emily L. Baldwin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Main limitations of dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) as meal for monogastric animals is the presence of high fiber content, reduced fat content, and poor amino acid balance. This causes a reduced economic value of DDGS for these species due to its low inclusion rates. The goal of this theses was to create new strains of a fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans, with enhanced cellulase production and use it to optimize an enzymatic saccharification, pretreatment, and fungal conversion process to enhance the nutritional value of DDGS. Various combinations of enzymatic saccharification, physical/chemical pretreatments, and mutant strains of fungi were investigated …

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Macropinosome Maturation Is A Clathrin Dependent Process In Bone Marrow Macrophages, Susmita Poudel Jan 2017

Macropinosome Maturation Is A Clathrin Dependent Process In Bone Marrow Macrophages, Susmita Poudel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Macrophages nonspecifically take up extracellular fluids, solutes and macromolecules by macropinocytosis. Understanding the mechanisms of macropinosome maturation will inform the study of lipid uptake, viral entry, antigen processing and presentation, as well as regulation of cell growth. Colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is internalized by small vesicle endocytosis, trafficked to nascent macropinosomes and degraded. These CSF-1R positive macropinosomes mature through a sequence similar to endosomes, progressing from EEA1 and Rab5 to Rab7 positive vesicles before fusing with lysosomes. Here we report the assembly of clathrin on internalized macropinosomes shown both by live-cell microscopy of cells expressing clathrin light chain-yellow fluorescent …

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Evaluation Of Gamebird Use And Thermal Characteristics Of Alfalfa And Perennial Grasses In Eastern South Dakota, Neal P. Martorelli Jan 2017

Evaluation Of Gamebird Use And Thermal Characteristics Of Alfalfa And Perennial Grasses In Eastern South Dakota, Neal P. Martorelli

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The northern Great Plains provide critical breeding habitat for waterfowl and gamebirds in the United States. Peak commodity prices in the late 2000s resulted in increased agricultural production and large-scale conversions of grassland habitat to monoculture row crops. However, recent declines in commodity prices have created a renewed interest for private landowners to diversify crops and enroll in government subsidized conservation programs that convert idle grassland and unproductive cropland to wildlife friendly perennial grassland plantings. Exploring alternative grassland restoration techniques can improve the efficiency of management practices to benefit future wildlife habitat and productivity on both public and private lands. …

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